ASTM D1974/D1974M-10
(Practice)Standard Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Reinforcing Fiberboard Boxes
Standard Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Reinforcing Fiberboard Boxes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The means of closing the flaps of corrugated shipping containers is one of the important decisions for a shipper. It may affect the overall material cost, the labor costs, the packaging equipment costs, and the performance of the box during distribution.
This practice provides a list of many available procedures for closing, sealing, and reinforcing boxes. Most of these describe a particular packaging material and a particular use of it on a box. Some methods involve package performance testing; any closure or reinforcement which passes prescribed tests (usually on the proposed box and contents) is considered to comply with that section of this practice. Performance-based methods are encouraged because they allow for considerable flexibility in the choice of packaging materials and methods yet provide assurance of a given level of performance.
A diverse range of methods are described in this practice but relative performance levels are not given. Laboratory package testing such as Practice D4169 and field experience are recommended to rate alternative methods on performance for the intended use.
The descriptions of materials and methods in this practice provide direction for the procurement of materials and for their common uses on boxes. These descriptions may be sufficient for some specification purposes, but others will require more thorough material and application requirements than those given here.
The list of methods in this practice is not exhaustive; deviation or variation from the listed methods is possible with the approval of the appropriate parties referencing this practice. Depending on the characteristics of the contents, the specific shipping container, the acceptable package costs, the distribution hazards, and the desired degree of assurance of successful shipment, more stringent methods than those listed may be needed or less stringent methods than those listed may be adequate. The methods described are typical uses of the closure, reinfor...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes several methods for closing, sealing, and reinforcing fiberboard (solid and corrugated, excluding triple wall) shipping boxes used for shipment. One or several methods listed in this practice may be referenced in regulations, specifications, or contracts. (See Appendix for cross reference).
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1—This practice is intended to be workable in both inch-pound units and SI units. Unit conversions are intended to be functional but are not necessarily exact; this should not significantly affect the performance of the closing, sealing, or reinforcing methods. Descriptions in inch-pound and SI units are considered interchangeable in this practice.
Note 2—All references to this standard should be made by closure number.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D1974/D1974M − 10
StandardPractice for
Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Reinforcing Fiberboard
1
Boxes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1974/D1974M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope D951Test Method for Water Resistance of Shipping Con-
tainers by Spray Method
1.1 This practice describes several methods for closing,
D996Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
sealing, and reinforcing fiberboard (solid and corrugated,
ments
excluding triple wall) shipping boxes used for shipment. One
D3654/D3654M Test Methods for Shear Adhesion of
or several methods listed in this practice may be referenced in
Pressure-Sensitive Tapes
regulations, specifications, or contracts. (See Appendix for
D3759/D3759MTest Method for Breaking Strength and
cross reference).
Elongation of Pressure-Sensitive Tape
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D3950Specification for Strapping, Nonmetallic (and Join-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
ing Methods)
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
D3953Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
D4169Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
tainers and Systems
with the standard.
D4675Guide for Selection and Use of Flat Strapping Ma-
1
terials
NOTE 1—This practice is intended to be workable in both inch-pound
units and SI units. Unit conversions are intended to be functional but are D4727/D4727MSpecification for Corrugated and Solid Fi-
not necessarily exact; this should not significantly affect the performance
berboard Sheet Stock (Container Grade) and Cut Shapes
oftheclosing,sealing,orreinforcingmethods.Descriptionsininch-pound
D5118/D5118MPracticeforFabricationofFiberboardShip-
and SI units are considered interchangeable in this practice.
ping Boxes
NOTE 2—All references to this standard should be made by closure
D5330/D5330MSpecification for Pressure-Sensitive Tape
number.
for Packaging, Filament-Reinforced
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D5486/D5486MSpecification for Pressure-Sensitive Tape
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
for Packaging, Box Closure, and Sealing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D5570Test Method for Water Resistance of Tape and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Adhesives Used as Box Closure
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D5749Specification for Reinforced and Plain Gummed
Tape for Sealing and Securing
2. Referenced Documents
2 F592Terminology of Collated and Cohered Fasteners and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Their Application Tools
D644Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper and
4
3 2.2 U.S. Government Documents:
Paperboard by Oven Drying (Withdrawn 2010)
MMM-A-250Adhesive, Water Resistant (For Closure of
Fiberboard Boxes)
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging 2.3 Other Standards:
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and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.27 on Paper and Paperboard
International Fiberboard Case Code
Products.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originally
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D1974–98(2003).
DOI: 10.1520/D1974_D1974M–10.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
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contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
the ASTM website. dodssp.daps.dla.mil.
3 5
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on International Fiberboard Case Code, European Federation of Manufacturers of
www.astm.org. CorrugatedBoard(FEFCO),37rued’Amsterdam,75008,Paris,France,874-63-76.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D1974/D1974M − 10
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NOTE 3—FEFCO established a code of box styles to facilitate
testing; any closure or reinforcement which passes prescribed
international trade. The box codes consist of four-digit numbers; for
tests (usually on the proposed box and contents) is considered
example, a regular
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D1974–98 (Reapproved 2003) Designation: D1974/D1974M – 10
Standard Practice for
Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Reinforcing Fiberboard
1
Boxes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1974/D1974M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice describes several methods for closing, sealing, and reinforcing fiberboard (solid and corrugated, excluding
triple wall) shipping boxes used for shipment. One or several methods listed in this practice may be referenced in regulations,
specifications, or contracts. (See Appendix for cross reference).
1.2This practice is intended to be workable in both inchpound units and SI units. Unit conversions are intended to be functional
but are not necessarily exact; this should not significantly affect the performance of the closing, sealing, or reinforcing methods.
Descriptions in inch-pound and SI units are considered interchangeable in this practice.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
NOTE1—All references to this standard should be made by closure number. 1—This practice is intended to be workable in both inch-pound units and
SI units. Unit conversions are intended to be functional but are not necessarily exact; this should not significantly affect the performance of the closing,
sealing, or reinforcing methods. Descriptions in inch-pound and SI units are considered interchangeable in this practice.
NOTE 2—All references to this standard should be made by closure number.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper and Paperboard by Oven Drying
D951 Test Method for Water Resistance of Shipping Containers by Spray Method
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments
D3654/D3654M Test Methods for Shear Adhesion of Pressure-Sensitive Tapes
D3759/D3759M Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Pressure-Sensitive Tape
D3950 Specification for Strapping, Nonmetallic (and Joining Methods)
D3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals
D4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems
D4675 Guide for Selection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials
D4727/D4727M Specification for Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard Sheet Stock (Container Grade) and Cut Shapes
D5118/D5118M Practice for Fabrication of Fiberboard Shipping Boxes
D5330/D5330M Specification for Pressure-Sensitive Tape for Packaging, Filament-Reinforced
D5486/D5486M Specification for Pressure-Sensitive Tape for Packaging, Box Closure, and Sealing
D5570 Test Method for Water Resistance of Tape and Adhesives Used as Box Closure
D5749 Specification for Reinforced and Plain Gummed Tape for Sealing and Securing
F592 Terminology of Collated and Cohered Fasteners and Their Application Tools
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.27 on Paper and Paperboard.
Current edition approved April 10, 1998. Published March 1999. Originally published as D1974–91. Last previous edition D1974–94a. DOI: 10.1520/D1974-98R03.on
Paper and Paperboard Products.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D1974–98(2003). DOI:
10.1520/D1974_D1974M–10.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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