ASTM A859/A859M-04(2019)e1
(Specification)Standard Specification for Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components
Standard Specification for Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard requirements for low-carbon age-hardened nickel-copper-chromium-molybdenum-columbium alloy steel forgings for pressure vessel components. Materials shall be manufactured to a killed fine austenitic grain size, by vacuum degas melting process. Heat treatment shall be conducted, according to class, by: normalizing and precipitation hardening (Grade A, Class 1); liquid quenching and precipitation hardening (Grade A, Class 2); or double liquid-quenching, tempering, double austenitizing, and precipitation hardening (Grade B). Heat and product analyses shall be used to evaluate the conformance of forgings to required chemical compositions. Tensile, notch toughness, and Charpy impact requirements shall be examined, for which one of four sampling methods may be employed. One tension test and one impact test (for three samples) shall be made for each forging. Dimensions and finishes of the forgings shall conform to that specified by the purchaser. Repair welding shall also be performed only if permitted by the purchaser.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for low-carbon age-hardening nickel-copper-chromium-molybdenum-columbium alloy steel forgings for pressure vessel components.
1.2 Forgings under this specification are available as Grades A or B. Grade A may be ordered in one or two classes as follows:
1.2.1 Grade A Class 1—Normalized-and-precipitation-heat-treated, providing a minimum yield strength of 55 ksi [380 MPa] and a minimum tensile strength of 65 ksi [450 MPa].
1.2.2 Grade A Class 2—Quenched-and-precipitation-heat-treated, providing a minimum yield strength of 65 ksi [450 MPa] and a minimum tensile strength of 75 ksi [515 MPa].
1.2.3 Grade A was the original steel composition in this specification.
1.3 Although the material is readily weldable, welding procedures are of fundamental importance and must be such as not to affect adversely the properties of the material, especially in the heat-affected zone. It is presupposed that welding procedures will be suitable for the material being welded.
1.4 Supplementary requirements, including those applicable in Specification A788/A788M, are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.6 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´1
Designation: A859/A859M −04 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Specification for
Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel
Components
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA859/A859M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—MPa value was added in 1.2.2 editorially in April 2019.
1. Scope 1.6 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound and
SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable
1.1 This specification covers requirements for low-carbon
“M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be
age-hardening nickel-copper-chromium-molybdenum-
furnished to inch-pound units.
columbium alloy steel forgings for pressure vessel compo-
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
nents.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.2 ForgingsunderthisspecificationareavailableasGrades
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
A or B. Grade A may be ordered in one or two classes as
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
follows:
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2.1 GradeAClass 1—Normalized-and-precipitation-heat-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
treated, providing a minimum yield strength of 55 ksi
[380 MPa] and a minimum tensile strength of 65 ksi
2. Referenced Documents
[450MPa].
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2.2 Grade A Class 2—Quenched-and-precipitation-heat-
A275/A275MPracticeforMagneticParticleExaminationof
treated, providing a minimum yield strength of 65 ksi
Steel Forgings
[450 MPa] and a minimum tensile strength of 75 ksi
A370Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
[515MPa].
of Steel Products
1.2.3 Grade A was the original steel composition in this
A388/A388MPractice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel
specification.
Forgings
1.3 Although the material is readily weldable, welding
A788/A788MSpecification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
proceduresareoffundamentalimportanceandmustbesuchas
quirements
nottoaffectadverselythepropertiesofthematerial,especially
E208Test Method for Conducting Drop-Weight Test to
in the heat-affected zone. It is presupposed that welding
Determine Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of Fer-
procedures will be suitable for the material being welded.
ritic Steels
1.4 Supplementaryrequirements,includingthoseapplicable E604Test Method for Dynamic Tear Testing of Metallic
in Specification A788/A788M, are provided for use when
Materials
additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply
2.2 ASME Standard:
only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.
