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ASTM ISO/ASTM51431-05

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Standard Practice for Dosimetry in Electron Beam and X-Ray (Bremsstrahlung) Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing (Withdrawn 2018)

Standard Practice for Dosimetry in Electron Beam and X-Ray (Bremsstrahlung) Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing (Withdrawn 2018)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Food products may be treated with acceleratorgenerated radiation (electrons and X-rays) for numerous purposes, including control of parasites and pathogenic microorganisms, insect disinfestation, growth and maturation inhibition, and shelf-life extension. Food irradiation specifications almost always include a minimum or a maximum limit of absorbed dose, sometimes both: a minimum limit may be set to ensure that the intended beneficial effect is achieved and a maximum limit may be set for the purpose of avoiding product or packaging degradation. For a given application, one or both of these values may be prescribed by government regulations that have been established on the basis of scientific data. Therefore, prior to the irradiation of the food product, it is necessary to determine the capability of an irradiation facility to consistently deliver the absorbed dose within any prescribed limits. Also, it is necessary to monitor and document the absorbed dose during each production run to verify compliance with the process specifications at a predetermined level of confidence.
NOTE 3 - The Codex Alimentarius Commission has developed an international General Standard and a Code of Practice that address the application of ionizing radiation to the treatment of foods and that strongly emphasize the role of dosimetry for ensuring that irradiation will be properly performed (1).4
4.2 For more detailed discussions of radiation processing of various foods, see Guides F 1355, F 1356, F 1736, and F 1885 and Refs (2-15).
4.3 Accelerator-generated radiation can be in the form of electrons or X-rays produced by the electrons. Penetration of radiation into the product required to accomplish the intended effect is one of the factors affecting the decision to use electrons or X-rays.
4.4 To ensure that products are irradiated within a specified dose range, routine process control requires routine product dosimetry, documented product handling procedures (before, during a...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines the installation qualification program for an irradiator and the dosimetric procedures to be followed during operational qualification, performance qualification and routine processing in facilities that process food with high-energy electrons and X-rays (bremsstrahlung) to ensure that product has been treated within a predetermined range of absorbed dose. Other procedures related to operational qualification, performance qualification and routine processing that may influence absorbed dose in the product are also discussed. Information about effective or regulatory dose limits for food products, and appropriate energy limits for electron beams used directly or to generate X-rays is not within the scope of this practice (see ASTM Guides F 1355, F 1356, F 1736, and F 1885).Note 1
Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance program for adherence to good manufacturing practices used in the production of safe and wholesome food.Note 2
ISO/ASTM Practice 51204 describes dosimetric procedures for gamma irradiation facilities for food processing.
1.2 For guidance in the selection and calibration of dosimetry systems, and interpretation of measured absorbed dose in the product, see ISO/ASTM Guide 51261 and ASTM Practice E 666. For the use of specific dosimetry systems, see ASTM Practices E 1026 and E 2304, and ISO/ASTM Practices 51205, 51275, 51276, 51310, 51401, 51538, 51540, 51607, 51650 and 51956. For discussion of radiation dosimetry for electrons and X-rays also see ICRU Reports 35 and 14. For discussion of radiation dosimetry for pulsed radiation, see ICRU Report 34.
1.3 While gamma radiation from radioactive nuclides has discrete energies, X-rays (bremsstrahlung) from machine sources cover a wide range of energies, from low values (about 35 keV) to the energy of the incident electron beam. For information concerning electron beam irradiation technology and dosimetry, see ISO...

