ASTM E1418-98
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Visible Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable Process
Standard Test Method for Visible Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable Process
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures for visible liquid penetrant examination utilizing the water-washable process. It is a nondestructive test method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance examination. This test method can be effectively used in the examination of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous, and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densified ceramics, and certain nonporous plastics, and glass.
1.2 This test method also provides the following references:
1.2.1 A reference by which visible penetrant examination procedures using the water-washable process can be reviewed to ascertain their applicability and completeness.
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications dealing with the visible, water-washable liquid penetrant examination of materials and parts. Agreement between the user and the supplier regarding specific techniques is strongly recommended.
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.
1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest criteria for evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be noted, however, that after indications have been produced, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code, specification, or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, and orientation of indications considered acceptable, and those considered unacceptable.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Notes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, and 20.
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Designation: E 1418 – 98
Standard Test Method for
Visible Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable
Process
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1418; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 Basis of Application—There are areas in this test
method that may require agreement between the cognizant
1.1 This test method describes procedures for visible liquid
engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction
penetrant examination utilizing the water-washable process. It
from the cognizant engineering organization. These areas are
is a nondestructive test method for detecting discontinuities
identified as follows:
that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold
1.5.1 Penetrant type, method and sensitivity,
shuts, laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks or lack of
1.5.2 Accept/reject criteria,
fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance
1.5.3 Personnel qualification requirements,
examination. This test method can be effectively used in the
1.5.4 Grit blasting,
examination of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and
1.5.5 Etching,
nonferrous, and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or
1.5.6 Indication/discontinuity sizing,
fully densified ceramics, and certain nonporous plastics, and
1.5.7 Total processing time, and
glass.
1.5.8 Marking of parts.
1.2 This test method also provides the following references:
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2.1 A reference by which visible penetrant examination
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
procedures using the water-washable process can be reviewed
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to ascertain their applicability and completeness.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
dealing with the visible, water-washable liquid penetrant ex-
precautionary statements, see Notes 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13,
amination of materials and parts. Agreement between the user
14, 15, 16, and 17.
and the supplier regarding specific techniques is strongly
recommended.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.
D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest criteria for
eral Bomb Method)
evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be noted,
D 516 Test Methods for Sulfate Ion in Water
however, that after indications have been produced, they must
D 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-
be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose
leum Products (Bomb Method)
there must be a separate code, specification, or a specific
D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
agreement to define the type, size, location, and orientation of
(High-Temperature Method)
indications considered acceptable, and those considered unac-
E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination
ceptable.
E 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
tion
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are provided
E 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-
for information only.
destructive Testing
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on
Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1998. Published February 1999. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
published as E 1418 – 91. Last previous edition E 1418 – 92. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1418–98
2.2 ASNT Standards: used, the nature of the part under examination (that is, size,
Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for Nondestructive shape, surface condition, alloy) and type of discontinuities
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification expected.
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-
fication of NDT Personnel 5. Significance and Use
2.3 Military Standard:
5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods indicate the pres-
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-
ence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-
tion and Certification
tude of the detected discontinuities. This test method is
2.4 AIA Standard:
normally used for production examination of large volumes of
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
parts or structures, where emphasis is on productivity. This test
Test Personnel
method offers a wide latitude in applicability when extensive
2.5 DoD Contracts — Unless otherwise specified, the issue
and controlled conditions are available.
of the documents that are DoD adopted are those listed in the
issue of the DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Speci-
6. Reagents and Materials
fications and Standards) cited in the solicitation.
6.1 Visible, Water-Washable Liquid Penetrant Examination
Materials, consisting of applicable visible penetrants as rec-
2.6 Order of Precedence — In the event of conflict between
ommended by the manufacturer, and are classified as Type II
the text of this test method and the references cited herein, the
Visible Method A—Water-Washable (see Note 2).
text of this test method takes precedence.
NOTE 2—Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, and
alkali metal content.
NOTE 3—Caution: While approved penetrant materials will not ad-
3. Terminology
versely affect common metallic materials, some plastics or rubber may be
3.1 Definitions:
swollen or stained by certain penetrants.
3.1.1 The definitions relating to liquid penetrant examina-
6.2 Water-Washable Penetrants, designed to be directly
tion that appear in Terminology E 1316, shall apply to the
water-washable from the surface of the part, after a suitable
terms used in this test method.
penetrant dwell time. Because the emulsifier is “built-in” to the
water-washable penetrant, it is extremely important to exercise
4. Summary of Test Method
proper process control in removing excess penetrant to ensure
4.1 A liquid penetrant is applied evenly over the surface
against overwashing. Water-washable penetrants can be
being examined and allowed to enter open discontinuities.
washed out of discontinuities if the washing step is too long or
After a suitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is
too vigorous. Some penetrants are less resistant to overwashing
removed with water and the surface is dried prior to the
than others.
application of a developer. A developer is then applied,
6.3 Developers—Development of penetrant indications is
drawing the entrapped penetrant out of the discontinuities and
the process of bringing the penetrant out of open discontinui-
staining the developer. If an aqueous developer is to be
ties through the blotting action of the applied developer, thus
employed, the developer is applied prior to the drying step.
increasing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Several
After application of the developer, a suitable development time
types of developers are suitable for use in the visible penetrant
is allowed to permit the entrapped penetrant to exit from the
water-washable process.
discontinuities. The test surface is then examined visually
6.3.1 Aqueous Developers, normally supplied as dry powder
under adequate illumination to determine the presence or
particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble) in water.
absence of indications.