ASMEBoiler and Pressure Vessel Code—Section IX
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3. Ordering Information and General Requirements
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to 3.1 In addition to the ordering information required by
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be Specification A788/A788M, the purchaser shall include with
used independently of the other and values from the two the inquiry and order a detailed drawing, sketch, or written
systems shall not be combined.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel, contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved March 1, 2019. Published April 2019. Originally Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as A859/A859M–04 International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
(2014). DOI:10.1520/A0859_A0859M–04R19E01. www.asme.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
A859/A859M − 04 (2019)
description of the forging and the method of selecting test 5. Chemical Composition
location (see 6.3). When appropriate, the areas of significant
5.1 Heat Analysis—The heat analysis obtained from sam-
loading in the forging shall be designated.
pling in accordance with Specification A788/A788M shall
3.2 Material supplied to this specification shall conform to comply with Table 1.
the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, which out-
5.2 Product Analysis—The purchaser may use the product
lines additional ordering information, manufacturing
analysis provision of Specification A788/A788M to obtain a
requirements, testing and retesting methods and procedures,
product analysis from a forging representing each heat or
marking, certification, product analysis variations, and addi-
multiple heat.
tional supplementary requirements.
6. Mechanical Requirements
3.3 If the requirements of this specification are in conflict
with the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, the
6.1 Tensile Requirements—The forgings, as represented by
requirements of this specification shall prevail.
the tension test specimens, shall conform to the requirements
of Table 2. The largest obtainable tension test specimen as
4. Manufacture
specified in Test Methods and Definitions A370 shall be used.
4.1 Melting Practice—The steel shall be made to a killed,
6.2 Notch Toughness Requirements:
fine austenitic grain size, practice.
6.2.1 For Grade A, Class 1 or 2 forgings, unless Supple-
4.1.1 Vacuum degassing in accordance with Specification
mentary Requirement S6 is specified, the Charpy impact test
A788/A788M is highly recommended.
resultsshallconformtotherequirementsofTable3.Onesetof
threespecimensshallberemovedfromeachspecimenlocation
4.2 Heat Treatment:
as specified in 6.3. The supplier may select a test temperature
4.2.1 Normalizing may, at the manufacturer’s option, pre-
colder than that specified in the order, but in any case, the
cede the prescribed heat treatment cycle.
actual test temperature shall be reported with the test results.
4.2.2 Grade A Class 1 forgings shall be normalized at a
6.2.2 For Grade B forgings two sets of Charpy impact
temperatureintherangefrom1600to1725°F[870to940°C]
specimens shall be removed from each test specimen location
and then precipitation hardened in the range from 1000 to
as specified in and shall conform to the requirements of Table
1225°F [540 to 665°C] for a time to be determined by the
3.
material manufacturer.
6.2.3 Full-size, 10 by 10 mm, Charpy V-notch specimens
4.2.3 Grade A Class 2 forgings shall be liquid quenched
shall be used unless the material thickness or configuration
from a temperature in the range from 1600 to 1725°F [870 to
makes it impossible to obtain full-size specimens. If the use of
940°C]andthenprecipitationhardenedintherangefrom1000
sub-size specimens is necessary, the largest standard sub-size
to 1225°F [540 to 665°C] for a time to be determined by the
specimen it is possible to obtain shall be used.
material manufacturer.
6.2.4 The acceptance values for sub-size specimens shall be
4.2.4 Grade B forgings shall be double quenched and
reduced in direct ratio to the reduction of specimen width.
tempered (liquid quenched twice) by austenitizing twice at a
temperature in the range of 1600 to 1725°F [870 to 940°C], 6.3 Sampling—The longitudinal axis and the mid-length of
andthenprecipitationhardenedatatemperatureintherangeof tension and impact test specimens shall be positioned in
1000to1300°F[540to700°C]foratimetobedeterminedby accordance with one of the following methods as specified by
the manufacturer. the purchaser:
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Composition, %
Element Grade A Grade B
Carbon 0.07 max 0.02–0.04
Manganese 0.40–0.70 0.75–1.05
Phosphorus, max 0.025 0.015
Sulfur, max 0.025 0.002
Silicon, max 0.40 0.40
Chromium 0.60–0.90 0.45–0.75
Nickel 0.70–1.00 3.35–3.85
Molybdenum 0.15–0.25 0.55–0.65
Copper 1.00–1.30 1.15–1.75
Columbium 0.02 min 0.02–0.06
Vanadium max . 0.008
Aluminum max . 0.03
Titanium max . 0.003
Tin max . 0.03
Arsenic max . 0.025
Antimony max . 0.025
Nitrogen . report
´1
A859/A859M − 04 (2019)
TABLE 2 Tensile Requirements
Property Grade A Grade A
Grade B
Class 1 Class 2
Yield strength 0.2 % offset ksi [MPa] 55 [380 min] 65 [450] min 100–115 [690–800]
Tensile Strength ksi [MPa] 65–85 [450–585] 75–95 [515–650] 105 [725] min
Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm % min 20 20 16
Reduction of Area % min 45 45 45
TABLE 3 Charpy Impact Requirements
Grade A Grade A
Grade B Grade B
Class 1 Class 2
0 °F [18 °C] –120 °F [–85 °C]
−50 °F [−45 °C] −50 °F [−45 °C]
A
Test Average, ft/lb [J] 20 [27] 20 [27] 80 [110] 60 [80]
Minimum single value, ft/lb [J] 15 [20] 15 [20] 75 [100] 55 [75]
A
Not more than one specimen from a set may be below this value.
