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ASTM E284-13b

(Terminology)

Standard Terminology of Appearance

Standard Terminology of Appearance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This terminology standard contains definitions of appearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM technical committees. Its use by committees other than Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, and its citation in the standards of such committees, is encouraged.  
3.2 In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used in other ASTM standards are indicated by placing the designation of that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition. Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (3–4)) are indicated similarly by placing in parentheses at the end of the definition the acronym of the organization, occasionally with the date of its terminology standard quoted. In either case, a superscript letter may be used to indicate the degree of correspondence between the definition given herein and that in the citation. Superscript A indicates that the two are identical; B that the given definition is a modification of that cited, with little difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differ substantially.  
3.3 A further parenthetical inclusion at the end of the definition gives the revision, if after 1981, in which the definition was added to this terminology standard or last revised.  
3.4 Where appropriate, symbols or acronyms are listed for terms in this terminology standard. Since usage varies, these listings should be considered as recommendations, not as mandatory. If a different symbol or acronym is used in another ASTM standard, this should be indicated in that standard.  
3.5 In the 1990 edition of this terminology standard, a great many terms were relocated to conform to the recommendation of the Form and Style for ASTM Standards, (Blue Book) that listings be in spoken word order. In general, there are no cross-references between the old and new listings, except where a special function is served. An example of such a special function is to list all terms relating to a given basic quantity, for example, all terms defining various ...
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual display units).  
1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance that this terminology standard include important terms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that are in common use and appear in common-language dictionaries (see Refs (1–2)2) are generally not included, except when the dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.  
1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2013
ICS
17.040.20 - Properties of surfaces
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.01 - Terminology
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E284-13a - Standard Terminology of Appearance
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013
Referred By
ASTM D3451-06(2017) - Standard Guide for Testing Coating Powders and Powder Coatings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013
Referred By
ASTM D4383-21 - Standard Specification for Plowable, Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013
Referred By
ASTM E1164-12(2023)e1 - Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013
Referred By
ASTM E1710-18 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Retroreflective Pavement Marking Materials with CEN-Prescribed Geometry Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013
Referred By
ASTM D1729-22 - Standard Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013
Referred By
ASTM D8330-20 - Standard Specification for Artists’ Pastels
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013
Referred By
ASTM E2152-12(2023) - Standard Practice for Computing the Colors of Fluorescent Objects from Bispectral Photometric Data
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013
Referred By
ASTM D8161-17(2022) - Standard Test Method for Impact Resistance of Thermoplastic Pavement Marking Materials over a Highway Substrate by Means of a Striker Impacted by a Falling Weight
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013
Referred By
ASTM E3165-18 - Standard Test Method for Nighttime Retroreflected Chromaticity of Retroreflective Sheeting
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013
Referred By
ASTM D5326-22 - Standard Test Method for Color Development in Tinted Latex Paints
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013
Referred By
ASTM E2301-12(2022) - Standard Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for High Visibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety Applications Using 45°:Normal Geometry
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013
Referred By
ASTM D7585/D7585M-10(2022) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Retroreflective Pavement Markings Using Portable Hand-Operated Instruments
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013
Referred By
ASTM E2970-22 - Standard Practice for Specifying Color by the Natural Colour System (NCS)
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013
Referred By
ASTM D2457-21 - Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
Effective Date
01-Nov-2013

