ASTM D5446-08(2013)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Every ASTM test method listed in 2.1 contains a section describing its particular significance and use. Other test methods listed in 2.1 of this practice may contain sections pertaining to their particular significance and use.
5.2 The physical testing procedures in this practice can be used in conjunction with lot sampling procedures as a basis for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of inflatable restraint fabrics. They may be used to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraint fabrics will be tested by the supplier to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.
5.3 This practice addresses all the physical properties that describe inflatable restraint fabrics and their commonly used test methods. Unless otherwise specified by agreement of purchaser and supplier, these standard test methods shall constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment used to determine the physical properties of fabrics used in inflatable restraints. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification. The specification or agreement of purchaser and supplier may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a listing of the test methods commonly employed in determining the physical properties of fabrics and yarns used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints.
1.2 Fabrics used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints may be coated or uncoated, and may be comprised of spun yarns, continuous filament yarns, or a combination thereof.
1.3 Fabrics used in the manufacturer of inflatable restraints may be either flat or one piece woven. For the one-piece woven, follow the sampling section of D5446 and the individual test method.
1.4 In Section 9, this practice lists is alphabetical order the procedures associated with conducting physical testing of the following fabric or yarn properties of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints.
Yarn
Section
Denier (Yarn Number)
9.3.1
Fiber Content
9.3.2
Finish (Extractable Material)
9.3.3
Strength and Elongation
9.3.4
Twist
9.3.5
Fabric
Air Permeability
9.3.6
Abrasion Resistance
9.3.7
Blocking
9.3.8
Bow and Skew
9.3.9
Breaking Force & Elongation
9.3.10
Burst Strength
9.3.11
Coating Adhesion
9.3.12
Coating Weight
9.3.13
Count of Woven Fabric
9.3.14
Dynamic Air Permeability
9.3.28
Edgecomb Resistance
9.3.29
Flammability
9.3.15
Fogging (Volatility)
9.3.16
Length
9.3.17
Mass per Unit Area
9.3.18
Non-Fibrous Material
9.3.19
Odor
9.3.20
Packability
9.3.30
pH
9.3.21
Stiffness
9.3.22
Tear Strength
9.3.23
Thickness
9.3.24
Warp Size Content & Residual Sizing
9.3.25
Width
9.3.26
Sewing Thread
9.3.27
1.5 This practice may be used in conjunction with Practice D5427 which prescribes standard practices for the accelerated aging of inflatable restraint fabrics when comparative results of physical properties before and after accelerated aging are required.
1.6 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.
1.8 This sta...
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5446 −08 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Practice for
Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and
Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Tear Strength 9.3.23
Thickness 9.3.24
1.1 This practice is a listing of the test methods commonly
Warp Size Content & Residual Sizing 9.3.25
employed in determining the physical properties of fabrics and Width 9.3.26
Sewing Thread 9.3.27
yarns used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints.
1.5 This practice may be used in conjunction with Practice
1.2 Fabrics used in the manufacture of inflatable restraints
D5427 which prescribes standard practices for the accelerated
may be coated or uncoated, and may be comprised of spun
agingofinflatablerestraintfabricswhencomparativeresultsof
yarns, continuous filament yarns, or a combination thereof.
physical properties before and after accelerated aging are
1.3 Fabrics used in the manufacturer of inflatable restraints
required.
may be either flat or one piece woven. For the one-piece
1.6 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this
woven, follow the sampling section of D5446 and the indi-
practice may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier
vidual test method.
with the specific deviations from the standard practice ac-
1.4 In Section 9, this practice lists is alphabetical order the
knowledged in the report.
procedures associated with conducting physical testing of the
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
followingfabricoryarnpropertiesofconcerntothedesignand
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
manufacture of inflatable restraints.
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
Yarn Section
must be used independent of the other.
Denier (Yarn Number) 9.3.1
Fiber Content 9.3.2
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Finish (Extractable Material) 9.3.3
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Strength and Elongation 9.3.4
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Twist 9.3.5
Fabric
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Air Permeability 9.3.6
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 3.