6.3.1 Method 1—This method shall always be used when cracks unless the welded areas are completely removed by
the maximum as-heat-treated thickness does not exceed 2 in. subsequent machining.
[50 mm]. Specimens shall be located in the production forging
6.5 Samples shall be removed from forgings after heat
ortestforging(asdescribedinMethod4)atmid-thicknessand
treatment. The sample material shall be subjected to a simu-
at least 2 in. [50 mm] from other as-heat-treated surfaces.
lated post-weld heat-treatment if Supplementary Requirement
6.3.2 Method 2—T by 2T, where T is the distance from the
S1 is specified.
area of significant loading (see 3.1) to the nearest as-heat-
treated surface. However, the specimen shall not be nearer to
6.6 Orientation—For upset disk forgings, the longitudinal
one as-heat-treated surface than ⁄4 in. [20 mm] and not nearer
axis of all test specimens shall be oriented in the tangential
than1 ⁄2in.[40mm]toasecondas-heat-treatedsurface.When
direction. For all other forgings, the long
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: A859/A859M − 04 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Specification for
Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel
Components
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A859/A859M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—MPa value was added in 1.2.2 editorially in April 2019.
1. Scope 1.6 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound and
SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable
1.1 This specification covers requirements for low-carbon
“M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be
age-hardening nickel-copper-chromium-molybdenum-
furnished to inch-pound units.
columbium alloy steel forgings for pressure vessel compo-
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
nents.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.2 Forgings under this specification are available as Grades
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
A or B. Grade A may be ordered in one or two classes as
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
follows:
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2.1 Grade A Class 1—Normalized-and-precipitation-heat-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
treated, providing a minimum yield strength of 55 ksi
[380 MPa] and a minimum tensile strength of 65 ksi
2. Referenced Documents
[450 MPa].
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2.2 Grade A Class 2—Quenched-and-precipitation-heat-
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
treated, providing a minimum yield strength of 65 ksi
Steel Forgings
[450 MPa] and a minimum tensile strength of 75 ksi
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
[515 MPa].
of Steel Products
1.2.3 Grade A was the original steel composition in this
A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel
specification.
Forgings
1.3 Although the material is readily weldable, welding
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
procedures are of fundamental importance and must be such as
quirements
not to affect adversely the properties of the material, especially
E208 Test Method for Conducting Drop-Weight Test to
in the heat-affected zone. It is presupposed that welding
Determine Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of Fer-
procedures will be suitable for the material being welded.
ritic Steels
1.4 Supplementary requirements, including those applicable
E604 Test Method for Dynamic Tear Testing of Metallic
in Specification A788/A788M, are provided for use when Materials
additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply
2.2 ASME Standard:
only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code—Section IX
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3. Ordering Information and General Requirements
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to 3.1 In addition to the ordering information required by
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be Specification A788/A788M, the purchaser shall include with
used independently of the other and values from the two the inquiry and order a detailed drawing, sketch, or written
systems shall not be combined.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved March 1, 2019. Published April 2019. Originally Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as A859/A859M–04 International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
(2014). DOI:10.1520/A0859_A0859M–04R19E01. www.asme.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
A859/A859M − 04 (2019)
description of the forging and the method of selecting test 5. Chemical Composition
location (see 6.3). When appropriate, the areas of significant
5.1 Heat Analysis—The heat analysis obtained from sam-
loading in the forging shall be designated.
pling in accordance with Specification A788/A788M shall
comply with Table 1.
