ASTM C593-06(2011)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With Lime for Soil Stabilization
Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With Lime for Soil Stabilization
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the qualification of fly ash and other pozzolans for use with lime in plastic, nonplastic mixtures and other mixtures that affect lime pozzolanic reaction required by soil stabilization. Evaluation of pozzolans containing available lime, such as Class C fly ash, is given consideration. Pozzolans covered include artificial pozzolans such as fly ash, and natural pozzolans, such as diatomite and pumicite, in either raw or calcined state. Various procedures are recommended to quantify various aspects of the lime enhanced pozzolanic reaction. The tests shall qualify sources of fly ash and other pozzolans to meet specified job or project criteria as related to soil stabilization. The following shall be peformed on the pozzolan: water-soluble fraction, fineness, and lime-pozzolan strength development. For the nonplastic mixtures, compressive strength development and freeze-thaw resistance tests shall be performed. The materials shall be subjected to vacuum saturation strength testing.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method states various procedures that are recommended to quantify various aspects of the lime enhanced pozzolanic reaction. These tests are intended to qualify sources of fly ash and other pozzolans to meet specified job or project criteria as related to soil stabilization.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the qualification of fly ash and other pozzolans for use with lime in plastic, nonplastic mixtures and other mixtures that affect lime pozzolanic reaction required by soil stabilization. Evaluation of pozzolans containing available lime, such as Class C fly ash, is given consideration. Pozzolans covered include artificial pozzolans such as fly ash, and natural pozzolans, such as diatomite and pumicite, in either raw or calcined state.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:C593 −06 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Specification for
Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With Lime for Soil
Stabilization
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C593; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* C311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or
Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
1.1 This specification covers the qualification of fly ash and
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
other pozzolans for use with lime in plastic, nonplastic mix-
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
tures and other mixtures that affect lime pozzolanic reaction
C821 Specification for Lime for Use with Pozzolans
required by soil stabilization. Evaluation of pozzolans contain-
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
ing available lime, such as Class C fly ash, is given consider-
istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft
ation. Pozzolans covered include artificial pozzolans such as
(2,700 kN-m/m ))
fly ash, and natural pozzolans, such as diatomite and pumicite,
in either raw or calcined state.
3. Terminology
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 For definitions of terms specific to this specification, see
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Terminology C51.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Physical Properties
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 Pozzolans for use with lime in plastic mixtures, when
tested in accordance with the procedures of Sections 7-9, shall
2. Referenced Documents
conform to the requirements prescribed in Table 1.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2 Pozzolans for use with lime in nonplastic mixtures shall
C25 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Limestone,
conform to the requirements of Table 1, except the lime-
Quicklime, and Hydrated Lime
pozzolan strength requirement, and in addition shall be tested
C39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-
in accordance with the procedures of Section 10.
drical Concrete Specimens
NOTE 1—If the minimum value of the vacuum saturation strength
C50 Practice for Sampling, Sample Preparation, Packaging,
specified in 4.2 of this specification is reduced, sufficient documentation
and Marking of Lime and Limestone Products
shall be provided to the user to enable the determination of a satisfactory
C51 Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as used
minimum residual strength for the given material in its intended use. Such
by the Industry)
documentation should include at least the following: (1) determination of
a minimum residual strength requirement that will enable the material to
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
perform its structural function in the pavement system; and (2) a rational
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube
analysis,usingactualclimaticdata,thatwillshowtheseverityofexposure
Specimens)
of the material to cyclic freeze-thaw action.
C110 Test Methods for Physical Testing of Quicklime,
5. Sampling
Hydrated Lime, and Limestone
C305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement
5.1 Sample pozzolan in accordance with the applicable
Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
provisions of Test Methods C311, except take one 10-lb
(4.5-kg) sample from approximately each 400 tons (350 metric
tons) of pozzolan.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C07 on Lime
5.2 The sampling procedures and techniques shall be con-
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C07.02 on Specifications and
sistent from original sample to project completion.
Guidelines.
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2011.PublishedJuly2011.Originallyapproved
in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C593 – 06. DOI: 10.1520/
TEST METHODS
C0593-06R11.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 6. Significance and Use
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.1 This test method states various procedures that are
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. recommended to quantify various aspects of the lime enhanced
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C593−06 (2011)
TABLE 1 Physical Requirements
of the combined lime and pozzolan. The lime and pozzolan
Water-soluble fraction, max, % 10.0 shall be blended together in a closed container. Mixing shall be
Fineness, amount retained, when wet sieved:
done in accordance with the procedure described in Practice
No. 30 (600-µm) sieve, max, % 2.0
C305, except that it shall be amended to read “Add the blended
No. 200 (75-µm) sieve, max, % 30.0
Lime-pozzolan strength, minimum compressive strength, psi (MPa): lime and pozzolan to the water and allow it to stand for 1 min.
