ASTM D6465-99(2012)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Selecting Aerospace and General Purpose Adhesives and Sealants
Standard Guide for Selecting Aerospace and General Purpose Adhesives and Sealants
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The guide is to be used by anyone developing bonding or sealing requirements for specifications for manufacturing, maintenance or overhaul. This guide has been designed to be application specific for each bonding or sealing application, and allows the design engineer to rest assured that the product(s) or process(es) selected by the industrial or manufacturing engineer will be compatible with both the part material and the subsequent processes, such as adherend/substrate cleaning and preparation. It allows the industrial or manufacturing engineer to customize the selection of the adhesive or sealant product based on the materials of the parts being bonded or sealed, the conditions required for the subsequent process(es), environmental, cost, and health and safety concerns.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to assist design engineers, manufacturing/industrial engineers, and production managers in selecting the best-fit adhesive/sealant or bonding/sealing process. The guide takes into account environmental pollution prevention and occupational health and safety factors in a selection process.
1.2 This guide is not to be considered as a database of acceptable materials. It will guide the engineers and managers through the adhesive/sealant material selection process, calling for engineers to customize their selection based on the bonding or sealing performance requirements for the specified application. A comprehensive selection process will allow for the establishment of a more efficient production process, and may eliminate unnecessary process steps. A total life cycle cost analysis or performance/cost of implementation study is recommended to compare the available alternatives.
1.3 This guide is for aerospace and general purpose operations. It is not intended to be used for automotive, carpet, construction, electronics, medical/dental, optical, or structural and nonstructural wood applications. Note that this guide is not specifically for these applications, but the general methodology may be used in the selection process for these applications.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6465 − 99 (Reapproved2012)
Standard Guide for
Selecting Aerospace and General Purpose Adhesives and
Sealants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6465; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D896Practice for Resistance of Adhesive Bonds to Chemi-
cal Reagents
1.1 This guide is intended to assist design engineers,
D897Test Method forTensile Properties ofAdhesive Bonds
manufacturing/industrial engineers, and production managers
D903Test Method for Peel or Stripping Strength of Adhe-
in selecting the best-fit adhesive/sealant or bonding/sealing
sive Bonds
process. The guide takes into account environmental pollution
D905Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive
prevention and occupational health and safety factors in a
Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading
selection process.
D907Terminology of Adhesives
1.2 This guide is not to be considered as a database of
D950Test Method for Impact Strength of Adhesive Bonds
acceptable materials. It will guide the engineers and managers
D1002Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-
throughtheadhesive/sealantmaterialselectionprocess,calling
Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Ten-
forengineerstocustomizetheirselectionbasedonthebonding
sion Loading (Metal-to-Metal)
or sealing performance requirements for the specified applica-
D1062Test Method for Cleavage Strength of Metal-to-
tion. A comprehensive selection process will allow for the
establishment of a more efficient production process, and may Metal Adhesive Bonds
eliminate unnecessary process steps. A total life cycle cost D1084Test Methods for Viscosity of Adhesives
analysis or performance/cost of implementation study is rec-
D1144Practice for Determining Strength Development of
ommended to compare the available alternatives.
Adhesive Bonds
D1146Test Method for Blocking Point of PotentiallyAdhe-
1.3 This guide is for aerospace and general purpose opera-
sive Layers
tions. It is not intended to be used for automotive, carpet,
D1151Practice for Effect of Moisture and Temperature on
construction, electronics, medical/dental, optical, or structural
andnonstructuralwoodapplications.Notethatthisguideisnot Adhesive Bonds
specificallyfortheseapplications,butthegeneralmethodology D1183Practices for Resistance of Adhesives to Cyclic
may be used in the selection process for these applications.
Laboratory Aging Conditions
D1184Test Method for Flexural Strength of Adhesive
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Bonded Laminated Assemblies
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- D1310TestMethodforFlashPointandFirePointofLiquids
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D1337Practice for Storage Life of Adhesives by Viscosity
and Bond Strength
2. Referenced Documents
D1338Practice for Working Life of Liquid or Paste Adhe-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sives by Consistency and Bond Strength
D56Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D1780Practice for Conducting Creep Tests of Metal-to-
Metal Adhesives
D1781Test Method for Climbing Drum Peel for Adhesives
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD14onAdhesivesand
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.60 on Adhesive Material Classi- D1828Practice for Atmospheric Exposure of Adhesive-
fication System.
Bonded Joints and Structures
Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally
D1875Test Method for Density ofAdhesives in Fluid Form
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D6465–99(2005).