3.2 Material supplied to this specification shall conform to
the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, which out-
5.2 Product Analysis—The purchaser may use the product
lines additional ordering information, manufacturing
analysis provision of Specification A788/A788M to obtain a
requirements, testing and retesting methods and procedures,
product analysis from a forging representing each heat or
marking, certification, product analysis variations, and addi-
multiple heat.
tional supplementary requirements.
3.3 If the requirements of this specification are in conflict 6. Mechanical Requirements
with the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, the
6.1 Tensile Requirements—The forgings, as represented by
requirements of this specification shall prevail.
the tension test specimens, shall conform to the requirements
of Table 2. The largest obtainable tension test specimen as
4. Manufacture
specified in Test Methods and Definitions A370 shall be used.
4.1 Melting Practice—The steel shall be made to a killed,
6.2 Notch Toughness Requirements:
fine austenitic grain size, practice.
6.2.1 For Grade A, Class 1 or 2 forgings, unless Supple-
4.1.1 Vacuum degassing in accordance with Specification
mentary Requirement S6 is specified, the Charpy impact test
A788/A788M is highly recommended.
results shall conform to the requirements of Table 3. One set of
three specimens shall be removed from each specimen location
4.2 Heat Treatment:
as specified in 6.3. The supplier may select a test temperature
4.2.1 Normalizing may, at the manufacturer’s option, pre-
colder than that specified in the order, but in any case, the
cede the prescribed heat treatment cycle.
actual test temperature shall be reported with the test results.
4.2.2 Grade A Class 1 forgings shall be normalized at a
6.2.2 For Grade B forgings two sets of Charpy impact
temperature in the range from 1600 to 1725 °F [870 to 940 °C]
specimens shall be removed from each test specimen location
and then precipitation hardened in the range from 1000 to
as specified in and shall conform to the requirements of Table
1225 °F [540 to 665 °C] for a time to be determined by the
3.
material manufacturer.
6.2.3 Full-size, 10 by 10 mm, Charpy V-notch specimens
4.2.3 Grade A Class 2 forgings shall be liquid quenched
shall be used unless the material thickness or configuration
from a temperature in the range from 1600 to 1725 °F [870 to
makes it impossible to obtain full-size specimens. If the use of
940 °C] and then precipitation hardened in the range from 1000
sub-size specimens is necessary, the largest standard sub-size
to 1225 °F [540 to 665 °C] for a time to be determined by the
specimen it is possible to obtain shall be used.
material manufacturer.
6.2.4 The acceptance values for sub-size specimens shall be
4.2.4 Grade B forgings shall be double quenched and
reduced in direct ratio to the reduction of specimen width.
tempered (liquid quenched twice) by austenitizing twice at a
temperature in the range of 1600 to 1725 °F [870 to 940 °C], 6.3 Sampling—The longitudinal axis and the mid-length of
and then precipitation hardened at a temperature in the range of tension and impact test specimens shall be positioned in
1000 to 1300 °F [540 to 700 °C] for a time to be determined by accordance with one of the following methods as specified by
the manufacturer. the purchaser:
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Composition, %
Element Grade A Grade B
Carbon 0.07 max 0.02–0.04
Manganese 0.40–0.70 0.75–1.05
Phosphorus, max 0.025 0.015
Sulfur, max 0.025 0.002
Silicon, max 0.40 0.40
Chromium 0.60–0.90 0.45–0.75
Nickel 0.70–1.00 3.35–3.85
Molybdenum 0.15–0.25 0.55–0.65
Copper 1.00–1.30 1.15–1.75
Columbium 0.02 min 0.02–0.06
Vanadium max . 0.008
Aluminum max . 0.03
Titanium max . 0.003
Tin max . 0.03
Arsenic max . 0.025
Antimony max . 0.025
Nitrogen . report
´1
A859/A859M − 04 (2019)
TABLE 2 Tensile Requirements
Property Grade A Grade A
Grade B
Class 1 Class 2
Yield strength 0.2 % offset ksi [MPa] 55 [380 min] 65 [450] min 100–115 [690–800]
Tensile Strength ksi [MPa] 65–85 [450–585] 75–95 [515–650] 105 [725] min
Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm % min 20 20 16
Reduction of Area % min 45 45 45
TABLE 3 Charpy Impact Requirements
Grade A Grade A
Grade B Grade B
Class 1 Class 2
0 °F [18 °C] –120 °F [–85 °C]
−50 °F [−45 °C] −50 °F [−45 °C]
A
Test Average, ft/lb [J] 20 [27] 20 [27] 80 [110] 60 [80]
Minimum single value, ft/lb [J] 15 [20] 15 [20] 75 [100] 55 [75]
A
Not more than one specimen from a set may be below this value.
