ASTM E2243-13(2019)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Re-contouring and Highwall Reclamation
Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Re-contouring and Highwall Reclamation
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Significance and Use—CCPs can be effective materials for use for reclamation of surface mines. Following are key scenarios in which CCPs may be utilized beneficially in a mined setting:
Structural fill
Road construction
Soil modification or amendment for revegetation (5-9)
Isolation of acid forming materials (5)
Reduction of acid mine drainage (AMD) (5,10-15)
Highwall mining (16,17)
4.1.1 These options represent most, but not all, scenarios under which CCPs would be returned to the mine. This guide discusses issues related to highwall mining and recontouring. Because of the chemical and physical characteristics of CCPs and the benefits derived from the use of CCPs in these applications, placement of CCPs in a surface mine setting qualifies as a beneficial use as defined in Terminology E2201.
4.1.2 CCPs are ideally suited for use in numerous fill applications. Structural fills and other high-volume fills are significant opportunities for placement of CCPs in mine situations for reclamation, recontouring, and stabilizing slopes. These applications are the focus of this guide.
4.1.3 Any type of CCP may be evaluated for use in mine reclamation, even fly ash with high carbon content. Project-specific testing is necessary to ensure that the CCPs selected for use on a given project will meet the project objectives. The use of CCPs can be cost effective because they are available in bulk quantities and reduce expenditures for the manufacture and purchase of borrow material, Portland cement, or quicklime. Large-scale use of CCPs for mine reclamation conserves landfill space by recycling a valuable product, provided that the CCP is environmentally and technically suitable for the desired use.
4.2 Use of CCPs for Mine Reclamation—E2201 the Standard on Fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, FGD material, and FBC ash or combinations thereof can be used for mine reclamation. Each of these materials typically exhibits general physical and chemic...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of coal combustion products (CCPs) for surface coal mine reclamation applications, as in beneficial use for reestablishing land contours, highwall reclamation, and other reclamation activities requiring fills or soil replacement. The purpose of this standard is to provide guidance on identification of CCPs with appropriate engineering and environmental performance appropriate for surface mine re-contouring and highwall reclamation applications. It does not apply to underground mine reclamation applications. There are many important differences in physical and chemical characteristics among the various types of CCPs available for use in mine reclamation. CCPs proposed for each project must be investigated thoroughly to design CCP placement activities to meet the project objectives. This guide provides procedures for consideration of engineering, economic, and environmental factors in the development of such applications, and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. This guide is not intended to replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project's unique aspects.
1.2 The utilization of CCPs under this guide is a component of a pollution prevention program; Guide E1609 describes pollution prevention activities in more detail. Utilization of CCPs in this manner conserves land, natural resources, and energy.
1.3 This guide applies to CCPs produced primarily from the combustion of coal.
1.4 The testing, engineering, and construction practices for using CCPs in mine reclamation are similar to generally accepted practices for using other materials, including cement and soils, in mine reclamation. For guidance on structural fills to be constructed at mine sites, see applicable ASTM guide for coal ash structural fills.
1.5 Regulations governing the use of CC...
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2243 − 13 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Guide for
Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine
Reclamation: Re-contouring and Highwall Reclamation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2243; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 Regulations governing the use of CCPs vary by state.
The user of this standard guide has the responsibility to
1.1 This guide covers the use of coal combustion products
determine and comply with applicable regulations.
(CCPs) for surface coal mine reclamation applications, as in
beneficial use for reestablishing land contours, highwall 1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
reclamation, and other reclamation activities requiring fills or as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
soil replacement. The purpose of this standard is to provide conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
guidance on identification of CCPs with appropriate engineer- and are not considered standard.
ing and environmental performance appropriate for surface
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
mine re-contouring and highwall reclamation applications. It
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
does not apply to underground mine reclamation applications.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
There are many important differences in physical and chemical
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
characteristics among the various types of CCPs available for
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
use in mine reclamation. CCPs proposed for each project must
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
be investigated thoroughly to design CCP placement activities
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
to meet the project objectives. This guide provides procedures
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
for consideration of engineering, economic, and environmental
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
factors in the development of such applications, and should be
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
used in conjunction with professional judgement. This guide is
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
not intended to replace the standard of care by which the
adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor 2. Referenced Documents
should this guide be applied without consideration of a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
project’s unique aspects.