DOI: 10.1520/D6465-99R12. D1876Test Method for Peel Resistance of Adhesives (T-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Peel Test)
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D1879Practice for Exposure of Adhesive Specimens to
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Ionizing Radiation
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6465 − 99 (2012)
D1916Test Method for Penetration of Adhesives (With- D3310Test Method for Determining Corrosivity of Adhe-
drawn 2005) sive Materials
D1994Test Method for Determination of Acid Numbers of
D3433Test Method for Fracture Strength in Cleavage of
Hot-Melt Adhesives
Adhesives in Bonded Metal Joints
D1995Test Methods for Multi-Modal Strength Testing of
D3528Test Method for Strength Properties of Double Lap
Autohesives (Contact Adhesives)
Shear Adhesive Joints by Tension Loading
D2093Practice for Preparation of Surfaces of Plastics Prior
D3632Test Method for Accelerated Aging of Adhesive
to Adhesive Bonding
Joints by the Oxygen-Pressure Method
D2095Test Method for Tensile Strength of Adhesives by
D3762Test Method for Adhesive-Bonded Surface Durabil-
Means of Bar and Rod Specimens
ity of Aluminum (Wedge Test)
D2240Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard-
D3807Test Method for Strength Properties ofAdhesives in
ness
Cleavage Peel by Tension Loading (Engineering Plastics-
D2293Test Method for Creep Properties of Adhesives in
to-Engineering Plastics)
Shear by Compression Loading (Metal-to-Metal)
D3929Test Method for Evaluating Stress Cracking of Plas-
D2294Test Method for Creep Properties of Adhesives in
tics by Adhesives Using the Bent-Beam Method
Shear by Tension Loading (Metal-to-Metal)
D3931TestMethodforDeterminingStrengthofGap-Filling
D2295Test Method for Strength Properties ofAdhesives in
Adhesive Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading
Shear by Tension Loading at Elevated Temperatures
D3933Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Surfaces for
(Metal-to-Metal)
Structural Adhesives Bonding (Phosphoric Acid Anodiz-
D2556Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Adhesives
ing)
Having Shear-Rate-Dependent Flow Properties
D3983Test Method for Measuring Strength and Shear
D2557TestMethodforTensile-ShearStrengthofAdhesives
Modulus of Nonrigid Adhesives by the Thick-Adherend
in the Subzero Temperature Range from −267.8 to −55°C
Tensile-Lap Specimen
(−450 to −67°F)
D4027Test Method for Measuring Shear Properties of
D2583Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plas-
Structural Adhesives by the Modified-Rail Test
tics by Means of a Barcol Impressor
D4317Specification for Polyvinyl Acetate-Based Emulsion
D2651GuideforPreparationofMetalSurfacesforAdhesive
Adhesives
Bonding
D4339Test Method for Determination of the Odor of
D2674Methods ofAnalysis of Sulfochromate Etch Solution
Used in Surface Preparation of Aluminum Adhesives
D2918Test Method for Durability Assessment of Adhesive D4497Test Method for Determining the Open Time of Hot
Joints Stressed in Peel Melt Adhesives (Manual Method)
D2919Test Method for Determining Durability ofAdhesive D4498Test Method for Heat-Fail Temperature in Shear of
Joints Stressed in Shear by Tension Loading
Hot Melt Adhesives
D2979Test Method for Pressure-Sensitive Tack of Adhe-
D4499Test Method for Heat Stability of Hot-Melt Adhe-
sives Using an Inverted Probe Machine
sives
D3111Test Method for Flexibility Determination of Hot-
D4501Test Method for Shear Strength of Adhesive Bonds
Melt Adhesives by Mandrel Bend Test Method
Between Rigid Substrates by the Block-Shear Method
D3121Test Method for Tack of Pressure-Sensitive Adhe-
D4562Test Method for Shear Strength of Adhesives Using
sives by Rolling Ball
Pin-and-Collar Specimen
D3163Test Method for Determining Strength ofAdhesively
D4689Specification for Adhesive, Casein-Type
Bonded Rigid Plastic Lap-Shear Joints in Shear by Ten-
D4690Specification for Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Adhe-
sion Loading
sives
D3164Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesively
D4783Test Methods for Resistance of Adhesive Prepara-
Bonded Plastic Lap-Shear Sandwich Joints in Shear by
tions in Container toAttack by Bacteria,Yeast, and Fungi
Tension Loading
D4800Guide for Classifying and Specifying Adhesives
D3165Test Method for Strength Properties ofAdhesives in
D5041Test Method for Fracture Strength in Cleavage of
Shear by Tension Loading of Single-Lap-Joint Laminated
Adhesives in Bonded Joints
Assemblies
D5267Test Method for Determination of Extrudability of
D3166Test Method for Fatigue Properties of Adhesives in
Cartridge Adhesives
Shear by Tension Loading (Metal/Metal)
D5363Specification for Anaerobic Single-Component Ad-
D3167Test Method for Floating Roller Peel Resistance of
hesives (AN)
Adhesives
D5573Practice for Classifying Failure Modes in Fiber-
D3278Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Small
Reinforced-Plastic (FRP) Joints
Scale Closed-Cup Apparatus
D5648Test Method for Torque-Tension Relationship of
Adhesives Used on Threaded Fasteners (Lubricity)
3 D5649Test Method for Torque Strength ofAdhesives Used
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. on Threaded Fasteners
D6465 − 99 (2012)
D5656Test Method for Thick-Adherend Metal Lap-Shear the guide, which will provide appropriate guidance on evalu-
Joints for Determination of the Stress-Strain Behavior of ation criteria that should be followed in order to evaluate the
Adhesives in Shear by Tension Loading potential adhesive or sealant. Table 1 provides a summary of
D5657TestMethodforFluidTightnessAbilityofAdhesives the user-defined requirements information and the procedures
Used on Threaded Fasteners tobeprovidedbytheguide.Theorderofthestepspresentedin
D5868Test Method for Lap Shear Adhesion for Fiber Table1issuggested,butnotcrucialtothesuccessfuluseofthe
Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Bonding guide. Section 6 will provide greater details on both the user
D6195Test Methods for Loop Tack input and the guidance provided.