6.3.1 Method 1—This method shall always be used when cracks unless the welded areas are completely removed by
the maximum as-heat-treated thickness does not exceed 2 in. subsequent machining.
[50 mm]. Specimens shall be located in the production forging
6.5 Samples shall be removed from forgings after heat
or test forging (as described in Method 4) at mid-thickness and
treatment. The sample material shall be subjected to a simu-
at least 2 in. [50 mm] from other as-heat-treated surfaces.
lated post-weld heat-treatment if Supplementary Requirement
6.3.2 Method 2—T by 2T, where T is the distance from the
S1 is specified.
area of significant loading (see 3.1) to the nearest as-heat-
treated surface. However, the specimen shall not be nearer to
6.6 Orientation—For upset disk forgings, the longitudinal
one as-heat-treated surface than ⁄4 in. [20 mm] and not nearer
axis of all test specimens shall be oriented in the tangential
than 1 ⁄2 in. [40 mm] to a second as-heat-treated surface. When
direction. For all other forgings, the longitudinal axis of the
this method of testing is employed, forgings are usual
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: A859/A859M − 04 (Reapproved 2014) A859/A859M − 04 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Specification for
Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel
Components
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A859/A859M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—MPa value was added in 1.2.2 editorially in April 2019.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers requirements for low-carbon age-hardening nickel-copper-chromium-molybdenum-columbium
alloy steel forgings for pressure vessel components.
1.2 Forgings under this specification are available as Grades A or B. Grade A may be ordered in one or two classes as follows:
1.2.1 Grade A Class 1—Normalized-and-precipitation-heat-treated, providing a minimum yield strength of 55 ksi [380 MPa]
[380 MPa] and a minimum tensile strength of 65 ksi [450 MPa].[450 MPa].
1.2.2 Grade A Class 2—Quenched-and-precipitation-heat-treated, providing a minimum yield strength of 65 ksi [450 MPa]
[450 MPa] and a minimum tensile strength of 75 ksi [MPa].[515 MPa].
1.2.3 Grade A was the original steel composition in this specification.
1.3 Although the material is readily weldable, welding procedures are of fundamental importance and must be such as not to
affect adversely the properties of the material, especially in the heat-affected zone. It is presupposed that welding procedures will
be suitable for the material being welded.
1.4 Supplementary requirements, including those applicable in Specification A788/A788M, are provided for use when
additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system mayare not benecessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other. Combiningother and values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
standard.shall not be combined.
1.6 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M”
specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
E208 Test Method for Conducting Drop-Weight Test to Determine Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of Ferritic Steels
E604 Test Method for Dynamic Tear Testing of Metallic Materials
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.06
on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014March 1, 2019. Published October 2014April 2019. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 20092014 as
A859/A859M – 04A859/A859M(2009). DOI:10.1520/A0859_A0859M-04R14.–04 (2014). DOI:10.1520/A0859_A0859M–04R19E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
A859/A859M − 04 (2019)
2.2 ASME Standard:
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code—Section IX
3. Ordering Information and General Requirements
3.1 In addition to the ordering information required by Specification A788/A788M, the purchaser shall include with the inquiry
and order a detailed drawing, sketch, or written description of the forging and the method of selecting test location (see 6.3). When
appropriate, the areas of significant loading in the forging shall be designated.
3.2 Material supplied to this specification shall conform to the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, which outlines
additional ordering information, manufacturing requirements, testing and retesting methods and procedures, marking, certification,
product analysis variations, and additional supplementary requirements.
3.3 If the requirements of this specification are in conflict with the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, the
requirements of this specification shall prevail.
4. Manufacture
4.1 Melting Practice—The steel shall be made to a killed, fine austenitic grain size, practice.
4.1.1 Vacuum degassing in accordance with Specification A788/A788M is highly recommended.
4.2 Heat Treatment:
4.2.1 Normalizing may, at the manufacturer’smanufacturer’s option, precede the prescribed heat treatment cycle.
4.2.2 Grade A Class 1 forgings shall be normalized at a temperature in the range from 1600 to 1725°F1725 °F [870 to
940°C]940 °C] and then precipitation hardened in the range from 1000 to 1225°F1225 °F [540 to 665°C]665 °C] for a time to be
determined by the material manufacturer.