Abrasion Resistance 9.3.7
Blocking 9.3.8
Bow and Skew 9.3.9 2. Referenced Documents
Breaking Force & Elongation 9.3.10
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Burst Strength 9.3.11
Coating Adhesion 9.3.12
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Coating Weight 9.3.13
D204 Test Methods for Sewing Threads
Count of Woven Fabric 9.3.14
D276 Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles
Dynamic Air Permeability 9.3.28
Edgecomb Resistance 9.3.29
D737 Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics
Flammability 9.3.15
D751 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
Fogging (Volatility) 9.3.16
D1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
Length 9.3.17
Mass per Unit Area 9.3.18
Length Specimens (Withdrawn 2010)
Non-Fibrous Material 9.3.19
D1388 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics
Odor 9.3.20
D1422/D1422M TestMethodforTwistinSingleSpunYarns
Packability 9.3.30
pH 9.3.21
by the Untwist-Retwist Method
Stiffness 9.3.22
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesand contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.20 on Inflatable Restraints. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D5446 – 08. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D5446-08R13. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5446−08 (2013)
D1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting 2.4 Ford Motor Company Standards:
D1424 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by FLTM BO116-03 Fogging Standard
FLTM BN13-1 Coating Adhesion
Falling-Pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus
D1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials 2.5 AATCC Methods:
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num- Method 81 pH of Water—Extract from Wet Processed Tex-
tiles
ber) by the Skein Method
D2256 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the
3. Terminology
Single-Strand Method
D2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in Textiles 3.1 Definitions:
D2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the 3.2 For all terminology relating to D13.20, Inflatable
restraints, refer to Terminologies D3990 and D6799.
Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
Extension Tensile Testing Machine)
coated fabric, inflatable restraint.
D3773 Test Methods for Length of Woven Fabric
D3774 Test Method for Width of Textile Fabric
3.3 For all other terms related to textiles, see Terminology
D3775 Test Method forWarp (End) and Filling (Pick) Count
D123.
of Woven Fabrics
4. Summary of Test Method
D3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of
Fabric
4.1 Testspecimensaretakenfromsamplerollsoffabricand
D3786 Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textile
tested using prescribed laboratory procedures, conditions and
Fabrics—Diaphragm Bursting Strength Tester Method
equipment by the supplier to determine the physical properties
D3882 Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven and
of the fabric in accordance with the requirements of the
Knitted Fabrics
purchaser.
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
5. Significance and Use
D4032 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the Circular
Bend Procedure
5.1 EveryASTM test method listed in 2.1 contains a section
D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
describing its particular significance and use. Other test meth-
Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
odslistedin2.1ofthispracticemaycontainsectionspertaining
D4851 Test Methods for Coated and Laminated Fabrics for
to their particular significance and use.
Architectural Use
5.2 The physical testing procedures in this practice can be
D5034 TestMethodforBreakingStrengthandElongationof
used in conjunction with lot sampling procedures as a basis for
Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
acceptance testing of commercial shipments of inflatable
D5427 Practice forAcceleratedAging of Inflatable Restraint
restraint fabrics. They may be used to establish the criteria by
Fabrics
which inflatable restraint fabrics will be tested by the supplier
D5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by
to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for
Trapezoid Procedure
shipment to the purchaser.
D6476 Test Method for Determining Dynamic Air Perme-
5.3 This practice addresses all the physical properties that
ability of Inflatable Restraint Fabrics
describe inflatable restraint fabrics and their commonly used
D6478 Test Method for Determining Specific Packability of
test methods. Unless otherwise specified by agreement of
Fabrics Used in Inflatable Restraints
purchaser and supplier, these standard test methods shall
D6479 Test Method for Determining the Edgecomb Resis-
constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment used
tance of Woven Fabrics Used in Inflatable Restraints
todeterminethephysicalpropertiesoffabricsusedininflatable
D6613 Practice for Determining the Presence of Sizing in
restraints.Itisintendedtobeusedasaguidelineinestablishing
Nylon or Polyester Fabric
a written material specification.The specification or agreement
D6799 Terminology Relating to Inflatable Restraints
of purchaser and supplier may deviate from the practices
F778 Methods for Gas Flow Resistance Testing of Filtration
described herein when (based on experience) considerations of
Media
fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable
2.2 Federal Standards: restraint system design dictate otherwise.
Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 302—Flammability
6. Apparatus
2.3 SAE Standards:
6.1 Periodic laboratory certification of test equipment used
J912-A Resistance to Blocking
in accordance with this practice is required to reduce test
J1351 Determination of Odor
variability due to precision and bias.
4 6
Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Available from Ford Motor Company, Engineering Department, Body Engi-
Office, Washington, DC 20525. neering Building, Room 1145, 21500 Oakwood Boulevard, Dearborn, MI 48124.
5 7
Available from the Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Available from American Association of Textiles Chemists and Colorists, PO
Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
D5446−08 (2013)
6.2 For inflatable restraints, all test equipment used in 7.3.4 Take no test specimen closer to the selvage of the
accordancewiththeproceduresreferencedinthispracticeshall fabric than ⁄10 the width of the fabric or 125 mm (5 in.),
be certified for calibration annually by an independent agency whichever is smaller.
or equipment manufacturer whose results are traceable to
National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) or other
8. Conditioning
national standards laboratory. The test parameters of the
8.1 Test specimens shall be preconditioned as directed by
equipment shall be tested within the operating ranges covered
the particular test method or as agreed upon between the
in the material specification or equivalent document.
purchaser and supplier.
