ASTM D5707-05(2011)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Friction and Wear Properties of Lubricating Grease Using a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
Standard Test Method for Measuring Friction and Wear Properties of Lubricating Grease Using a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method can be used to determine wear properties and coefficient of friction of lubricating greases at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in applications where high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present for extended periods of time under initial high Hertzian point contact pressures. This test method has found application in qualifying lubricating greases used in constant velocity joints of front-wheel-drive automobiles and for lubricating greases used in roller bearings. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining a lubricating grease's coefficient of friction and its ability to protect against wear when subjected to high-frequency, linear-oscillation motion using an SRV test machine at a test load of 200 N, frequency of 50 Hz, stroke amplitude of 1.00 mm, duration of 2 h, and temperature within the range of the test machine, specifically, ambient to 280°C. Other test loads (10 to 1200 N for SRVI-model, 10 to 1400 N for SRVII-model, and 10 to 2000 N for SRVIII-model), frequencies (5 to 500 Hz) and stroke amplitudes (0.1 up to 4.0 mm) can be used, if specified. The precision of this test method is based on the stated parameters and test temperatures of 50 and 80°C. Average wear scar dimensions on ball and coefficient of friction are determined and reported.
Note 1—Optimol Instruments supplies an upgrade kit to allow SRVI/II-machines to operate with 1600 N, if needed.
1.2 This test method can also be used for determining a fluid lubricant's ability to protect against wear and its coefficient of friction under similar test conditions.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D5707–05 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Friction and Wear Properties of Lubricating
Grease Using a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV)
Test Machine
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5707; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Updated 2.2, 7.6, and Fig. 1; added Note 4 and research report number editorially in July 2011.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining a
lubricating grease’s coefficient of friction and its ability to
2. Referenced Documents
protect against wear when subjected to high-frequency, linear-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
oscillation motion using an SRV test machine at a test load of
A295/A295M Specification for High-Carbon Anti-Friction
200 N, frequency of 50 Hz, stroke amplitude of 1.00 mm,
Bearing Steel
duration of 2 h, and temperature within the range of the test
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
machine,specifically,ambientto280°C.Othertestloads(10to
Grease
1200 N for SRVI-model, 10 to 1400 N for SRVII-model, and
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
10to2000NforSRVIII-model),frequencies(5to500Hz)and
Products, and Lubricants
stroke amplitudes (0.1 up to 4.0 mm) can be used, if specified.
D5706 Test Method for Determining Extreme Pressure
The precision of this test method is based on the stated
Properties of Lubricating Greases Using a High-
parametersandtesttemperaturesof50and80°C.Averagewear
Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
scar dimensions on ball and coefficient of friction are deter-
D6425 Test Method for Measuring Friction andWear Prop-
mined and reported.
erties of Extreme Pressure (EP) Lubricating Oils Using
NOTE 1—Optimol Instruments supplies an upgrade kit to allow SRVI/
SRV Test Machine
II-machines to operate with 1600 N, if needed.
E45 TestMethodsforDeterminingtheInclusionContentof
1.2 Thistestmethodcanalsobeusedfordeterminingafluid
Steel
lubricant’s ability to protect against wear and its coefficient of
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
friction under similar test conditions.
2.2 Other Standards:
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
DIN EN ISO 683-17 Heat-treated Steels, alloy steels and
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
free-cuttingsteels–Part17:Ballandrollerbearingsteels
standard.
DIN51834–3:2008–12 Testingoflubricants—Tribological
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
test in translatory oscillation apparatus — Part 3: Deter-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
mination of tribological behaviour of materials in coop-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
eration with lubricants
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D02.G0.04 on Functional Tests - Tribology. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D5707–05. DOI: AvailablefromDeutschesInstitutfurNormunge.V.(DIN),Burggrafenstrasse6,
10.1520/D5707-05R11E01. 10787 Berlin, Germany, http://www.din.de.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D5707–05 (2011)
DIN EN ISO 13565-2:1998 Geometrical Product Specifica- 3.1.11 Rz (DIN), n—in measuring surface finish, the aver-
tions (GPS) – Surface texture: Profile method; Surfaces age of all Ry values (peak to valley heights) in the assessment
having stratified functional properties – Part 2: Height length.
characterizationusinglinearmaterialratiocurve(replaces 3.1.12 SRV, n—Schwingung, Reibung, Verschleiss, (Ger-
man); oscillating, friction, wear, (English translation). D5706
DIN 4776:1990: Measurement of surface roughness; pa-
rametersR ,R ,R ,M ,M forthedescriptionofthe 3.1.13 thickener, n—in lubricating grease, a substance
K PK VK r1 r2
composed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquid
material portion)
lubricant to form the product’s structure.
