ASTM C188-15
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
Standard Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of the density of hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connection with the design and control of concrete mixtures. The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the mass of a unit volume of the solids. The apparatus to be used is a Le Chatelier flask which is circular in cross-section. This flask shall be thoroughly annealed before being graduated. They shall be of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonable resistance to breakage. Each flask shall bear a permanent identification number and the stopper, if not interchangeably ground, shall bear the same number. Interchangeable ground-glass parts shall be marked on both members with the standard-taper symbol, followed by the size designation. The standard temperature shall be indicated, and the unit of capacity shall be shown by the letters “mL” placed above the highest graduation mark. Kerosene, free of water, or naphtha shall be used in the density determination. The flask shall be filled with either of the liquids mentioned to a point on the stem between the 0 and the 1-mL mark. The inside of the flask shall be dried above the level of the liquid, if necessary, after pouring. The first reading shall be recorded after the flask has been immersed in the water bath. A quantity of cement shall be introduced in small increments at the same temperature as the liquid. A vibrating apparatus may be used to accelerate the introduction of the cement into the flask and to prevent the cement from sticking to the neck. After all the cement has been introduced, the stopper shall be placed in the flask and the flask shall be rolled in an inclined position, or gently whirl it in a horizontal circle, so as to free the cement from air until no further air bubbles rise to the surface of the liquid. If a proper amount of cement has been added, the level of the liquid will be in its final position at some point of the upper series of graduations. The final reading shall be recorded after the flask has been immersed in the water bath. The difference between the first and the final readings represents the volume of liquid displaced by the mass of cement used in the test. The cement density can now be determined.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for the determination of density of hydraulic cement samples using non-instrumental techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connection with the design and control of concrete mixtures.
1.2 The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the mass of a unit volume of the solids.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C188 − 15 American Association State
Highway and Transportation Officials Standard
AASHTO No.: T133
Standard Test Method for
1
Density of Hydraulic Cement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for the determi-
of hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connection
nation of density of hydraulic cement samples using non-
with the design and control of concrete mixtures.
instrumental techniques.
1.2 The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the mass
5. Apparatus
of a unit volume of the solids.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 5.1 Le Chatelier flask—The standard flask, which is circular
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this in cross section, with shape and dimensions conforming
standard. essentially to Fig. 1 (Note). The requirements in regard to
tolerance, inscription and length, spacing, and uniformity of
1.4 Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are
graduation will be rigidly observed. There shall be a space of
caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon
2 at least 10 mm between the highest graduation mark and the
prolonged exposure.
lowest point of grinding for the glass stopper.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1.1 The material of construction shall be excellent quality
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
glass, transparent and free of striae. The glass shall be
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
chemically resistant and shall have small thermal hysteresis.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
The flasks shall be thoroughly annealed before being gradu-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ated. They shall be of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonable
resistance to breakage.
2. Referenced Documents
3 5.1.2 The neck shall be graduated from 0 to 1 mL and from
2.1 ASTM Standards:
18 to 24 mL in 0.1-mL graduations. The error of any indicated
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
capacity shall not be greater than 0.05 mL.
Cement
5.1.3 Each flask shall bear a permanent identification num-
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
ber and the stopper, if not interchangeably ground, shall bear
gregates
the same number. Interchangeable ground-glass parts shall be
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
marked on both members with the standard-taper symbol,
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
followed by the size designation. The standard temperature
3. Terminology
shall be indicated, and the unit of capacity shall be shown by
the letters “mL” placed above the highest graduation mark.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
method, refer to Terminology C125.
5.2 Kerosine, free of water, or naphtha, having a density
greater than 0.73 g/mLat 23 6 2°C shall be used in the density
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C01 on Cement
determination.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.25 on Fineness.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originally
5.3 The use of alternative equipment or methods for deter-
approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C188 – 14. DOI:
mining density is permitted provided that a single operator can
10.1520/C0188-15.
3
obtain results within 60.03 g/cm of the results obtained using
2
Section on Safety, Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of ASTM
the flask method.
Standards, Vol. 04.01.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
NOTE 1—The design is intended to ensure complete drainage of the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on flask when emptied, and stability of standing on a level surface, as well as
the ASTM website. accuracy and precision of reading.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C188 − 15
to the nearest 0.05 g and record the mass, M. Then, place the
t
stopper in the flask and roll the flask
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C188 − 14 C188 − 15 American Association State
Highway and Transportation Officials Standard
AASHTO No.: T133
Standard Test Method for
1
Density of Hydraulic Cement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connection with
the design and control of concrete mixtures.
1.2 The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the mass of a unit volume of the solids.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon
2
prolonged exposure.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology C125.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for the determination of density of hydraulic cement samples using non-instrumental
techniques.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Le Chatelier flask—The standard flask, which is circular in cross section, with shape and dimensions conforming essentially
to Fig. 1 (Note). The requirements in regard to tolerance, inscription and length, spacing, and uniformity of graduation will be
rigidly observed. There shall be a space of at least 10 mm between the highest graduation mark and the lowest point of grinding
for the glass stopper.
5.1.1 The material of construction shall be excellent quality glass, transparent and free of striae. The glass shall be chemically
resistant and shall have small thermal hysteresis. The flasks shall be thoroughly annealed before being graduated. They shall be
of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonable resistance to breakage.
5.1.2 The neck shall be graduated from 0 to 1 mL and from 18 to 24 mL in 0.1-mL graduations. The error of any indicated
capacity shall not be greater than 0.05 mL.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.25 on Fineness.
Current edition approved July 1, 2014Oct. 1, 2015. Published July 2014October 2015. Originally approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 20092014 as
C188 – 09.C188 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/C0188-14.10.1520/C0188-15.
2
Section on Safety, Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.01.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C188 − 15
Note—Variations of a few millimetres in such dimensions as total height of flask, diameter of base, and so forth, are to be expected and will not be considered sufficient
cause for rejection. The dimensions of the flask shown in Fig. 1 apply only to new flasks and not to flasks in use which meet the other requirements of this test method.
FIG. 1 Le Chatelier Flask for Density Test
5.1.3 Each flask shall bear a permanent identification number and the stopper, if not interchangeably ground, shall bear the same
number. Interchangeable ground-glass parts shall be marked on both members with the standard-taper symbol, followed by the size
designation. The standard temperature shall be indicated, and the uni
...
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