ASTM F1868-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate
Standard Test Method for Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The thermal resistance and evaporative resistance provided by fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies, is of considerable importance in determining their suitability for use in fabricating protective clothing systems.
The thermal interchange between people and their environment is, however, an extremely complicated subject that involves many factors in addition to the steady-state resistance values of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies. Therefore, thermal resistance values and evaporative resistance values measured on a hot plate may or may not indicate relative merit of a particular material or system for a given clothing application. While a possible indicator of clothing performance, measurements produced by the testing of fabrics have no proven correlation to the performance of clothing systems worn by people. Clothing weight, drape, tightness of fit, and so forth, can minimize or even neutralize the apparent differences between fabrics or fabric assemblies measured by this test method.
The thermal resistance and evaporative resistance of clothing systems can be measured with a heated manikin in an environmental chamber in accordance with Test Methods F 1291 and F 2370.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thermal resistance and the evaporative resistance, under steady-state conditions, of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies, for use in clothing systems.
1.2 The range of this measurement technique for intrinsic thermal resistance is from 0.002 to 0.5 K·m2/W and for intrinsic evaporative resistance is from 0.0 to 1.0 kPa·m2/W.
1.3 The values in SI units shall be regarded as standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:F1868–09
Standard Test Method for
Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials
1
Using a Sweating Hot Plate
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Clothing is often made of materials that impede the flow of heat and moisture from the skin to the
environment. Consequently, people may suffer from heat stress or cold stress when wearing clothing
in different environmental conditions. Therefore, it is important to quantify the thermal resistance and
evaporative resistance of clothing materials and to consider these properties when selecting materials
for different clothing applications.
1. Scope Determine the Precision of a Test Method
F1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thermal
of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
resistance and the evaporative resistance, under steady-state
F1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
conditions, of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers,
F2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resis-
including multi-layer assemblies, for use in clothing systems.
tance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin
1.2 The range of this measurement technique for intrinsic
2
2.2 Other Standards:
thermal resistance is from 0.002 to 0.5 K·m /W and for
2
ISO 11092 Textiles–Physiological Effects–Measurement of
intrinsic evaporative resistance is from 0.0 to 1.0 kPa·m /W.
Thermal and Water-Vapour Resistance Under Steady-
1.3 The values in SI units shall be regarded as standard.
3
State Conditions (Sweating Guarded-Hotplate Test)
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and
3.1 Definitions:
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
3.1.1 clo, n—a unit of thermal resistance (insulation) equal
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2
to 0.155 K•m /W.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.1.1 Discussion—The value of the clo was selected as
2
roughly the insulation value of typical indoor clothing, which
2.1 ASTM Standards:
should keep a resting man (producing heat at the rate of 58
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
2
W/m ) comfortable in an environment at 21ºC, air movement
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
0.1 m/s.
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
3.1.2 evaporative resistance, n—The resistance to the flow
D1518 Test Method forThermal Transmittance of Textile
of moisture vapor from a saturated surface (high vapor
Materials
pressure) to an environment with a lower vapor pressure.
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
3.1.2.1 Discussion— The evaporative resistance in units of
ASTM Test Methods
2
kPa•m /W can be calculated for several different cases.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
A
R = apparent total evaporative resistance of the fabric test
ef
specimen only, when evaluated non-isothermally. The term
apparentisusedasamodifierfortotalevaporativeresistanceto
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF23onPersonal
reflect the fact that condensation may occur within the speci-
Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
men.
F23.60 onHuman Factors.
A
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2009. Published March 2009. Originally R = apparent total evaporative resistance of the fabric test
et
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F1868 - 02. DOI:
specimen, liquid barrier, and surface air layer when evaluated
10.1520/F1868-09.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1868–09
non-isothermally. The term apparent is used as a modifier for 4. Significance and Use
total evaporative resistance to reflect the fact that condensation
4.1 The thermal resistance and evaporative resistance pro-
may occur within the specimen.
videdbyfabrics,films,coatings,foams,andleathers,including
R = evaporative resistance of the air
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:F1868–02 Designation:F1868–09
Standard Test Method for
Thermal and Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Materials
1
Using a Sweating Hot Plate
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Clothing is often made of materials that impede the flow of heat and moisture from the skin to the
environment. Consequently, people may suffer from heat stress or cold stress when wearing clothing
in different environmental conditions. Therefore, it is important to quantify the thermal resistance and
evaporative resistance of clothing materials and to consider these properties when selecting materials
for different clothing applications.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thermal resistance and the evaporative resistance, under steady-state
conditions, of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies, for use in clothing systems.
2
1.2 The range of this measurement technique for intrinsic thermal resistance is from 0.002 to 0.20.5 K·m /W and for intrinsic
2
evaporative resistance is from 0.010.0 to 1.0 kPa·m /W.
1.3 The values in SI units shall be regarded as standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the
Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
D 1518 Thermal Transmittance of Textile Materials Test Method for Thermal Transmittance of Textile Materials
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
F 1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
F 1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
F 2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin
2.2 Other Standards:
ISO 11092 Textiles–Physiological Effects–Measurement of Thermal and Water-Vapour Resistance Under Steady-State
Conditions (Sweating Guarded-Hotplate Test)
NFPA1971Protective Clothing for Structural Fire Fighting
43
NFPA1977Protective Clothing and Equipment for Wildland Fire Fighting
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 clo, n—unit of thermal resistance defined as the insulation required to keep a resting man (producing heat at the rate of
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Protective Clothing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F23.60 on Human Factors.
Current edition approved August 10, 2002. Published October 2002. Originally published as F1868–98. Last previous edition F1868–98.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F23.60 on Human Factors.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2009. Published March 2009. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F 1868 - 02.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1868–09
2
—a unit of thermal resistance (insulation) equal to 0.155 K•m
58W/m )comfortableinanenvironmentat21°C,airmovement0.1m/s,orroughly
the insulation value of typical indoor clothing. /W.
—The value of the clo was selected as roughly the insulation value of typical indoor
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Numericallythecloisequalto0.155K·m
2
clothing, which should keep a resting man (producing heat at the r
...
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