ASTM F1978-00(2007)e2
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Metallic Thermal Spray Coatings by Using the Taber Abraser
Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Metallic Thermal Spray Coatings by Using the Taber Abraser
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a means to evaluate the resistance to particle shedding of a thermal spray coating. Such particle shedding might occur during surgical insertion of an implant or as the result of micromotion of the implant after insertion.
This abrasion test method may be useful for quality control analysis of a coating, and it can be used to evaluate the effects of processing variables, such as substrate preparation before coating, surface texture, coating technique variables, or postcoating treatments, any of which may influence the susceptibility of the coating to particle shedding.
This abrasion test method is for flat plate-shaped specimens of a size sufficient that the wheels of the abrader do not leave the surface of the specimen. It is not recommended, however, for devices with other shapes or sizes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method quantifies the abrasion resistance of metallic coatings produced by thermal spray processes on flat metallic surfaces. It is intended as a means of characterizing coatings used on surgical implants.
1.2 This test uses the Taber Abraser, which generates a combination of rolling and rubbing to cause wear to the coating surface. Wear is quantified as cumulative mass loss.
1.3 This test method is limited to flat, rigid specimens that do not react significantly with water and do not undergo a phase transformation or chemical reaction between room temperature and 100°C in air.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicable regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:F1978–00 (2007)
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Metallic Thermal Spray
Coatings by Using the Taber Abraser
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1978; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made to Sections 6, 7, and 8 in February 2007.
´ NOTE—Formatting and grammar were corrected editorially throughout in April 2007.
1. Scope 3.1.1 abraser, n—instrument that is designed to determine
the resistance of surfaces to composite rolling and rubbing
1.1 This test method quantifies the abrasion resistance of
action.
metallic coatings produced by thermal spray processes on flat
3.1.2 particle shedding, n—loss of surface particles and
metallic surfaces. It is intended as a means of characterizing
fragments from a coating.
coatings used on surgical implants.
2 3.1.3 thermal spray coating, n—coating produced by spray-
1.2 This test uses the Taber Abraser, which generates a
ing melted or softened powder or wire by means of combus-
combinationofrollingandrubbingtocauseweartothecoating
tible gases, plasma, or two-wire arc.
surface. Wear is quantified as cumulative mass loss.
3.1.4 weight loss, n—amount of mass removed by the test
1.3 This test method is limited to flat, rigid specimens that
apparatus over the course of testing.
do not react significantly with water and do not undergo a
phase transformation or chemical reaction between room
4. Summary of Test Method
temperature and 100°C in air.
4.1 This test method uses a Taber Abraser with H-22
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Calibrade (trademarked) wheels and the 250-g mass of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
abrading head without added weights. Specimens are abraded
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
repeatedly and cleaned ultrasonically for a set number (2 to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applicable
100)ofrotationalcycles.Thespecimensareweighedaftereach
regulatory limitations prior to use.
cleaning, and the mass loss is the measure of abrasive wear to
2. Referenced Documents the specimen.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Significance and Use
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
5.1 This test method provides a means to evaluate the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
resistance to particle shedding of a thermal spray coating. Such
3. Terminology particle shedding might occur during surgical insertion of an
implant or as the result of micromotion of the implant after
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
insertion.
5.2 This abrasion test method may be useful for quality
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F04 on Medical control analysis of a coating, and it can be used to evaluate the
and Surgical Materials and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
effects of processing variables, such as substrate preparation
F04.15 on Material Test Methods.
before coating, surface texture, coating technique variables, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2007. Published February 2007. Originally
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postcoating treatments, any of which may influence the sus-
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as F1978 – 00 . DOI:
10.1520/F1978-00R07E02.
ceptibility of the coating to particle shedding.
