ASTM D2659-16(2023)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Column Crush Properties of Blown Thermoplastic Containers
Standard Test Method for Column Crush Properties of Blown Thermoplastic Containers
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Column crush tests only provide information about the crush properties of blown thermoplastic containers when employed under conditions approximating those under which the tests are conducted.
4.2 The column crush properties include the crushing yield load, deflection at crushing yield load, crushing load at failure, and apparent crushing stiffness. Blown thermoplastic containers made from materials that possess a low order of ductility can fail in crushing by brittle fracture. In such cases, the crushing yield load is equivalent to the crushing load at failure. Blown thermoplastic containers made of ductile materials do not always exhibit a crushing load at failure although they will normally provide a crushing yield load value.
4.3 Column crush tests provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development, applications, design, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and special purposes. The tests cannot be considered significant for engineering design in applications differing widely from the load - time scale of the standard test. Such applications require additional tests such as impact, creep, and fatigue.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of mechanical properties of blown thermoplastic containers, whether blown commercially or in the laboratory, loaded under columnar crush conditions at a constant rate of compressive deflection.
Note 1: Although this test method was developed specifically for blow-molded containers, the general procedure can also be applied to containers of suitable geometries produced by other means, for example, thermoforming, injection molding, etc.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2659 − 16 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Test Method for
Column Crush Properties of Blown Thermoplastic
Containers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2659; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
someter Systems
1.1 This test method covers the determination of mechanical
properties of blown thermoplastic containers, whether blown
3. Terminology
commercially or in the laboratory, loaded under columnar
crush conditions at a constant rate of compressive deflection. 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
method and associated with plastics issues refer to the termi-
NOTE 1—Although this test method was developed specifically for
nology contained in ASTM D883.
blow-molded containers, the general procedure can also be applied to
containers of suitable geometries produced by other means, for example,
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
thermoforming, injection molding, etc.
3.2.1 apparent crushing stiffness—the ratio of the crushing
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
load to the corresponding deflection at a point on the linear
standard.
portion of the crushing load deflection curve (expressed in
newtons per metre (or pounds per inch)).
NOTE 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
3.2.2 column—a compression member that is axially loaded.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.3 crushing load at failure—the crushing load applied to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- a blown thermoplastic container that produces a failure by
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
fracture or parting of the material in any portion of said
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. container (expressed in kilograms (or pounds)).
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2.4 crushing yield load—the first load at which an in-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
crease of deflection occurs with no increase in load in a
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
compressive crushing test (expressed in units of kilograms (or
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
pounds) of load).
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
NOTE 3—In some cases, usually as a result of design or styling features,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
or both, of a specific container, multiple values of the crushing yield load
are be observed, that is, a small deflection occurs with no increase or with
2. Referenced Documents
a decrease in the crush load, followed by resumption of the normal crush
2.1 ASTM Standards: load change with deflection. This phenomenon cannot be ignored in the
evaluation of the column crush properties of a blown thermoplastic
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
container, since it can be a very useful designated failure point for the
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
application under consideration. The load at which this abrupt change
D4976 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and
occurs can be chosen as a crushing yield load for study. In such a case, the
Extrusion Materials
report of results should be accompanied by a proper description of the
crushing yield load selected.
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test-
ing Machines
3.2.5 deflection at crushing yield load—the decrease in
length of the container specimen produced at the crushing yield
load along the center line of testing (axis of crushing, see Fig.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
1) (expressed in millimetres (or inches)).
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and
Molded Products.
3.2.6 gage length—the original length of that portion of the
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally
specimen over which strain or change in length is determined.
approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D2659 - 16. DOI:
10.1520/D2659-16R23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 4. Significance and Use
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.1 Column crush tests only provide information about the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. crush properties of blown thermoplastic containers when
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2659 − 16 (2023)
5.2 Extensometer—A suitable instrument for determining
the distance between the two surfaces of load application on
the test specimen at any time during the test. It is desirable that
this instrument automatically record this distance, or any
change in it as a function of the crushing load on the test
specimen. The instrument shall be essentially free of inertia-lag
at the specified rate of loading and shall conform to the
requirements for a Class B-2 extensometer, as defined in
Practice E83.
5.3 Load Application Fixtures—A means shall be provided
to apply the crushing load to the specimen such as a stationary
and moveable parallel platens. The fixtures shall be of suffi-
cient rigidity to prevent fixture deformation due to the applied
crushing load.
NOTE 4—In the event that the bearing surface of the blown thermo-
plastic container deviates noticeably from the parallel relationship, the
construction and use of a suitable testing jig will be necessary. This jig
shall be attached to that crosshead member of the testing machine that
contacts the nonparallel surface of the container. In the event of slippage
on the machine crushing surfaces, a nonslip material such as masking tape
FIG. 1 Typical Crushing Axes
can be applied to the slipping member of the testing machine.
6. Test Specimens
6.1 The specimens for testing shall be the blown thermo-
employed under conditions approximating those under which
plastic container under investigation. The specimens must be
the tests are conducted.
free of obvious defects such as rocker bottoms or bent necks,
4.2 The column crush properties include the crushing yield
unless such defects constitute a variable to be studied. The
load, deflection at crushing yield load, crushing load at failure,
surfaces of the container that bear on the fixed and movable
and apparent crushing stiffness. Blown thermoplastic contain-
members of the testing machine shall be parallel to each other.
ers made from materials that possess a low order of ductility
7. Conditioning
can fail in crushing by brittle fracture. In such cases, the
7.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens in accor-
crushing yield load is equivalent to the crushing load at failure.
dance with Procedure A of Practice D618 unless otherwise
Blown thermoplastic containers made of ductile materials do
specified by contract or the relevant ASTM material specifica-
not always exhibit a crushing load at failure although they will
tion. Temperature and humidity tolerances shall be in accor-
normally provide a crushing yield load value.
dance with Section 7 of Practice D618 unless specified
4.3 Column crush tests provide a standard method of
differently by contract or material specification.
obtaining data for research and development, applications,
7.2 Test Conditions—Conduct tests at the same temperature
design, quality control, acceptance or rejection under
and humidity used for conditioning with tolerances in accor-
specifications, and special purposes. The tests cannot be
dance with Section 7 of Practice D618 unless otherwise
considered significant for engineering design in applications
specified by contract or the relevant ASTM material specifica-
differing widely from the load - time scale of the standard test.
tion.
Such applications require additional tests such as impact,
creep, and fatigue.
NOTE 5—Alternatively, blown thermoplastic container test specimens
that are made of materials known to be insensitive to changes of relative
humidity, can be conditioned at the Standard Laboratory Temperature of
5. Apparatus
23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) for a period of 24 h, unless otherwise specified.
5.1 Testing Machine—Any suitable testing machine capable
8. Number of Test Specimens
of control of constant-rate-of-crosshead movement and com-
8.1 At least 20 specimens shall be tested for each sample on
prising essentially the following:
5.1.1 Drive Mechanism—A drive mechanism imparting the any given axis of crushing. If more than one axis of crushing
is to be studied, at least 20 specimens shall be tested for each
crosshead movable member of a uniform, controlled velocity
with respect to the fixed member, this velocity to be regulated axis.
as specified in Section 9.
8.2 Specimens that fail at some obvious fortuitous flaw shall
5.1.2 Load Indicator—A load-indicating mechanism ca-
be discarded and ret
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.