3.1.13.1 Discussion—The thickener can be fibers (such as
3. Terminology
various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certain
3.1 Definitions:
non-soapthickeners)whichareinsolubleor,atmost,onlyvery
3.1.1 break-in, n—in tribology, an initial transition process
slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general require-
occurring in newly established wearing contacts, often accom-
mentsarethatthesolidparticlesbeextremelysmall,uniformly
panied by transients in coefficient of friction or wear rate, or
dispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable, gel-like
both, which are uncharacteristic of the given tribological
structure with the liquid lubricant. D217
system’s long-term behavior. G40
3.1.14 wear, n—damage to a solid surface, generally in-
3.1.2 coeffıcient of friction, n— in tribology,thedimension-
volvingprogressivelossofmaterial,duetotherelativemotion
less ratio of the friction force (F) between two bodies to the between that surface and a contacting substance or substances.
normal force (N) pressing these bodies together. G40
G40
3.1.15 Wv, n—Wearvolumeisthelossofvolumetotheball
3.1.3 Hertzian contact area, n—theapparentareaofcontact
after a test. D6425
between two nonconforming solid bodies pressed against each
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
other, as calculated from Hertz’s equations of elastic deforma-
3.2.1 seizure, n—localized fusion of metal between the
tion. G40
rubbing surfaces of the test pieces.
3.1.4 Hertzian contact pressure, n—the magnitude of the
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Seizure is usually indicated by a sharp
pressure at any specified location in a Hertzian contact area, as
increase in coefficient of friction, wear, or unusual noise and
calculated from Hertz’s equations of elastic deformation.
vibration. In this test method, increase in coefficient of friction
G40
is displayed on the chart recorder as a permanent rise in the
3.1.5 lubricant, n—any material interposed between two
coefficient of friction from a steady state value.
surfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.
4. Summary of Test Method
D4175
3.1.6 lubricating grease, n—a semifluid to solid product of
4.1 This test method is performed on an SRV test machine
a dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant. using a test ball oscillated under constant load against a test
disk.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Thedispersionofthethickenerformsa
two-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant by
NOTE 2—The frequency of oscillation, stroke length, test temperature,
surfacetensionandotherphysicalforces.Otheringredientsare
testload,andtestballanddiskmaterialcanbevariedfromthosespecified
commonly included to impart special properties. D217 in this test method. The test ball yields Hertzian point contact geometry.
Toobtainlineorareacontact,testpiecesofdifferingconfigurationscanbe
3.1.7 Ra (C.L.A), n—measuring surface finish, the arithme-
substituted for the test ball.
tic average of the absolute distances of all profile points from
4.2 The wear scar on the test ball and coefficient of friction
the mean line for a given distance.
are measured. If a profilometer is available, a trace of the wear
3.1.7.1 Discussion—C.L.A. means center line average, and
scar on the test disk can also be used to obtain additional wear
it is a synonym for Ra.
information.
3.1.8 Rpk, n—reduced peak height according to DIN EN
ISO13565-2:1998.Rpkisthemeanheightofthepeaksticking 5. Significance and Use
out above the core profile section.
5.1 This test method can be used to determine wear prop-
3.1.9 Rvk, n—reduced valley height according to DIN EN
erties and coefficient of friction of lubricating greases at
ISO 13565-2:1998. Rvk is the mean depth of the valley
selected temperatures and loads specified for use in applica-
reaching into the material below the core profile section.
tions where high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are
presentforextendedperiodsoftimeunderinitialhighHertzian
3.1.10 Ry, n—in measuring surface finish, the vertical
pointcontactpressures.Thistestmethodhasfoundapplication
distance between the top of the highest peak and the bottom of
in qualifying lubricating greases used in constant velocity
the deepest valley in one sampling length of the roughness
joints of front-wheel-drive automobiles and for lubricating
profile.
greasesusedinrollerbearings.Usersofthistestmethodshould
determine whether results correlate with field performance or
other applications.
Amstutz, Hu, “Surface Texture: The Parameters,” Bulletin MI-TP-003-0785,
Sheffield Measurement Division, Warner and Swasey, 1985, p. 21.
5 6
Amstutz, Hu, “Surface Texture: The Parameters,” Bulletin MI-TP-003-0785, Amstutz, Hu, “Surface Texture: The Parameters,” Bulletin MI-TP-003-0785,
Sheffield Measurement Division, Warner and Swasey, 1985, p. 25. Sheffield Measurement Division, Warner and Swasey, 1985, pp. 31, 29.
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D5707–05 (2011)
FIG. 1 SRV Test Machines, Model III (left); Model 4 (right)
6. Apparatus
6.1 SRV Test Machine, illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2.
6.2 Microscope, equipped with a filar eyepiece graduated in
0.005-mm division or equipped with a micrometer stage
readable to 0.005 mm. Magnification should be sufficient to
allow for ease of measurement. One to 103 magnification has
been found acceptable.