4.2.3 Grade A Class 2 forgings shall be liquid quenched from a temperature in the range from 1600 to 1725°F1725 °F [870 to
940°C]940 °C] and then precipitation hardened in the range from 1000 to 1225°F1225 °F [540 to 665°C]665 °C] for a time to be
determined by the material manufacturer.
4.2.4 Grade B forgings shall be double quenched and tempered (liquid quenched twice) by austenitizing twice at a temperature
in the range of 1600 to 1725°F1725 °F [870 to 940°C],940 °C], and then precipitation hardened at a temperature in the range of
1000 to 1300°F1300 °F [540 to 700°C]700 °C] for a time to be determined by the manufacturer.
5. Chemical Composition
5.1 Heat Analysis—The heat analysis obtained from sampling in accordance with Specification A788/A788M shall comply with
Table 1.
5.2 Product Analysis—The purchaser may use the product analysis provision of Specification A788/A788M to obtain a product
analysis from a forging representing each heat or multiple heat.
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Composition, %
Element Grade A Grade B
Carbon 0.07 max 0.02–0.04
Manganese 0.40–0.70 0.75–1.05
Phosphorus, max 0.025 0.015
Sulfur, max 0.025 0.002
Silicon, max 0.40 0.40
Chromium 0.60–0.90 0.45–0.75
Nickel 0.70–1.00 3.35–3.85
Molybdenum 0.15–0.25 0.55–0.65
Copper 1.00–1.30 1.15–1.75
Columbium 0.02 min 0.02–0.06
Columbium 0.02 min 0.02–0.06
Vanadium max . 0.008
Aluminum max . 0.03
Titanium max . 0.003
Tin max . 0.03
Arsenic max . 0.025
Antimony max . 0.025
Nitrogen . report
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
www.asme.org.
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6. Mechanical Requirements
6.1 Tensile Requirements—The forgings, as represented by the tension test specimens, shall conform to the requirements of
Table 2. The largest obtainable tension test specimen as specified in Test Methods and Definitions A370 shall be used.
6.2 Notch Toughness Requirements:
6.2.1 For Grade A, Class 1 or 2 forgings, unless Supplementary Requirement S6 is specified, the Charpy impact test results shall
conform to the requirements of Table 3. One set of three specimens shall be removed from each specimen location as specified
in 6.3. The supplier may select a test temperature colder than that specified in the order, but in any case, the actual test temperature
shall be reported with the test results.
6.2.2 For Grade B forgings two sets of Charpy impact specimens shall be removed from each test specimen location as specified
in and shall conform to the requirements of Table 3.
6.2.3 Full-size, 10 by 10 mm, Charpy V-notch specimens shall be used unless the material thickness or configuration makes it
impossible to obtain full-size specimens. If the use of sub-size specimens is necessary, the largest standard sub-size specimen it
is possible to obtain shall be used.
6.2.4 The acceptance values for sub-size specimens shall be reduced in direct ratio to the reduction of specimen width.
6.3 Sampling—The longitudinal axis and the mid-length of tension and impact test specimens shall be positioned in accordance
with one of the following methods as specified by the purchaser:
6.3.1 Method 1—This method shall always be used when the maximum as-heat-treated thickness does not exceed 2 in. [50 mm].
Specimens shall be located in the production forging or test forging (as described in Method 4) at mid-thickness and at least 2 in.
[50 mm] from other as-heat-treated surfaces.
6.3.2 Method 2—T by 2T, where T is the distance from the area of significant loading (see 3.1) to the nearest as-heat-treated
3 1
surface. However, the specimen shall not be nearer to one as-heat-treated surface than ⁄4 in. [20 mm] and not nearer than 1 ⁄2 in.
[40 mm] to a second as-heat-treated surface. When this method of testing is employed, forgings are usually manufactured in
accordance with a purchaser-approved drawing showing pre-heat-treatment dimensions and the location of test specimens.
6.3.3 Method 3— ⁄4T by T, where T is the maximum thickness of the forging as-heat-treated. When this method of testing is
employed for Class 2, the maximum as-heat-treated thickness shall not exceed 8 in. [200 mm] unless otherwise agreed.