At 7 days, 130±3°F(54±2°C) 600 (4.1)
Then start the mixer and mix at slow speed (140 6 5 rpm) for
After additional 21 days, 73± 3 °F (23 ± 2 °C) 600 (4.1)
30 s.”
Compressive strength, min, psi (MPa) 400 (2.8)
Vacuum saturation strength, min, psi (MPa) 400 (2.8)
9.6 Determination of Flow—Determine the flow in accor-
dance with Test Method C109/C109M, except that the number
of drops of the flow table shall be 10 drops in 6 s instead of 25
pozzolanic reaction.These tests are intended to qualify sources
drops in 15 s. If the flow is less than the specified limit, the
of fly ash and other pozzolans to meet specified job or project
material used for the flow test may be returned to the mixing
criteria as related to soil stabilization.
bowl and additional water added, the batch mixed for 1 ⁄2 min,
and a new flow taken. This operation may be repeated until a
7. Water-Soluble Fraction
flow within the specified range is obtained. If the flow exceeds
7.1 Procedure—Place 10 g of a dried pozzolan sample
the range specified, discard the batch and give a new batch a
(dried to constant weight in an oven at 221 to 230 °F (105 to
new trial until a flow within range is obtained.
110 °C)) in a 200-mL Erlenmeyer flask and add 100 mL of
9.7 Molding Test Specimens—Immediately after the
distilled water at 73 63°F(23 6 2 °C). Shake well by hand
completion of the flow test, mold specimens in accordance
until no lumps can be observed; then with a mechanical shaker
with Test Method C109/C109M.
or stirring device, agitate at laboratory room temperature for a
9.8 Storage of Test Specimens—When molding is
period of 1 h. Pour the material into a weighed Gooch or
completed, place the filled mold in the vapor immediately
sintered-glass crucible, and wash all residue from the flask into
the crucible with distilled water from a wash bottle. Wash the above water at 130 63°F(54 6 2 °C) in a closed vapor oven
with the top surface protected from the drip. Allow the
residue in the crucible free of adhering solution by repeated
washings with distilled water. Dry the crucible to constant specimens in the molds to remain in the vapor for a period of
7 days, after which remove them from the vapor and cool to 73
weight in an oven at 221 °F (105 °C).
63°F(23 6 2 °C) in air saturated sufficiently that no drying
7.2 Calculation—Calculate the percentage of water-soluble
takes place during the cooling. When the specimens are cool,
fraction by multiplying the loss in weight in grams by 10.
remove them from the molds, and store them at 73 63°F(23
6 2 °C) at 95 to 100 % relative humidity until time of the
8. Fineness
compressive strength test.
8.1 Test in accordance with Test Methods C110, except that
the sample shall be 100 g of the dried pozzolan.
10. Compressive Strength Development and Freeze-Thaw
Resistance of Nonplastic Mixtures
9. Lime-Pozzolan Strength Development
10.1 Materials:
9.1 Test the pozzolan in accordance with the applicable
10.1.1 Hydrated Lime—Where possible, the lime shall be
portions of Test Method C109/C109M and Practice C305, and
the same as that to be used on the job and shall meet the
in accordance with the following:
applicable requirements of Specification C821. Prior to usage,
9.2 Apparatus:
the lime shall be stored in a sealed container to prevent
9.2.1 Oven, closed, vapor-type.
carbonation.
10.1.2 Pozzolan—The pozzolan used in this test shall be the
9.3 Materials:
same as intended for use on the job.
9.3.1 Hydrated Lime—Where possible, the lime shall be the
10.1.3 Aggregate—Where possible, the aggregate used in
same as that to be used on the job and shall meet the
this test shall be the same as intended for use on the job. When
requirements of Specification C821.
using job aggregates, discard the material, if any, retained on
9.3.2 Sand—The sand shall be graded standard sand as
the ⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve. If the aggregate fraction between
required by Test Method C109/C109M.
the ⁄4-in. and No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve does not contain free
9.4 Number of Test Specimens—Three specimens shall be
surface moisture, then that fraction of the aggregate shall be
prepared for each age at which a strength test is desired.
soaked for 24 h and towel dried to obtain a saturated surface
9.5 Proportioning, Consistency, and Mixing—Batches shall
dry condition. If job aggregates are not available, graded
be of a size sufficient to make six specimens and shall consist
standard sand as specified in Test Method C109/C109M shall
of proportions of dry materials as follows:
be used.
Hydrated lime 180 g
10.2 Number of Specimens—Three specimens shall consti-
Pozzolan (dry basis) 360 g
tute one test for the compressive strength test with three
Graded standard sand 1480 g
additional specimens for the freeze-thaw test.
