ASTM D4594/D4594M-96(2015)e1

Standard Test Method for Effects of Temperature on Stability of Geotextiles

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for evaluating the relative effects of temperature on geotextiles manufactured from different polymers, by a different manufacturing process, or both.  
5.2 During shipping and storage, the geotextile may be exposed to abnormal temperatures. The fabric could be tested at these temperatures to determine the detrimental effects of these conditions on the strength properties.  
5.3 This test method may also be used to evaluate the cyclic effects of temperature (freeze-thaw), that is, samples can be conditioned to below normal temperatures (below freezing) and then to above normal temperatures (elevated temperatures) for a given number of cycles. Strength characteristics can be determined after these cyclic exposures.  
5.4 Most nonwoven, woven, and composite fabric can be tested by this method. Modification of the techniques is likely to be necessary for any fabric having a strength in excess of 179 kg/cm [1000 lb/in.] width. This test method is not recommended for knitted fabrics.  
5.5 This test method is an index test method and is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, since information on between laboratory precision has not been established. In some cases the purchaser and seller may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more geotextiles by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. A comparative test performed as directed in 5.5.1 may be advisable.  
5.5.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4594/D4594M for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possibl...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a procedure for determining the effects of climatic temperature on the tensile strength and elongation properties of geotextiles.  
1.2 The effect of temperature on the stability of geotextiles is reported as the change in tensile strength and elongation between tests performed as directed in Test Method D5035, in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, and tests performed under conditions at which the geotextile is expected to perform in the field.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.1.1 – 7.1.3.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2015
• ICS: 59.080.70 - Geotextiles
• Technical Committee: D35 - Geosynthetics
• Drafting Committee: D35.02 - Endurance Properties