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E284 − 13b
Standard Terminology of
1
Appearance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E284; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Appearance, including the appearance of objects, materials, and light sources, is of importance in
many arts, industries, and scientific disciplines.Appearance terms are used in a wide range ofASTM
standards as well as other documents of concern in standardization, testing, and specification. The
purpose of this terminology standard is to define terms relating to the description of appearance.
Definitions are of two distinctly different kinds. A descriptive definition reports existing usage,
whereas a prescriptive definition is an invitation to use a term in a specific way. By agreement of
ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, the definitions in this terminology standard are
taken to be prescriptive in nature. Committee E12 thereby assumes a position of leadership in usage.
Terms and definitions in several terminology standards and vocabularies other than ASTM (see
References),aswellasotherASTMterminologystandards,havebeenconsideredforinclusioninthis
terminology standard.An effort has been made to achieve greater accuracy, brevity, clarity, precision,
and internal consistency, and to draw distinctions that are useful in the practical measurement and
specification of appearance.
Suggestions for additions or revisions to this terminology standard are welcome.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the
C242Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
description of appearance, including but not limited to color,
Products
gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both mate-
C286 Terminology Relating to Porcelain Enamel and
rials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources
Ceramic-Metal Systems
(including visual display units).
4
C460TerminologyforAsbestos-Cement(Withdrawn2001)
1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and
D16TerminologyforPaint,RelatedCoatings,Materials,and
Appearance that this terminology standard include important
Applications
terms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
terms are currently used in anASTM standard. Terms that are
D156Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products
in common use and appear in common-language dictionaries
(Saybolt Chromometer Method)
2
(see Refs (1–2) ) are generally not included, except when the
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
dictionariesshowmultipledefinitionsanditseemsdesirableto
D1003Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.
of Transparent Plastics
D1129Terminology Relating to Water
1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies con-
D1245Practice for Examination of Water-Formed Deposits
siderably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different
by Chemical Microscopy
fields has been noted.
D1535Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
D1695Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.01 on
3
Terminology. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E284–13a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E0284-13B. the ASTM website.
2 4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
text. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E284 − 13b
D1889Test Method for Turbidity of Water (Withdrawn E12 on Color andAppearance, and its citation in the standards
4
2007) of such committees, is encouraged.
D2805Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec-
3.2 Inthisterminologystandard,definitionsoftermsusedin
tometry
otherASTMstandardsareindicatedbyplacingthedesignation
E131Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
of that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition.
E135Terminology Relating t
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E284 − 13a E284 − 13b
Standard Terminology of
1
Appearance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E284; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Appearance, including the appearance of objects, materials, and light sources, is of importance in
many arts, industries, and scientific disciplines. Appearance terms are used in a wide range of ASTM
standards as well as other documents of concern in standardization, testing, and specification. The
purpose of this terminology standard is to define terms relating to the description of appearance.
Definitions are of two distinctly different kinds. A descriptive definition reports existing usage,
whereas a prescriptive definition is an invitation to use a term in a specific way. By agreement of
ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, the definitions in this terminology standard are
taken to be prescriptive in nature. Committee E12 thereby assumes a position of leadership in usage.
Terms and definitions in several terminology standards and vocabularies other than ASTM (see
References), as well as other ASTM terminology standards, have been considered for inclusion in this
terminology standard. An effort has been made to achieve greater accuracy, brevity, clarity, precision,
and internal consistency, and to draw distinctions that are useful in the practical measurement and
specification of appearance.
Suggestions for additions or revisions to this terminology standard are welcome.
1. Scope*
1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss,
opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual
display units).
1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance that this terminology standard include important terms
and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that are in common
2
use and appear in common-language dictionaries (see Refs (1–2) ) are generally not included, except when the dictionaries show
multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.
1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fields
has been noted.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
C286 Terminology Relating to Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems
4
C460 Terminology for Asbestos-Cement (Withdrawn 2001)
D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.01 on Terminology.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013Nov. 1, 2013. Published July 2013December 2013. Originally approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as
E284 – 13.E284 – 13a. DOI: 10.1520/E0284-13A.10.1520/E0284-13B.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of text.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E284 − 13b
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1245 Practice for Examination of Water-Formed Deposits by Chemical Microscopy
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
D1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
4
D1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water (Withdrawn 2007)
D2805 Test Method
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This terminology standard contains definitions of appearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM technical committees. Its use by committees other than Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, and its citation in the standards of such committees, is encouraged.  
3.2 In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used in other ASTM standards are indicated by placing the designation of that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition. Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (3–4)) are indicated similarly by placing in parentheses at the end of the definition the acronym of the organization, occasionally with the date of its terminology standard quoted. In either case, a superscript letter may be used to indicate the degree of correspondence between the definition given herein and that in the citation. Superscript A indicates that the two are identical; B that the given definition is a modification of that cited, with little difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differ substantially.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Measurement of the thickness of a coating is essential to assessing its utility and cost.  
4.2 The coulometric method destroys the coating over a very small (about 0.1 cm2) test area. Therefore its use is limited to applications where a bare spot at the test area is acceptable or the test piece may be destroyed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thickness of metallic coatings by the coulometric method, also known as the anodic solution or electrochemical stripping method.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1965-98(2023)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Infrared Thermometers for Intermittent Determination of Patient Temperature