Trademarked. The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the
5.3 This abrasion test method is for flat plate-shaped speci-
committee at this time is Taber Industries, North Tonawanda, NY 14120 USA. If
mens of a size sufficient that the wheels of the abrader do not
you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
leave the surface of the specimen. It is not recommended,
Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
however, for devices with other shapes or sizes.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6. Apparatus
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 6.1 Taber Abraser Model 5150, or equivalent.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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F1978–00 (2007)
6.2 Two H-22 Taber Calibrade Wheels, or equivalent, with 8.1.4.4 Clean the sample for ten minutes with a fresh saline
abrading head of 250-g mass and no added weights. solution, using the ultrasonic cleaner to be used for the coating
6.3 Taber Vacuum Unit, made by Shop-Vac (trademarked), analysis.
7.4 amps, or equivalent. 8.1.4.5 Place the cleaned sample in a 100°C oven and dry
6.4 Taber Wheel Refacer Model 250, or equivalent
for 10 min.
6.5 Ultrasonic Cleaning Unit, for cleaning specimens after
8.1.4.6 Allow the sample to cool to room temperature
abrading.
before weighing
6.6 Drying Oven, capable of operation at 100 6 2°C, for
8.1.4.7 Using the analytical balance, weigh the sample no
drying specimens.
fewer than three times and record the average weight of these
6.7 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing specimens to
measurements.
an accuracy of 0.0001 g.
8.1.4.8 Repeat Steps 8.1.4.4-8.1.4.7 until the same mass
(within balance error) is recorded for two consecutive clean-
7. Test Specimen
ings.
7.1 Abrasion test specimens shall be 10-cm (4-in.) squares
8.1.4.9 Record the total number of cleanings used in
or 10-cm diameter circles of at least 0.16-cm (0.0625-in.)
8.1.4.4-8.1.4.8.
thickness with a 0.64-cm (0.25-in.) diameter hole through the
8.1.4.10 Determine the required cleaning time necessary to
center to allow the specimen to fit on the specimen table screw
obtain a stable mass, as (10·(n-1)) min, where n is the total
of the Taber Abraser. For substrates other than titanium,
number of cleanings determined in 8.1.4.9.
consideration shall be given to the weight of the test specimen
8.1.5 Abrasion shall be done with only the 250-g mass of
relative to the capacity of the analytical balance.
theabradingheadassembly.Noextraweightsshallbeaddedto
7.2 The coating shall be applied in a manner representative
the abrading head.
of that used on the finished surgical implant.
8.1.6 If there is more than one set of specimens to test, the
7.3 A minimum of six samples for each coating shall be
specimens shall be tested in a random sequence.
tested. At least one set shall contain seven samples.
8.1.7 A single complete specimen run shall consist of a
7.4 One specimen, randomly selected, from each group of
series of partial runs, commencing with an initial two-cycle
six specimens shall be reserved to measure weight loss caused
partial run and continuing until 100 cycles have been com-
by ultrasonic cleaning. This specimen shall be called the
pleted. Once a specimen run is initiated, no other specimens
“blank” specimen and shall be weighed, cleaned, and re-
shall be tested using the same wheel until the specimen run is
weighed for an equal number of times to the cleaning and
finished.
weighing of the abraded specimen.
8.1.8 At the start of each new complete specimen run, the
7.5 Of the seven sample set, one sample shall be selected to
display indicating the number of cycles run shall be reset. This
determine the time required for ultrasonic cleaning.
is done by pressing the “reset cycles completed” button. The
Taber Abraser counts cumulative cycles (cycles completed)
8. Procedure
and so the number of cycles set for each partial run shall be the
8.1 General Test Conditions:
cumulative number of cycles (2, 5, 10, or 100) designated as
8.1.1 Prepare a fresh cleaning solution for the ultrasonic
the end of that partial run.
cleaner by adding 0.1 6 0.005 g of reagent grade NaCl to each
8.1.9 Reference Standards—Each group of six specimens
litre of deionized water.
shall include one unabraded “blank” specimen, as specified in
8.1.2 Resurface the abrading wheels using the Taber Wheel
7.4. Once in every six tests, an unabraded specimen shall be
RefacerModel250foreachnewspecimen.Checktheradiusof
used as a control to determine the weight
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