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
14-May-2005
Withdrawal Date
06-May-2018
ICS
17.240 - Radiation measurements
67.020 - Processes in the food industry
Technical Committee
E61 - Radiation Processing
Drafting Committee
E61.05 - Food Irradiation
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM ISO/ASTM51431-05 - Standard Practice for Dosimetry in Electron Beam and X-Ray (Bremsstrahlung) Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing (Withdrawn 2018)ASTM ISO/ASTM51431-05 - Standard Practice for Dosimetry in Electron Beam and X-Ray (Bremsstrahlung) Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing (Withdrawn 2018)
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ASTM ISO/ASTM51431-05 - Standard Practice for Dosimetry in Electron Beam and X-Ray (Bremsstrahlung) Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing (Withdrawn 2018)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
ISO/ASTM 51431:2005(E)
Standard Practice for
Dosimetry in Electron Beam and X-Ray (Bremsstrahlung)
1
Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51431; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope concerning X-ray irradiation technology and dosimetry, see
ISO/ASTM Practice 51608.
1.1 This practice outlines the installation qualification pro-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
gram for an irradiator and the dosimetric procedures to be
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
followed during operational qualification, performance quali-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
fication and routine processing in facilities that process food
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
with high-energy electrons and X-rays (bremsstrahlung) to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ensure that product has been treated within a predetermined
rangeofabsorbeddose.Otherproceduresrelatedtooperational
2. Referenced documents
qualification, performance qualification and routine processing
2
that may influence absorbed dose in the product are also
2.1 ASTM Standards:
discussed.Informationabouteffectiveorregulatorydoselimits
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
for food products, and appropriate energy limits for electron
Dosimetry
beams used directly or to generate X-rays is not within the
E666Practice for CalculatingAbsorbed Dose From Gamma
scope of this practice (see ASTM Guides F1355, F1356,
or X Radiation
F1736, and F1885).
E1026Practice for Using the Fricke Dosimetry System
NOTE 1—Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance
E2232Guide for Selection and Use of Mathematical Meth-
program for adherence to good manufacturing practices used in the
ods for CalculatingAbsorbed Dose in Radiation Process-
production of safe and wholesome food.
ing Applications
NOTE 2—ISO/ASTM Practice 51204 describes dosimetric procedures
E2303Guide for Absorbed-Dose Mapping in Radiation
for gamma irradiation facilities for food processing.
Processing Facilities
1.2 For guidance in the selection and calibration of dosim-
E2304Practice for Use of a LiF Photo-Fluorescent Film
etry systems, and interpretation of measured absorbed dose in
Dosimetry System
the product, see ISO/ASTM Guide 51261 andASTM Practice
F1355GuideforIrradiationofFreshAgriculturalProduceas
E666. For the use of specific dosimetry systems, see ASTM
a Phytosanitary Treatment
Practices E1026 and E2304, and ISO/ASTM Practices 51205,
F1356Guide for Irradiation of Fresh, Frozen or Processed
51275,51276,51310,51401,51538,51540,51607,51650and
Meat and Poultry to Control Pathogens and Other Micro-
51956 For discussion of radiation dosimetry for electrons and
organisms
X-rays also see ICRU Reports 35 and 14. For discussion of
F1736Guide for Irradiation of Finfish and Aquatic Inverte-
radiation dosimetry for pulsed radiation, see ICRU Report 34.
brates Used as Food to Control Pathogens and Spoilage
1.3 While gamma radiation from radioactive nuclides has
Microorganisms
discrete energies, X-rays (bremsstrahlung) from machine
F1885Guide for Irradiation of Dried Spices, Herbs, and
sourcescoverawiderangeofenergies,fromlowvalues(about
Vegetable Seasonings to Control Pathogens and Other
35 keV) to the energy of the incident electron beam. For
Microorganisms
information concerning electron beam irradiation technology
2
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
anddosimetry,seeISO/ASTMPractice51649.Forinformation
51204Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irradiation Facili-
ties for Food Processing
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation
51205Practice for Use of a Ceric-Cerous Sulfate Dosimetry
Processingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.04 on Specialty
System
Application, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3.
Current edition approved by ASTM Oct. 1, 2004. Published May 15, 2005.
ε1
Originally published as E 1431–91. Last previous ASTM edition E 1431–98 .
2
ASTM E 1431–91 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
ISO 15562:1998(E).The present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51431:2005(E) www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For
is a major revision of the last previous edition ISO/ASTM 51431:2002(E), which Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s
replaced ISO 15562. Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
© ISO/ASTM International 2018 – All rights reserved
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/ASTM 51431:2005(E)
51261Guide for Sele
...