7. Reagents and Materials
7.1 Test Balls , 52100 steel, Rockwell hardness number of
60 6 2 on Rockwell C scale (HRC), 0.025 6 0.005-µm Ra
surface finish, 10-mm diameter.
7.2 Lower Test Disk, vacuum arc remelted (VAR) AISI
52100 steel with an inclusion rating using Method D, TypeA,
as severity level number of 0.5 according toTest Methods E45
and Specification A295/A295M or an inclusion sum value
K1# 10 according to DIN EN ISO 683-17 and spherodized
annealed to obtain globular carbide, Rockwell hardness num-
1. Oscillation drive rod 6. Electrical resistance heater
ber of 60 6 2 on Rockwell C scale (HRC), the surfaces of the
2. Test ball holder 7. Resistance thermometer
3. Load rod 8. Test disk holder
disk being lapped and free of lapping raw materials. The
4. Test ball 9. Piezoelectric measuring device
topography of the disk will be determined by four values,
5. Test disk 10. Receiving block
24-mm diameter by 7.85 mm thick:
FIG. 2 Test Chamber Elements
0.5 µm < Rz (DIN)< 0.650 µm
0.035 µm < Ra (C.L.A.) < 0.050 µm
0.020 µm < Rpk < 0.035 µm
7.5 Toluene, reagent grade. (Warning—Flammable. Health
0.050 µm < Rvk < 0.075 µm
hazard.)
NOTE 3—The DIN 17230-1980 was replaced by DIN EN ISO 683-17. 7.6 Cleaning Solvent, the test disks have to be cleaned by a
liquid solvent (non-chlorinated, non-film forming).
7.3 n-Heptane, reagent grade. (Warning—Flammable.
Health hazard.)
NOTE 4—It is recommended to use a mixture of equal volumes of
7.4 Isopropanol, reagent grade. (Warning—Flammable. n-heptane, isopropanol, and toluene, all as reagent grades. (Warning—
Flammable. Health hazard.)
Health hazard.)
8. Preparation of Apparatus
8.1 Turnonthetestmachineandchartrecorderandallowto
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
is Optimol Instruments Prüftechnik GmbH, Westendstrasse 125, D-80339, Munich,
warm up for 15 min prior to running tests.
Germany, http://www.optimol-instruments.de. If you are aware of alternative
8.2 Select the friction data to be presented in the crest peak
suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.
value position on the test apparatus in accordance with the
Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
technical committee, which you may attend. manufacturer’s directions.
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D5707–05 (2011)
NOTE 5—In most cases, this is accomplished by positioning the sliding
perform a profilometric trace across the wear scar on the test
switchonelectroniccardNo.291.35.20E(frontsideofelectronicsbehind
disk in accordance with the profilometer manufacturer’s in-
the front panel) and the sliding switch located on the back panel of the
structions.
control unit.
NOTE 8—Criteria for using the wear volume are stated in Test Method
8.3 Turn the amplitude knob to ZERO.
D6425-02 and for calculating the wear volume in DIN 51834, Part 3.
8.4 Switch the stroke adjustment to AUTO position.
8.5 Set the frequency to 50 Hz and duration to 2 h, 00 min,
10. Report
30 s, in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
10.1 Report the following information:
8.6 Set the desired span and calibrate the chart recorder in
10.1.1 All parameters used to evaluate material as follows:
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Select the
10.1.1.1 Test temperature, °C,
desired chart speed.
10.1.1.2 Test break-in load, N,
10.1.1.3 Test load, N,
9. Procedure
10.1.1.4 Test frequency, Hz,
9.1 Clean the test ball and disk by wiping the surfaces with
10.1.1.5 Test stroke, mm,
laboratory tissue soaked with the cleaning solvent. Repeat
10.1.1.6 Test ball material,
wipinguntilnodarkresidueappearsonthetissue.Immersethe
10.1.1.7 Test disk material, and
specimen ball and disk in a beaker of the cleaning solvent
10.1.1.8 Test sample.
underultrasonicvibrationfor10min.Drythetestballanddisk
10.2 Report both wear scar measurements taken on the ball.
withacleantissueensuringnostreakingoccursonthesurface.
10.3 Report the minimum coefficient of friction and, when
9.2 Place a small amount (approximately 0.1 to 0.2 g, the
required by specification, include a copy of the friction
size of a pea) of lubricating grease to be tested on the cleaned
recording.
lower test disk in an area such that overlapping with previous
10.4 Report the depth of the wear scar on the lower
wear scars will not occur.
specimen disk if profilometer reading was made.
9.3 Place the cleaned test ball on the top and in the middle
of the lubricating grease specimen so that the grease makes a
11. Precision and Bias
circular symmetric pad between the ball and disk.
11.1 Eighteen cooperators tested eight greases in the SRV
9.4 Ensure the machine is unloaded (indicated by a load
apparatus. Average minimu
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