C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
1.2 The utilization of CCPs under this guide is a component C311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or
Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
of a pollution prevention program; Guide E1609 describes
pollution prevention activities in more detail. Utilization of D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
D420 Guide for Site Characterization for Engineering De-
CCPs in this manner conserves land, natural resources, and
energy. sign and Construction Purposes
D422 Test Method for Particle-SizeAnalysis of Soils (With-
1.3 This guide applies to CCPs produced primarily from the
drawn 2016)
combustion of coal.
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
1.4 The testing, engineering, and construction practices for
Fluids
using CCPs in mine reclamation are similar to generally
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
accepted practices for using other materials, including cement
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft (600
and soils, in mine reclamation. For guidance on structural fills
kN-m/m ))
to be constructed at mine sites, see applicableASTM guide for
D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
coal ash structural fills.
Water Pycnometer
1 2
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ity of Subcommittee E50.03 on Beneficial Use. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2019. Published September 2019. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2243-13. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/E2243-13R19. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2243 − 13 (2019)
D1195 Test Method for Repetitive Static Plate Load Tests of T 290 Determining Water Soluble Sulfate Ion Content in
Soils and Flexible Pavement Components, for Use in Soil
Evaluation and Design of Airport and Highway Pave- T 291 Determining Water Soluble Chloride Ion Content in
ments Soil
D1196 Test Method for Nonrepetitive Static Plate Load
2.3 Other Methods():
Tests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components, for
EPA Method 1312 Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Proce-
Use in Evaluation and Design of Airport and Highway 5
dure (SPLP) (1)
Pavements
EPAMethod 1320 Multiple Extraction Procedure (MEP) (2)
D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAuger
EPAMethod Monofill Waste Extraction Procedure (MWEP)
Borings
(3)
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
Synthetic Ground water Leaching Procedure (SGLP) (4)
istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft
Long-Term Leaching Procedure (LTL) (4)
(2,700 kN-m/m ))
D1586 Test Method for Standard PenetrationTest (SPT) and
3. Terminology
Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
3.1 Definitions—For definitions related to coal combustion
D1883 Test Method for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of
products, see Terminology E2201. For definitions related to
Laboratory-Compacted Soils
geotechnical properties, see Terminology D653.
D2166 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength
of Cohesive Soil 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
3.2.1 internal erosion—piping; the progressive removal of
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass soil particles from a mass by percolating water, leading to the
D2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation
development of channels.
Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
3.2.2 permeability—the capacity to conduct liquid or gas. It
D3080 Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under
is measured as the proportionality constant, k, between flow
Consolidated Drained Conditions
velocity, v, and hydraulic gradient, i; v = ki.
D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,
Drive Sampling of Soils
4. Background
D3877 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion,
4.1 Significance and Use—CCPs can be effective materials
Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime Mixtures
3 for use for reclamation of surface mines. Following are key
(Withdrawn 2017)
scenarios in which CCPs may be utilized beneficially in a
D4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit
mined setting:
Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table
Structural fill
D4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit
Road construction
Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density
Soil modification or amendment for revegetation (5-9)
D4429 Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of
Isolation of acid forming materials (5)
Reduction of acid mine drainage (AMD) (5,10-15)
Soils in Place (Withdrawn 2018)
Highwall mining (16,17)
D4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
4.1.1 These options represent most, but not all, scenarios
D4767 Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Triaxial
under which CCPs would be returned to the mine. This guide
Compression Test for Cohesive Soils
discusses issues related to highwall mining and recontouring.
D4972 Test Methods for pH of Soils
Because of the chemical and physical characteristics of CCPs
D5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-
and the benefits derived from the use of CCPs in these
ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible
applications, placement of CCPs in a surface mine setting
Wall Permeameter
qualifies as a beneficial use as defined in Terminology E2201.
D5239 Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in Soil
4.1.2 CCPs are ideally suited for use in numerous fill
Stabilization
applications. Structural fills and other high-volume fills are
D5851 Guide for Planning and Implementing aWater Moni-
significant opportunities for placement of CCPs in mine
toring Program
situations for reclamation, recontouring, and stabilizing slopes.
E1609 Guide for Development and Implementation of a
These applications are the focus of this guide.
Pollution Prevention Program (Withdrawn 2010)
4.1.3 Any type of CCP may be evaluated for use in mine
E2201 Terminology for Coal Combustion Products
reclamation, even fly ash with high carbon content. Project-
2.2 AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and
specific testing is necessary to ensure that the CCPs selected
Transportation Offıcials) Standards:
for use on a given project will meet the project objectives. The
T 288 Determining Minimum Laboratory Soil Resistivity
use of CCPs can be cost effective because they are available in
T 289 Determining pH of Soil for Use in Corrosion Testing
bulk quantities and reduce expenditures for the manufacture
Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001, The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
http://www.transportation.org. this guide.
