ASTM E2661/E2661M-15
(Practice)Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Plate-like and Flat Panel Composite Structures Used in Aerospace Applications
Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Plate-like and Flat Panel Composite Structures Used in Aerospace Applications
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This AE examination is useful to detect micro-damage generation, accumulation and growth of new or existing flaws. The examination is also used to detect significant existing damage from friction-based AE generated during loading or unloading of these regions. The damage mechanisms that can be detected include matrix cracking, fiber splitting, fiber breakage, fiber pull-out, debonding and delamination. During loading, unloading and load holding, damage that does not emit AE energy will not be detected.
5.2 When the detected signals from AE sources are sufficiently spaced in time so as not to be classified as continuous AE, this practice is useful to locate the region(s) of the 2-D test sample where these sources originated and the accumulation of these sources with changing load and/or time.
5.3 The probability of detection of the potential AE sources depends on the nature of the damage mechanisms, flaw characteristics and other aspects. For additional information see X1.4.
5.4 Concentrated damage in fiber/polymer composites can lead to premature failure of the composite item. Hence, the use of AE to detect and locate such damage is particularly important.
5.5 AE-detected flaws or damage concentrated in a certain region may be further characterized by other NDE techniques (for example, visual, ultrasonic, etc.) and may be repaired as appropriate. Repair procedure recommendations and the subsequent examination of the repair are outside the scope of this practice. For additional information see X1.5.
5.6 This practice does not address sandwich core, foam core or honeycomb core plate-like composites due to the fact that currently there is little in the way of published work on the subject resulting in a lack of a sufficient knowledge base.
5.7 Refer to Guide E2533 for additional information about types of defects detected by AE, general overview of AE as applied to polymer matrix composites, discussion of the Felicity ratio (FR) and Kaiser effect,...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers acoustic emission (AE) examination or monitoring of panel and plate-like composite structures made entirely of fiber/polymer composites.
1.2 The AE examination detects emission sources and locates the region(s) within the composite structure where the emission originated. When properly developed AE-based criteria for the composite item are in place, the AE data can be used for nondestructive examination (NDE), characterization of proof testing, documentation of quality control or for decisions relative to structural-test termination prior to completion of a planned test. Other NDE methods may be used to provide additional information about located damage regions. For additional information see X1.1 in Appendix X1.
1.3 This practice can be applied to aerospace composite panels and plate-like elements as a part of incoming inspection, during manufacturing, after assembly, continuously (during structural health monitoring) and at periodic intervals during the life of a structure.
1.4 This practice is meant for fiber orientations that include cross-plies, angle-ply laminates or two-dimensional woven fabrics. This practice also applies to 3-D reinforcement (for example, stitched, z-pinned) when the fiber content in the third direction is less than 5 % (based on the whole composite).
1.5 This practice is directed toward composite materials that typically contain continuous high modulus greater than 20 GPa [3 Msi] fibers.
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this s...
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Designation: E2661/E2661M − 15
Standard Practice for
Acoustic Emission Examination of Plate-like and Flat Panel
1
Composite Structures Used in Aerospace Applications
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE2661/E2661M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This practice covers acoustic emission (AE) examina-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tion or monitoring of panel and plate-like composite structures
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
made entirely of fiber/polymer composites.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2 The AE examination detects emission sources and
2. Referenced Documents
locates the region(s) within the composite structure where the
2
emission originated. When properly developed AE-based cri- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
teria for the composite item are in place, the AE data can be
E543 Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
used for nondestructive examination (NDE), characterization Testing
of proof testing, documentation of quality control or for
E976 GuideforDeterminingtheReproducibilityofAcoustic
decisionsrelativetostructural-testterminationpriortocomple- Emission Sensor Response
tion of a planned test. Other NDE methods may be used to
E1067 PracticeforAcousticEmissionExaminationofFiber-
provide additional information about located damage regions. glass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels
For additional information see X1.1 in Appendix X1.
E1106 Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic
Emission Sensors
1.3 This practice can be applied to aerospace composite
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
panelsandplate-likeelementsasapartofincominginspection,
E1781 Practice for Secondary Calibration ofAcoustic Emis-
during manufacturing, after assembly, continuously (during
sion Sensors
structural health monitoring) and at periodic intervals during
E2533 Guide for Nondestructive Testing of Polymer Matrix
the life of a structure.
Composites Used in Aerospace Applications
1.4 This practice is meant for fiber orientations that include
2.2 Other Documents:
cross-plies, angle-ply laminates or two-dimensional woven
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and
3
fabrics. This practice also applies to 3-D reinforcement (for
Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
example, stitched, z-pinned) when the fiber content in the third
ISO 9712 Non-destructive Testing—Qualification and Cer-
4
direction is less than 5 % (based on the whole composite).
tification of NDT Personnel
NAS-410 NAS Certification and Qualification of Nonde-
1.5 Thispracticeisdirectedtowardcompositematerialsthat
5
structive Personnel (Quality Assurance Committee)
typicallycontaincontinuoushighmodulusgreaterthan20GPa
SNT-TC-1A Recommended for Personnel Qualification and
[3 Msi] fibers.
3
Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3. Terminology
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.1 Definitions—See Terminology E1316 for general termi-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
nology applicable to this practice.
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
4
Acoustic Emission Method. Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2015.PublishedJuly2015.Originallyapproved la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
5
in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2661/E2661M-10. Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 Eye
DOI:10.1520/E2661_E1661M-15. St., NW, Washington, DC 20005.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2661/E2661M − 10 E2661/E2661M − 15
Standard Practice for
Acoustic Emission Examination of Plate-like and Flat Panel
1
Composite Structures Used in Aerospace Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2661/E2661M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This practice covers acoustic emission (AE) examination or monitoring of panel and plate-like composite structures made
entirely of fiber/polymer composites.
1.2 The AE examination detects emission sources and locates the region(s) within the composite structure where the emission
originated. When properly developed AE-based criteria for the composite item are in place, the AE data can be used for
nondestructive examination (NDE), characterization of proof testing, documentation of quality control or for decisions relative to
structural-test termination prior to completion of a planned test. Other NDE methods may be used to provide additional information
about located damage regions. For additional information see X1.1 in Appendix X1.
1.3 This practice can be applied to aerospace composite panels and plate-like elements as a part of incoming inspection, during
manufacturing, after assembly, continuously (during structural health monitoring) and at periodic intervals during the life of a
structure.
1.4 This practice is meant for fiber orientations that include cross-plies, angle-ply laminates or two-dimensional woven fabrics.
This practice also applies to 3-D reinforcement (for example, stitched, z-pinned) when the fiber content in the third direction is
less than 5 % (based on the whole composite).
1.5 This practice is directed toward composite materials that typically contain continuous high modulus greater than 20 GPa [3
Msi] fibers.
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response
E1067 Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels
E1106 Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1781 Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
E2533 Guide for Nondestructive Testing of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace Applications
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic Emission
Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2010June 1, 2015. Published July 2010July 2015. Originally approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as
E2661/E2661M-10. DOI:10.1520/E2661_E1661M-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E2661/E2661M − 15
2.2 Other Documents:
3
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
4
ISO 9712 Non-destructive Testing—Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel
5
NAS-410 NAS Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Personnel (Quality Assurance Committee)
3
SNT-TC-1A Recommended for Personnel Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—See Termino
...
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