ABSTRACT
This specification covers infrared thermometers, which are electronic instruments intended for the intermittent measurement and monitoring of patient temperatures by means of detecting the intensity of thermal radiation between the subject of measurement and the sensor. The specification addresses the assessment of the subject's internal body temperature through measurement of thermal emission from the ear canal. Though, performance requirements for noncontact temperature measurement of skin are also provided. Limits are set for laboratory accuracy, and determination and disclosure of clinical accuracy of the covered instruments are required. Performance and storage limits under various environmental conditions, requirements for labeling, and test procedures are all established herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers electronic instruments intended for intermittent measuring and monitoring of patient temperatures by means of detecting the intensity of thermal radiation between the subject of measurement and the sensor.  
1.2 The specification addresses assessing subject’s body internal temperature through measurement of thermal emission from the ear canal. Performance requirements for noncontact temperature measurement of skin are also provided.  
1.3 The specification sets limits for laboratory accuracy and requires determination and disclosure of clinical accuracy of the covered instruments.  
1.4 Performance and storage limits under various environmental conditions, requirements for labeling, and test procedures are established.
Note 1: For electrical safety, consult Underwriters Laboratory Standards.2
Note 2: For electromagnetic emission requirements and tests, refer to CISPR 11: 1990 Lists of Methods of Measurement of Electromagnetic Disturbance Characteristics of Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) Radiofrequency Equipment.3  
1.5 The values of quantities stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values of quantities in parentheses are not in SI and are optional.  
1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 6, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E284-22(Terminology)
Standard Terminology of Appearance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This terminology standard contains definitions of appearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM technical committees. Its use by committees other than Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, and its citation in the standards of such committees, is encouraged.  
3.2 In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used in other ASTM standards are indicated by placing the designation of that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition. Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (3–4)) are indicated similarly by placing in parentheses at the end of the definition the acronym of the organization, occasionally with the date of its terminology standard quoted. In either case, a superscript letter may be used to indicate the degree of correspondence between the definition given herein and that in the citation. Superscript A indicates that the two are identical; B that the given definition is a modification of that cited, with little difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differ substantially.  
3.3 A further parenthetical inclusion at the end of the definition gives the revision, if after 1981, in which the definition was added to this terminology standard or last revised.  
3.4 Where appropriate, symbols or acronyms are listed for terms in this terminology standard. Since usage varies, these listings should be considered as recommendations, not as mandatory. If a different symbol or acronym is used in another ASTM standard, this should be indicated in that standard.  
3.5 In the 1990 edition of this terminology standard, a great many terms were relocated to conform to the recommendation of the Form and Style for ASTM Standards, (Blue Book) that listings be in spoken word order. In general, there are no cross-references between the old and new listings, except where a special function is served. An example of such a special function is to list all terms relating to a given basic quantity, for example, all terms defining various ...
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual display units).  
1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance that this terminology standard include important terms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that are in common use and appear in common-language dictionaries (see Refs (1–2)2) are generally not included, except when the dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.  
1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7091-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coatings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes three operational steps necessary to ensure accurate coating thickness measurement: calibration, verification and adjustment of coating thickness measuring gages, as well as proper methods for obtaining coating thickness measurements on both ferrous and non-ferrous metal substrates.  
4.2 Many specifications for commercial and industrial coatings projects stipulate a minimum and a maximum dry film thickness for each layer in a coating system. Additionally, most manufacturers of high performance coatings will warranty coating systems based upon, in part, achieving the proper thickness of each layer and the total coating system. Even if a project specification is not provided, the coating manufacturer’s recommendations published on product data sheets can become the governing document(s). Equipment manufacturers produce nondestructive coating thickness testing gages that are used to measure the cumulative or individual thickness of the coating layers, after they are dry. The manufacturers provide information for the adjustment and use of these gages, normally in the form of operating instructions. The user of this equipment must be knowledgeable in the proper operation of these devices, including methods for verifying the accuracy of the equipment prior to, during and after use as well as measurement procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the use of magnetic and eddy current gages for dry film thickness measurement. This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturers’ instructions for the manual operation of the gages and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, the advantages and limitations of coating thickness gages, and a description of test specimens. It describes the methods and recommended frequency for verifying the accuracy of gages and for adjusting the equipment and lists the reporting recommendations.  
1.2 These procedures are not applicable to coatings that will be readily deformed under the load of the measuring gages/probes, as the gage probe must be placed directly on the coating surface to obtain a reading. Provisions for measuring on soft or tacky coatings are described in 5.7.  
1.3 Coating thickness can be measured using a variety of gages. These gages are categorized as “magnetic pull-off” and “electronic.” They use a sensing probe or magnet to measure the gap (distance) between the base metal and the probe. This measured distance is displayed as coating thickness by the gages.  
1.4 Coating thickness can vary widely across a surface. As a result, obtaining single-point measurements may not accurately represent the actual coating system thickness. SSPC-PA 2 prescribes a frequency of coating thickness measurement based on the size of the area coated. A frequency of measurement for coated steel beams (girders) and coated test panels is also provided in the appendices to SSPC-PA 2. The governing specification is responsible for providing the user with the minimum and the maximum coating thickness for each layer, and for the total coating system.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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