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D4594/D4594M − 96 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Effects of Temperature on Stability of Geotextiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4594/D4594M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Designation was changed to dual and units information was corrected editorially, and editorial changes were
made throughout in June 2015.
1. Scope D4354Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
Erosion Control Products(RECPs) for Testing
1.1 This test method provides a procedure for determining
D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
the effects of climatic temperature on the tensile strength and
D5035Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of
elongation properties of geotextiles.
Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
1.2 The effect of temperature on the stability of geotextiles
is reported as the change in tensile strength and elongation
3. Terminology
between tests performed as directed in Test Method D5035,in
3.1 Definitions:
the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, and tests per-
3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, n—air maintained
formed under conditions at which the geotextile is expected to
at relative humidity of 50 to 70% and at a temperature of 21
perform in the field.
6 2°C [70 6 4°F].
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3.1.2 temperature stability, n—for a geotextile, the percent
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
change in tensile strength or in percent elongation as measured
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
at a specified temperature and compared to values obtained at
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
the standard conditions for testing geotextiles.
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,
with the standard.
refer to Terminology D123 and Terminology D4439.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Summary of Test Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 Specimens of a geotextile are conditioned at selected
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
temperaturesinanenvironmentalchamberattachedtoatensile
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.1.1 – 7.1.3.
testing machine. While maintaining these temperatures,
50.8mm [2 in.] cut or ravel strip tensile tests are performed as
2. Referenced Documents
directed in Test Method D5035. The same tests are conducted
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ascontrolunderthestandardlaboratorytestconditions.Tensile
D76/D76MSpecification for Tensile Testing Machines for
strength and percent elongation properties obtained at various
Textiles
test temperatures are recorded. Changes in strength character-
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
istics due to the effects of temperature are determined.
D1682Test Method for Breaking Load and Elongation of
4.2 The temperatures used for conditioning and testing the
Textile Fabric (Withdrawn 1992)
geotextiles are the temperatures at which the geotextile will
perform or are typically exposed to in the field.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endur-
5. Significance and Use
ance Properties.
5.1 This test method is used for evaluating the relative
Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originally
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D4594–96 (2009).
effects of temperature on geotextiles manufactured from dif-
DOI: 10.1520/D4594_D4594M-96R15E01.
ferent polymers, by a different manufacturing process, or both.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.2 During shipping and storage, the geotextile may be
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
exposed to abnormal temperatures. The fabric could be tested
the ASTM website.
at these temperatures to determine the detrimental effects of
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. these conditions on the strength properties.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D4594/D4594M − 96 (2015)
5.3 Thistestmethodmayalsobeusedtoevaluatethecyclic 7.1.1 (Warning—Sinceliquidnitrogenisacryogenicliquid
effects of temperature (freeze-thaw), that is, samples can be which produces extremely low temperatures when vented to
conditioned to below normal temperatures (below freezing) the atmosphere, keep hands clear of open valves and tubings,
andthentoabovenormaltemperatures(elevatedtemperatures) etc. During testing, use insulated leather gloves to handle
for a given number of cycles. Strength characteristics can be samples and to open and close the environmental chamber
determined after these cyclic exposures. door. The laboratory should be well ventilated.)
7.1.2 Other gases which can be used are helium−167°C
5.4 Most nonwoven, woven, and composite fabric can be
[−269°F],oxygen−119°C[−183°F],argon−121°C[−186°F],
tested by this method. Modification of the techniques is likely
andcarbondioxide−62°C[−79°F].Temperaturesvalueslisted
to be necessary for any fabric having a strength in excess of
are the minimum temperatures these gases can attain.
179 kg/cm [1000 lb/in.] width. This test method is not
7.1.3 The use of liquid nitrogen is suggested for the test.
recommended for knitted fabrics.
Nitrogen is less hazardous, more economical than other gases,
5.5 This test method is an index test method and is not
and also capable of attaining a minimum temperature
recommendedforacceptancetestingofcommercialshipments,
of−127°C [−196°F]. Oxygen, being a strong oxidizer, should
sinceinformationonbetweenlaboratoryprecisionhasnotbeen
be avoided if possible; otherwise, use cautiously in a well
established.Insomecasesthepurchaserandsellermayhaveto
ventilated area away from open flame.
test a commercial shipment of one or more geotextiles by the
best available method, even though the method has not been
8. Sampling
recommendedforacceptancetestingofcommercialshipments.
8.1 Division into Lots and Lot Sample—Unless otherwise
A comparative test performed as directed in 5.5.1 may be
agreed upon as in an applicable material specification, divide
advisable.
the material into lots and take a lot sample as directed in
5.5.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
Practice D4354. Consider rolls of fabric to be the primary
reported test results when using Test Method D4594/D4594M
sampling units.
for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser
andthesuppliershouldconductcomparativeteststodetermine
8.2 Laboratory Sample—Take for the laboratory sample, a
if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Compe-
swatch extending the width of th
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D4594 − 96 (Reapproved 2009) D4594/D4594M − 96 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Effects of Temperature on Stability of Geotextiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4594;D4594/D4594M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Designation was changed to dual and units information was corrected editorially, and editorial changes were
made throughout in June 2015.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method provides a procedure for determining the effects of climatic temperature on the tensile strength and
elongation properties of geotextiles.
1.2 The effect of temperature on the stability of geotextiles is reported as the change in tensile strength and elongation between
tests performed as directed in Test Method D5035, in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, and tests performed under
conditions at which the geotextile is expected to perform in the field.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in
inch-pound units are provided for information only.each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used
independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. See 7.1.1 – 7.1.3.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1682 Test Method for Breaking Load and Elongation of Textile Fabric (Withdrawn 1992)
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products(RECPs) for Testing
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, n—air maintained at relative humidity of 50 to 70 % and at a temperature of 21 6 2°C
(70[70 6 4°F).4°F].
3.1.2 temperature stability, n—for a geotextile, the percent change in tensile strength or in percent elongation as measured at
a specified temperature and compared to values obtained at the standard conditions for testing geotextiles.
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123 and Terminology D4439.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Specimens of a geotextile are conditioned at selected temperatures in an environmental chamber attached to a tensile testing
machine. While maintaining these temperatures, 2 in. 50.8 mm [2 in.] cut or ravel strip tensile tests are performed as directed in
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance Properties.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009May 1, 2015. Published July 2009June 2015. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 as
D4594 – 96 (2003).(2009). DOI: 10.1520/D4594-96R09.10.1520/D4594_D4594M-96R15E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D4594/D4594M − 96 (2015)
Test Method D5035. The same tests are conducted as control under the standard laboratory test conditions. Tensile strength and
percent elongation properties obtained at various test temperatures are recorded. Changes in strength characteristics due to the
effects of temperature are determined.
4.2 The temperatures used for conditioning and testing the geotextiles are the temperatures at which the geotextile will perform
or are typically exposed to in the field.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method is used for evaluating the relative effects of temperature on geotextiles manufactured from different
polymers, by a different manufacturing process, or both.
5.2 During shipping and storage, the geotextile may be exposed to abnormal temperatures. The fabric could be tested at these
temperatures to determine the detrimental effects of these conditions on the strength properties.
5.3 This test method may also be used to evaluate the cyclic effects of temperature (freeze-thaw), that is, samples can be
conditioned to below normal temperatures (below freezing) and then to above normal temperatures (elevated temperatures) for a
given number of cycles. Strength characteristics can be determined after these cyclic exposures.
5.4 Most nonwoven, woven, and composite fabric can be tested by this method. Modification of the techniques is likely to be
necessary for any fabric having a strength in excess of 179 kg/cm (1000 lb/in.)[1000 lb/in.] width. This test method is not
recommended for knitted fabrics.
5.5 This test method is an index test method and is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, since
information on between laboratory precision has not been established. In some cases the purchaser and seller may have to test a
commercial shipment of one or more geotextiles by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended
for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. A comparative test performed as directed in 5.5.1 may be advisable.
5.5.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4594D4594/D4594M for
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there
is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a
minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are from a lot of
material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for
testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable
probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and
corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the constant rate-of-extension (CRE) or constant rate-of-traverse type with automatic recorder
conforming to the requirement of Specification D76D76/D76M.
6.2 Environmental Chamber, capable of maintaining a temperature range from − 40 to + 100°C (−40 to + 212°F)[−40
to + 212°F] and equipped with temperature regulation capable of maintaining the test temperature within 62°C (64°F)[64°F]
inside the chamber.
6.3 Vari
...