D6361Guide for Selecting Cleaning Agents and Processes
5. Significance and Use
E229Test Method for Shear Strength and Shear Modulus of
Structural Adhesives (Withdrawn 2003)
5.1 The guide is to be used by anyone developing bonding
or sealing requirements for specifications for manufacturing,
3. Terminology
maintenance or overhaul. This guide has been designed to be
3.1 Definitions—Fortechnicaltermspertainingtoadhesives application specific for each bonding or sealing application,
and allows the design engineer to rest assured that the
and sealants, see Terminology D907.
product(s) or process(es) selected by the industrial or manu-
3.2 Classifications—For the identification and classification
facturing engineer will be compatible with both the part
system of adhesives and sealants, see Guide D4800. (Related
material and the subsequent processes, such as adherend/
documents: Specification D4317; Specification D4689; Speci-
substrate cleaning and preparation. It allows the industrial or
fication D4690; Specification D5363; and Test Method
manufacturing engineer to customize the selection of the
D1994.)
adhesive or sealant product based on the materials of the parts
being bonded or sealed, the conditions required for the subse-
4. Summary of Guide
quent process(es), environmental, cost, and health and safety
4.1 Table 1 is a summary of the five step approach for
concerns.
selecting adhesives/sealants and bonding or sealing processes
foruseinaerospaceandgeneralpurposeoperations.Thisguide
6. Procedure
is based on adhesive/sealant performance in accordance with
6.1 Step 1—Define the Requirements of the Application—
specific adherends and substrates. The user’s performance
The first step taken in selecting an adhesive/sealant is to
requirements play a key role in the process, along with the
determine the requirements of the application. These require-
environmental, and safety and health parameters. Adherend/
ments include environmental, safety and health, and the
substrate material surface preparation and cleaning also play a
physical and chemical properties of the adhesive/sealant itself,
key role in the performance of adhesives/sealants, and are
the application’s performance levels, and surface preparation/
factored-in as part of this selection process. For each step the
cleaning.
user of the guide will provide specific information on a
6.1.1 Environmental, Safety, and Health Requirements—
particular aspect of their process.Then the user should consult
Table2presentssomeofthemorecommonconcernsregarding
adhesive and sealant and their effects on the environment, and
worker safety and health. To use Table 2, the engineer should
TABLE 1 Summary of Guide
find their concerns on the left-hand column of the table, and
Step Defined User Requirements Procedure
ensure that the adhesive/sealant meets the requirements listed
1 Define the Environmental, Safety, Physical and Chemical Properties
& Health, Physical and Chemical Tests – Verify that the prospective in the right-hand column.
Requirements of the Application adhesive or sealant is acceptable
6.1.2 Physical, Chemical, and Performance Properties—
Table3presentssomeofthemorecommonconcernsregarding
2 Define the Reason for Bonding or Performance Requirements –
Sealing Determine the required performance adhesives/sealants and their physical, chemical, and perfor-
levels for the specific application and
mance properties, and the corresponding tests required to
prospective adhesive/sealant
evaluate those properties. To use Table 3, the engineer should
3 Define the Material(s) to be Performance/Material Compatibility
Bonded or Sealed Test(s) – Verify that the prospective
adhesive/sealant will not harm the
TABLE 2 Environmental, Safety and Health Requirements
component(s) being bonded or
Concern Requirement
sealed and will perform to the
desired level of bonding or sealing Environment Compliance with all federal, state, and local laws
for the particular application and regulations, and manufacturer’s
recommendations concerning the procurement, use
4 Determine Configuration, Cleaning, Applicable processes and equipment. and disposal of the adhesive or sealant and
and Preparation Requirements Cleaning levels and preparation of associated materials
the adherend and substrate critical to
the performance of the adhesive or Worker Safety and Health Compliance with OSHA and other regulatory & non-
sealant regulatory sources including manufacturer’s
exposure recommendations ACGIH, etc.; provide
5 Select Adhesive or Sealant Validate performance, environment, sufficient personal protective equipment to ensure
cost, preparation, and worker health the health and safety risks of using the ad
...
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