E2243 − 13 (2019)
and purchase of borrow material, Portland cement, or quick- 4.3.2.1 Fly ash, FGD material, and FBC ash are typically
lime. Large-scale use of CCPs for mine reclamation conserves placed and compacted in a manner similar to noncohesive
landfillspacebyrecyclingavaluableproduct,providedthatthe fine-grained soils. Smooth-drum vibratory rollers or pneumatic
CCPisenvironmentallyandtechnicallysuitableforthedesired tired rollers typically compact these materials most effectively.
use. Although not always, fly ash and FGD material typically
exhibit a measurable moisture-density relationship that can be
4.2 Use of CCPs for Mine Reclamation—E2201 the Stan-
utilized for compaction quality control. To take full advantage
dard on Fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, FGD material, and
of the self-hardening properties of some fly ash, FGD material,
FBC ash or combinations thereof can be used for mine
and FBC ash, compaction soon after the addition of water is
reclamation. Each of these materials typically exhibits general
recommended. If hardening or cementation has occurred prior
physicalandchemicalpropertiesthatmustbeconsideredinthe
to compaction, cementitious bonds may need to be disrupted to
design of a mine reclamation project using CCPs. The specific
relocate the grains into a more dense state (18). Strength and
properties of these materials vary from source to source, so
permeability will not be the same for self-hardening materials
environmental and engineering performance testing is recom-
compacted before cementation has occurred as for those
mended for the material(s) or combinations to be used in mine
compactedaftercementationhasoccurred.Compactioncriteria
reclamation projects. Guidance in evaluating the physical,
are usually not specified for FGD material that exhibits
engineering, and chemical properties of CCPs is given in
thixotropic properties.
Sections 6 and 7.
4.3.2.2 Bottom ash is generally placed and compacted in a
4.3 Engineering Properties and Behavior—Depending on
manner similar to noncohesive coarse-grained soils or fine
the mine reclamation application, fly ash, bottom ash, boiler
aggregate. Smooth-drum vibratory rollers typically are most
slag, FGD material, FBC fly ash, FBC bottom ash, or combi-
effective for the compaction of these materials. Bottom ash
nations thereof may have suitable and/or advantageous prop-
may or may not exhibit consistent moisture-density relation-
erties. Each of these materials typically exhibits general
ships. Bottom ash typically compacts best when saturated.
engineering properties that must be considered in engineering
Bottom ash should be compacted to a specified density.
applications. These general engineering properties are dis-
4.3.2.3 Boiler slag is generally placed and compacted in a
cussed in the following subsections; however, it should be
manner similar to noncohesive coarse-grained soils or fine
noted that the specific engineering properties of these materials
aggregate. Smooth-drum vibratory rollers typically are most
can vary greatly from source to source and must be evaluated
effective for the compaction of these materials.As with bottom
foreachmaterial,orcombinationofmaterials,tobeutilizedfor
ash, boiler slag may or may not exhibit consistent moisture-
a structural fill.
density relationships. Boiler slag typically compacts best when
4.3.1 Unit Weight—Many CCPs have relatively low unit
saturated.
weights. This is sometimes referred to as “bulk density” in the
4.3.3 Strength:
literature. The low unit weight of these materials can be
4.3.3.1 Shear Strength—For non-self-hardening fly ash and
advantageous for some structural fill applications. The lighter-
bottom ash, shear strength is derived primarily from internal
weightmaterialwillreducetheloadonweaklayersorzonesof
friction. Typical values for angles of internal friction for
soft foundation soils such as poorly consolidated or landslide-
non-self-hardening fly ash are higher than those for many
pronesoils.Additionally,thelowunitweightofthesematerials
natural soils. These ashes are non-cohesive, and although the
may reduce transportation costs, since less tonnage of material
ash may appear cohesive in a partially saturated state, this
is hauled to fill a given volume. Lower density fills of equal
effect is lost when the material is either completely dried or
internal angle of friction will exert less lateral pressure on
saturated.
retaining structures.
(1) Because of its angular shape, the shear strength of
4.3.1.1 Fly ash is typically lighter than the fill soil
...
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