The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be in accordance
4.2 The selection of specific water-washable penetrant pro-
with the manufacturer’s recommendations (see 7.1.7.1).
cess parameters depends upon the nature of the application,
NOTE 4—Caution: Aqueous developers may cause stripping of indica-
conditions under which the examination is to be performed,
tions, if not properly applied and controlled. The procedure should be
availability of processing equipment, and type of materials to
qualified in accordance with 9.2.
perform the examination.
6.3.2 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers, normally supplied as
NOTE 1—Caution: A controlled method for applying water and dispos-
suspensions of developer particles in a volatile solvent carrier
ing of the water is essential.
and are ready for use as supplied. They are applied to the
4.3 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetration surface by spraying after the excess penetrant has been
time and wash times, are determined by the specific materials
removed and the surface has dried. Nonaqueous wet develop-
ers form a white coating on the surface of the part when dried
and serve as a contrasting background for visible penetrants
(see 7.1.7.2).
Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlin-
gate Lane, PO Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228–0518. NOTE 5—Caution: This type of developer is intended for application
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
by spray only.
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
6.3.3 Liquid Film Developers, solutions or colloidal suspen-
Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250
Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005. sions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. These developers
E1418–98
will form a transparent or translucent coating on the surface of 7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant
the part. Certain types of film developers will fix indications Examination—Satisfactory results can usually be obtained on
and may be stripped from the part and retained for record surfaces in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged
purposes (see section 7.1.7.3). conditions (or for ceramics in the densified condition). When
only loose surface residuals are present, these may be removed
7. Procedure
by wiping with a clean lint-free cloth. However, pre-cleaning
7.1 The following general procedures applies to the water- of metals to remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite,
washable, visible penetrant examination method (see Fig. 1). scale, insulating materials, coatings, etc. should be done using
7.1.1 Temperature Limits—The temperature of the penetrant cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing, or chemical removing
materials and the surface of the part to be processed should be processes. Surface conditioning by grinding, machining, pol-
from 40 to 120°F (4 to 49°C). When it is not practical to ishing, or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit, and vapor
comply with these temperature limitations, the procedure must blasting to remove the peened skin, and when penetrant
be qualified at the temperature of intended use as described in entrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indications
9.2. of unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with the
Incoming Parts
PRECLEAN Alkaline Steam Vapor Degrease Solvent Wash Acid Etch
(See 7.1.3.1)
Mechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic Detergent
DRY
(See 7.1.3.2) Dry
PENETRANT Apply Water-
APPLICATION Washable
(See 7.1.4) Penetrant
FINAL RINSE
(See 7.1.5) Water Wash
Spray Dip
Developer
DRY DEVELOP
(Aqueous)
Dry
(See 7.1.6) (See 7.1.7)
Developer, Dry,
Nonaqueous or
DEVELOP DRY
Dry
Liquid Film
(See 7.1.7) (See 7.1.6)
EXAMINE
Visible (See 7.1.8) Examine
Mechanical
Water Rinse Detergent
Wash
POST CLEAN
(See 7.1.10 and Prac-
tice E 165, Annex
on Post Cleaning.)
Dry
Vapor De- Ultrasonic
Solvent Soak
grease Clean
Outgoing Parts
FIG. 1 General Procedure Flowsheet for Visible Penetrant Examination Using the Water-Washable Process
E1418–98
effectiveness of the examination. For metals unless otherwise 7.1.4.1 Modes of Application—There are various modes of
specified, perform etching when evidence exists that previous effective application of penetrant such as immersion, brushing,
cleaning, surface treatments, or service usage have produced a flooding, or spraying. Small parts are quite often placed in
surface condition that degrades the effectiveness of penetrant suitable baskets and dipped into a tank of penetrant. On larger
examination. (See Annex A1.1.1.8 in Test Method E 165 for parts, and those with complex geometries, penetrant can be
precautions). applied effectively by brushing or spraying. Both conventional
and electrostatic spray guns are appropriate means of applying
NOTE 6—When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blasting
liquid penetrants to the part surfaces. Electrostatic spray
without subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.
application can eliminate excess liquid build-up of penetrant on
NOTE 7—Caution: Sand or shot blasting may possibly close indica-
tions and extreme care should be used with grinding and machining the surface, minimize overspray, and minimize the amount of
operations.
penetrant entering hollow-cored passages that might serve as
NOTE 8—For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation by
penetrant reservoirs, causing severe bleedout problems during
grinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is not
examination. Aerosol sprays are also very effective and a
recommended because of the potential for damage.
convenient portable means of application.
7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contaminants:
NOTE 10—Caution: Not all penetrant materials are suitable for elec-
7.1.3.1 Precleaning—The success of any penetrant exami-
trostatic spray applications, so tests should be conducted prior to use.
nation procedure is greatly dependent upon the surface and
NOTE 11—Warning: With spray applications, it is important that there
discontinuity being free of any contaminant (solid or liquid)
be proper ventilation. This is generally accomplished through the use of a
that might interfere with the penetrant process. All parts or
properly designed spray booth or exhaust system, or both.
areas of parts to be examined must be clean and dry before the
7.1.4.2 Penetrant Dwell Time—After application, allow ex-
penetrant is applied. If only a section of a part, such as weld,
cess penetrant to drain from the
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