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ASTM D910-01

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Aviation Gasoline's

Standard Specification for Aviation Gasoline's

SCOPE
1.1 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation gasoline's for civil use. It does not include all gasoline's satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-2001
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.J0 - Aviation Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D910-02 - Standard Specification for Aviation Gasolines
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002

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ASTM D910-01 - Standard Specification for Aviation Gasoline's
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Standards Content (Sample)

An American National Standard
Designation: D 910 – 01
Standard Specification for
1
Aviation Gasolines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 910; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
2
(Lamp Method)
1.1 This specification is intended primarily for use by
D 1298 Practice for Density, Relative Density (Specific
purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
of aviation gasoline under contract.
2
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation
2
D 2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
gasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolines
2
D 2392 Test Method for Color of Dyed Aviation Gasolines
satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equip-
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
ment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a
Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrom-
narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this
6
etry
specification.
D 2624 Test Method for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation
6
2. Referenced Documents
and Distillate Fuels
D 2700 Test Method for Octane Number of Spark-Ignition
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5
Engine Fuel
D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
2
D 3338 Test Method for Estimation of Heat of Combustion
Atmospheric Pressure
6
of Aviation Fuels
D 93 Test Methods for Flash-Point by Pensky-Martens
2
D 3341 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline—Iodine
Closed Cup Tester
6
Monochloride Method
D 130 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from
2
D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test
6
Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D 156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Prod-
2
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
ucts (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
6
Petroleum Products
D 323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
6
2
D 4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
ucts (Reid Method)
D 4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sampling Containers for
D 357 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Motor
6
3
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
Fuels Below 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method
D 4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Com-
D 381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet
6
2
bustion of Aviation Fuels
Evaporation
D 4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
D 614 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of Aviation
4
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
Fuels by the Aviation Method
7
Method)
D 873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels
2
D 4865 Guide for the Generation and Dissipation of Static
(Potential Residue Method)
7
Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
D 909 Test Method for Knock Characteristics of Aviation
5
D 5006 Test Method for Determination of Fuel System
Gasolines by the Supercharge Method
7
2
Icing Inhibitor (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
D 1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
D 5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray
7
Spectroscopy
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
D 5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
7
ucts (Automatic Method)
D02.J0 on Aviation Fuels.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2001. Published February 2002. Originally
D 5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
7
published as D 910 – 47 T replacing former D 615. Last previous edition
ucts (Mini Method)
D 910 – 00.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
3
Discontinued 1969. Replaced by D 2700.
4 6
Discontinued; see 1970 Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
5 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 910
D 6469 Guide for Microbial Contaimination in Fuels and 6.2 Additives—Mandatory, shall be added to each grade of
8
Fuel Systems aviation gasoline in the amount and of the composition
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to specified in the following list of approved materials.
9
Determine Conformance with Specifications 6.2.1 Tetraethyl Lead, shall be added in the form of an
antiknock mixture containing not less than 61m%of tetraethyl
3. Terminology
lead and sufficient ethylene dibromide to provide two brom
...

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5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
5.2 Existing methods allow the hydrogen content to be calculated from other parameters or determined by combustion techniques. The method specified provides a quick, simple, and more precise alternative to these methods.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels.  
1.2 Use Test Methods D4808 or D7171 for the determination of hydrogen in other petroleum liquids.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The preferred units are mass percent hydrogen.  
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ASTM D7826-23b(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
5.2 This guide is not an approval process. It is intended to describe test and analysis requirements necessary to generate data to support specification development. This guide does not address the approval process for ASTM International standards.  
5.3 This guide will reduce the uncertainty and risk to developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives by describing the test and analysis requirements necessary to proceed with the development of an ASTM International specification for aviation gasoline or specification revision for an aviation gasoline additive. There are certain sections within this guide that do not specify an exact number of data points required. For example, 6.2.4.3 requires viscosity to be measured from freezing point to room temperature; 6.2.4.4, 6.2.4.5, and 6.3.2.3 require measurements over the operating temperature range; 6.3.2.4 and 6.3.2.5 require measurements versus temperature. In these cases, the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives should attempt to generate data close to the upper and lower boundaries indicated. If no boundary is specified (for example, generate data versus temperature), then data at the widest practical test limits should be generated. A minimum of three data points is required in all cases (for example, upper, middle, lower), while five or more data points are preferred.  
5.4 This guide does not purport to specify an all-inclusive listing of test and analysis requirements to achieve ASTM International approval ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
1.2 This data is intended to be used by the ASTM subcommittee to make a determination of the suitability of the fuel for use as an aviation fuel in either a fleet-wide or limited capacity, and to make a determination that the proposed properties and criteria in the associated standard specification provide the necessary controls to ensure this fuel maintains this suitability during high-volume production.  
1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”  
1.4 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive.  
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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the acidity in aviation turbine fuel in the range from 0.000 mg/g to 0.100 mg/g KOH.  
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5.1 This test method provides a rapid and precise elemental measurement with simple sample preparation. Typical analysis times are approximately 4 min to 5 min per sample with a preparation time of approximately 1 min to 3 min per sample.  
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1.3 This test method is limited to the use of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers employing an X-ray tube for excitation in conjunction with wavelength dispersive detection system or energy dispersive high resolution semiconductor detector with the ability to separate signals of adjacent and near-adjacent elements.  
1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6.1 The preferred concentrations units are mg/kg for vanadium and nickel.  
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5.1 The analysis of trace oxygenates in automotive spark-ignition engine fuel has become routine in certain areas to ensure compliance whenever oxygenated fuels are used. In addition, test methods to measure trace levels of oxygenates in automotive spark-ignition fuel are necessary to assess product quality.
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Standard Test Methods for Hydrogen Content of Light Distillates, Middle Distillates, Gas Oils, and Residua by Low-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
5.2 This test method provides a simple and more precise alternative to existing test methods, specifically combustion techniques (Test Methods D5291) for determining the hydrogen content on a range of petroleum products.
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Test Method  
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B  
Middle Distillates  
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Gas Oils  
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C  
Residua  
510+ (950+ )  
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5.1 The tendency of a fuel to vaporize in automotive engine fuel systems is indicated by the vapor-liquid ratio of the fuel.  
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Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)

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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
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1.5 This test method uses the principles of simulated distillation methodology. See Test Methods D2887, D6352, and D7213.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

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5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
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