6.3.4 Method 4—Test specimens shall be taken from a representative separate test forging or bar made from the same heat of
steel that shall receive substantially the same reduction and type of hot working as the production forgings which it represents;
except that a longitudinally forged bar may be used to represent a rolled ring of similar cross section. It shall be of the same
nominal thickness as the as-heat-treated production forgings and shall be heat treated in the same furnace charge and under the
same conditions as the production forgings. Test specimens shall be removed using the ⁄4T by T procedure referenced in Method
3 with the same limitation on forging thickness as in 6.3.3. This method shall be limited to forgings with a rough machined weight
of not more than 1000 lb [500 kg]. [500 kg].
6.4 Metal Buffers—The required distances from as-heat-treated surfaces may be obtained with metal buffers instead of integral
extensions. Buffer material may be carbon or low-alloy steel and shall be joined to the forging with a partial penetration weld that
seals the buffered surface. Specimens shall be located at least ⁄2 in. [13 mm] from the buffered surface of the forging. Buffers shall
be removed and the welded areas subjected to magnetic particle test to ensure freedom from cracks unless the welded areas are
completely removed by subsequent machining.
6.5 Samples shall be removed from forgings after heat treatment. The sample material shall be subjected to a simulated
post-weld heat-treatment if Supplementary Requirement S1 is specified.
6.6 Orientation—For upset disk forgings, the longitudinal axis of all test specimens shall be oriented in the tangential direction.
For all other forgings, the longitudinal axis of the specimens shall be oriented in the direction of maximum working of the forging
unless Supplementary Requirements S11 or S14 are imposed.
6.7 Number of Tests:
6.7.1 Forgings Under 500 lb [250 kg] As-Heat-Treated—For duplicate forgings weighing less than 500 lb [250 kg]
as-heat-treated, one tension test and one impact test (three specimens) shall be made to represent each heat in each heat-treatment
charge. When heat-treatment is performed in continuous-type furnaces with suitable temperature control and equipped with
TABLE 2 Tensile Requirements
Property Grade A Grade A
Grade B
Class 1 Class 2
Property Grade A Grade A Grade B
Class 1 Class 2
Yield strength 0.2% offset ksi [MPa] 55 [380 min] 65 [450] min 100–115 [690–800]
Yield strength 0.2 % offset ksi [MPa] 55 [380 min] 65 [450] min 100–115 [690–800]
Tensile Strength ksi [MPa] 65–85 [450–585] 75–95 [515–650] 105 [725] min
Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm % min 20 20 16
Reduction of Area % min 45 45 45
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TABLE 3 Charpy Impact Requirements
Grade A Grade A Grade B
Class1Class 1 Class2Class 2 Grade B —120°F
−50°F [−45°C]−50 °F −50°F [−45°C]−50 °F 0°F [18°C]0 °F [18 °C] [-85°C]–120 °F
[−45 °C] [−45 °C] [–85 °C]
A
Test Average, ft/lb [J] 20 [27] 20 [27] 80 [110] 60 [80]
Minimum single value, ft/lb [J] 15 [20] 15 [20] 75 [100] 55 [75]
A
Not more than one specimen from a set may be below this value.
recording pyrometers so that complete heat-treatment records are available, a heat-treatment charge shall be considered as any
continuous run not exceeding any 8-h 8 h duration.
6.7.2 Forgings Weighing 500 to 10 000 lb [250 to 5000 kg] As-Heat-Treated—One tension and one impact test (three
specimens) shall be made for each forging.
6.7.3 Each forging weighing over 10 000 lb [5000 kg] shall require two tension tests and two impact tests, located at opposite
ends if the length, excluding test prolongations, exceeds 80 in. [2000 mm], or located 180° apart for shorter length forgings.
7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
7.1 The forgings shall conform to the dimensions specified by the purchaser. The finishes shall permit adequate visual inspection
for surface imperfections. If a dimension varies from that specified, the forging may be offered to the purchaser for acceptance.
8. Repair Welding
8.1 Repair welding of forgings shall be permitted only with the approval of the purchaser.
8.2 Preparation for repair welding shall include inspection to ensure complete removal of the defect.
8.3 Repairs shall be made using welding procedures qualified in accordance with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Section IX and repair weld
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