9.5.1 The amount of mixing water, measured in millilitres,
shall be such as to produce a flow of 65 to 75 as determined in 10.3 Proportioning—The proportion of dry materials by
accordance with 9.6, and shall be expressed as weight percent weight shall be, where possible, the same proportions as
C593−06 (2011)
intended for use on the job. If graded standard sand is used as 11. Vacuum Saturation Strength Testing Procedure
the aggregate, the proportions of dry materials by weight shall
11.1 Equipment:
be as follows:
11.1.1 Vacuum Saturation Chamber—The vacuum satura-
Hydrated lime 4 %
tion chamber is a 12-in. (305-mm) high by 12-in. inside
Pozzolan 24 %
diameter stainless steel cylindrical section welded to a ⁄2-in.
Graded standard sand 72 %
(12.7-mm) thick by 14-in. (356-mm) diameter stainless steel
The amount of mixing water shall be the optimum moisture
baseplate.Thewallthicknessofthecylindricalsectionis ⁄8in.
content as determined by Method C of Test Methods D1557,
(9.5 mm). The lid of the vacuum saturation chamber is a
except that the 5-lift requirement is replaced with 3 lifts and
poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) plate 1 in. (13 mm) thick
Note 1 is not to be used. In determining the moisture-density
and 14 in. in diameter. Both the PMMA lid and top of the
relationship, mix dry materials in a Lancaster PC Mixer, or its
vacuum cylinder are grooved for a ⁄4-in. (6.4-mm) circular
equivalent, for 1 min, or until the mixture is uniform in color
O-ring seal having an inside diameter of 12 ⁄8 in. (308 mm).
and texture, plus an additional 3 min after the water is added in
The lid is fastened to the chamber by six equally spaced
order to obtain the first point on the moisture-density curve.
threaded ⁄4-in. rods which pass along the outside wall of the
The original sample may be reused for subsequent trials. The
cylindrical section and thread into the base plate.
batch shall be mixed for an additional minute after the water
11.1.1.1 A sketch of the vacuum saturation chamber de-
has been added for each subsequent trial.
scribed above is shown in Fig. 1.Avacuum saturation chamber
10.4 Mixing and Molding Test Specimens— After the opti-
of equivalent size and capability is permitted under this
mum moisture content is obtained by the above procedure, a
specification. Vacuum desiccators can also be used for this
batch large enough to make three 4.0 by 4.6-in. (102 by
purpose.
117-mm) cylinders (approximately 15 lb (7 kg)) shall be mixed
11.1.1.2 A ⁄4-in. (6.4-mm) vacuum line connection is lo-
in the following manner: Mix the dry materials in a Lancaster
cated 1 in. (13 mm) below the top of the vacuum chamber and
PC Mixer, or its equivalent, for 1 min or until the mixture is
a ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) water line connection with control valve is
uniform in color and texture, followed by the addition of water
located at the base of the vacuum chamber. The vacuum line is
that will give optimum moisture content and an additional 3
connected to a commercial vacuum pump and the water line is
min of mixing. Mold the specimens immediately in accordance
connected to a reservoir of desired water. The vacuum is
with Method C of Test Methods D1557, except as previously
controlled by a pressure valve at the vacuum pump.
noted. Each layer should be scarified to a depth of ⁄4 in. (6
11.1.1.3 The specimen support plate inside of the chamber
mm) before the next layer is compacted in order to assure a
1 1
is constructed of ⁄2-in. (12.7-mm) thick PMMA which is 11 ⁄2
good bond between the layers. Weigh a representative sample
in.(292mm)indiameter.Thesupportplatesitsonthree1 ⁄2-in.
of the mixture, using a container with a tight lid to assure that
(38.1-mm) long legs which elevate it off of the bottom of the
no moisture is lost while determining the weight of the sample.
chamber. The specimen support plate is perforated (approxi-
Dry to constant weight and calculate the actual moisture
mately ten ⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) diameter holes per square inch) so
content of the sample.After molding, weigh each sample in the
as to allow complete access of water to the specimens during
mold to determine the uniformity of molded weights of the
saturation. For an equivalent size vacuum saturation chamber,
specimens and then carefully remove from the mold by the use
a specimen support plate similar to that described above must
of a sample extruded, such as a jack or lever frame.
be provided.
10.5 Curing of Test Specimens—Immediately after the
11.1.1.4 The vacuum saturation chamber must be of suffi-
specimens are removed from the mold, reweigh the specimens cient size to hold the same number of Proctor-sized specimens
and place in a sealed container ( ⁄2-gal (2-L) or 1-gal (4-L) can
f
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