8.2 Prior to testing a physical property, the test specimens
7. Sampling
shall be brought to moisture equilibrium at ambient atmo-
7.1 Lot Sample:
spheric pressure, at 21 6 1°C (70 6 2°F), and at 65 % 62%
7.1.1 Forthesizeofanacceptancesamplinglotoffabricfor
relative humidity, unless directed to do otherwise by the test
inflatable restraints, use the number of fabric rolls in a
procedure or an agreement by purchaser and supplier.
shipment of a single fabric style unless otherwise agreed upon
8.3 Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when
between the purchaser and supplier. If the fabrics are one piece
the increase in mass of the specimen in successive weightings
woven, use the number of units in the shipment as the
made at intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1 % of
acceptance sampling lot.
the mass of the specimen.
7.1.2 Unless otherwise agreed upon by purchaser and
supplier,takeasalotsamplealloftherollsoronepiecewoven
NOTE 1—Certain fibers and coatings may exhibit slow rates of
units in a shipment of fabric. Consider rolls of fabric to be the achievingmoistureequilibrium.Whenthisoccurs,apreconditioningcycle
such as described in Practice D1776 may be agreed upon between
primary sampling units.
contractual parties.
7.1.3 For the size of an acceptance lot of yarn, use the lot
determination and sample plan agreed upon by purchaser and
9. Procedures
supplier.
9.1 Secure test specimens from laboratory samples in ac-
7.2 Laboratory Sample:
cordance with the sampling section (Section 7) of this practice
7.2.1 Anentirerolloffabricorafull-widthcutfromtheend
for each test required by the material specification or agree-
of a roll within a lot sample or one piece woven units
ment of purchaser and supplier.
constitutes a laboratory sample depending on which physical
9.2 Precondition and condition the test specimens in accor-
property is to be tested.
dance with the conditioning section (Section 8) of this practice
7.2.1.1 For fabric width, fabric bow, and fabric length, the
for each test required by the material specification or agree-
rolls in the lot sample serve as the laboratory sample.
ment of purchaser and supplier.
7.2.1.2 For all other physical properties, take as the labora-
tory sample a full width cut of fabric2m(2yd) long from the
9.3 Test the specimens in accordance with each test method
endofeachrollinthelotsampleifthereisnoevidencethatthe
specified.
fabric is distorted; if there is evidence of physical distortion on
9.3.1 Determine the denier or yarn number in accordance
the outside of the fabric roll, take a sample cut from the
with Test Method D1907 for packaged yarn or Test Method
resulting end of the roll after removing and discarding the
D1059 for beamed yarn or yarns removed from fabric test
distorted portion of fabric.
specimens.
7.2.2 An entire yarn package constitutes a laboratory
9.3.1.1 When using Test Method D1907, make one deter-
sample for yarn testing.
mination from each package in the laboratory sample.
9.3.1.2 When using Test Method D1059, use twenty-five
7.3 Test Specimens:
(25) specimens selected from each laboratory sample in both
7.3.1 Test specimens are the pieces of yarn or fabric units
the warp and filling directions.
that actually undergo testing. The fabric units may be entire
9.3.2 Determine the fiber content of the yarn in accordance
fabric rolls , one piece woven units or fabric pieces cut from
with Test Method D276, making one determination from each
the laboratory sample in accordance with physical testing
yarn package in the laboratory sample.
requirements of a specific test method.
9.3.3 Determine the finish or extractable material content in
7.3.2 For fabric width, fabric bow, and fabric length, the
yarn in accordance with Test Method D2257, using one test
rolls in the lot sample serve as the test specimens. For all other
specimen of ten grams removed from each laboratory sample.
physical properties to be tested, the test specimens are the
9.3.4 Determine the single-end strength and elongation
fabricpiecescutfromthelaboratorysampleinaccordancewith
properties of yarns removed from yarn packages, beams, and
the respective test method.
fabricspecimensinaccordancewithTestMethodD2256,using
7.3.3 Takespecimensfromdifferentpositionsacrosstheroll
ten test specimens from each laboratory sample.
width or one piece woven units when testing physical proper-
9.3.5 Determine the amount and direction of twist in yarns
ties oriented in the warp direction; take specimens from
in accordance with Test Method D1423.
different positions along the roll length or one piece woven
units when testing physical properties oriented in the filling 9.3.5.1 Determine the twist in single spun yarns on pack-
direction. ages and yarns removed from beams and fabric samples in
D5446−08 (2013)
accordanc
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