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4.1 This guide is intended to provide direction on dosimetry for experiments in food and agricultural research, and on the reporting of dosimetry results. Research concerning the effectiveness of irradiation of food and agricultural products to achieve a defined benefit involves very different absorbed-dose specifications from one study and one product to another. For example, the absorbed dose required to sterilize fruit flies is much lower than the doses required to inactivate some bacterial pathogens in meat, or to decontaminate spices.
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Note 5: Organizations that issue specifications should report to appropriate UNS number-assigning offices (3.1.2) any specification changes that affect descriptions shown in published UNS listings.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice (Note 1) covers a unified numbering system (UNS) for metals and alloys that have a “commercial standing” (see Note 2), and covers the procedure by which such numbers are assigned. Section 2 describes the system of alphanumeric designations or “numbers” established for each family of metals and alloys. Section 3 outlines the organization established for administering the system. Section 5 describes the procedure for requesting number assignment to metals and alloys for which UNS numbers have not previously been assigned.
Note 1: UNS designations are not to be used for metals and alloys that are not registered under the system described herein, or for any metal or alloy whose composition differs from those registered.
Note 2: The terms “commercial standing,” “production usage,” and other similar terms are intended to apply to metals and alloys in active commercial production and use, although the actual amount of such use will depend, among other things, upon the type of metals and alloys involved and their application.
The various standardizing organizations involved with the individual industries apply their own established criteria to define the status of a metal or alloy in terms of when a UNS designation number will be assigned. For instance, ASTM Committee A01 requires details of heat analysis, mechanical properties, and processing requirements for addition of a new grade or alloy to its specifications. The Copper Development Association requires that the material be “in commercial use (without tonnage limits);” the Aluminum Association requires that the alloy be “offered for sale (not necessarily in commercial use);” the SAE Aerospace Materials Division calls for “repetitive procurement by at least two users.”
Thus, while no universal definition for usage criteria is established, the UNS numbers are intended to identify metals and alloys that are generally in regular production and use. A UNS number will not ordinarily be issued for a material that has just been conceived or that is still in only experimental trial.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3083/F3083M-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Emergency Conditions, Occupant Safety and Accommodations

ABSTRACT
This specification covers emergency conditions, occupant safety and accommodations for occupants and cargo. The applicant for a design approval must seek the individual guidance of their respective civil aviation authority (CAA) body concerning the use of this standard as part of a certification plan.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification addresses emergency conditions, occupant safety and accommodations for occupants and cargo.  
1.2 The applicant for a design approval must seek the individual guidance of their respective civil aviation authority (CAA) body concerning the use of this standard as part of a certification plan. For information on which CAA regulatory bodies have accepted this standard (in whole or in part) as a means of compliance to their airworthiness regulations (Hereinafter referred to as “the Rules”), refer to ASTM F44 webpage (www.ASTM.org/COMITTEE/F44.htm) which includes CAA website links.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A788/A788M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements that, unless covered by the individual product specification in another ASTM document, applies to steel forgings for general use. Materials shall be produced primarily by either electric-furnace, basic oxygen, vacuum-induction (VIM), or open-hearth melting process. The primary melting may incorporate separate degassing or refining and may be followed by secondary melting, using electro slag (ESR) or vacuum arc remelting (VAR). Steel shall be forged by any of these three classes based on forging temperature: cold-worked forging, hot-cold-worked forging, or hot-worked forging. After forging, specimens shall be allowed to cool prior to reheating for heat treatment. Details of heat and product analyses for the evaluation of chemical composition are thoroughly discussed. Tension and hardness tests shall be conducted to evaluate mechanical properties such as percentage of elongation and reduction of area. Repair welding shall not be allowed unless permitted by the product specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers a group of common requirements that, unless otherwise specified in the individual product specification, shall apply to steel forgings under any of the following specifications issued by ASTM:    
ASTM Designation  
Title  
A266/A266M  
Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components  
A288  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Magnetic Retaining Rings for Turbine Generators    
A289/A289M  
Alloy Steel Forgings for Nonmagnetic Retaining Rings for Generators  
A290/A290M  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears  
A291/A291M  
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears, and Shafts for Reduction Gears    
A336/A336M  
Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts    
A372/A372M  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels    
A469/A469M  
Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for Generator Rotors  
A470/A470M  
Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts    
A471/A471M  
Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels    
A473  
Stainless Steel Forgings  
A504/A504M  
Wrought Carbon Steel Wheels  
A508/A508M  
Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels  
A541/A541M  
Quenched and Tempered Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components  
A579/A579M  
Superstrength Alloy Steel Forgings  
A592/A592M  
High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Parts for Pressure Vessels  
A646/A646M  
Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace Forgings  
A649/A649M  
Forged Steel Rolls Used for Corrugating Paper Machinery    
A668/A668M  
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use  
A705/A705M  
Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings  
A711/A711M  
Steel Forging Stock  
A723/A723M  
Alloy Steel Forgings for High-Strength Pressure Component Application  
A729/A729M  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Axles, Heat Treated, for Mass Transit and Electric Railway Service  
A765/A765M  
Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Pressure-Vessel-Component Forgings with Mandatory Toughness Requirements  
A837/A837M  
Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Carburizing Applications  
A859/A859M  
Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components  
A891/A891M  
Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels    
A909/A909M  
Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use  
A965/A965M  
Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure and High Temperature Parts  
A982/A982M  
Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine Airfoils  
A983/A983M  
Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium Speed Diesel Engines  
A986/A986M  
Magnetic Particle Examination of Cont...

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