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ASTM D6940-03

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Measuring Sifting Segregation Tendencies of Bulk Solids

Standard Practice for Measuring Sifting Segregation Tendencies of Bulk Solids

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an apparatus and procedure for simulating the segregation tendencies of bulk solids by means of the sifting mechanism.
1.2 Temperature- and humidity-sensitive bulk solids may need to be tested at different temperatures and moisture contents, as would happen in an industrial environment.
1.3 The maximum particle size should be limited to 3 mm, to reduce the likelihood of binding the slide gate.
1.4 This standard is not applicable to all bulk solids and segregation mechanisms: while sifting is a common segregation mechanism experienced by many bulk solids, other segregation mechanisms not evaluated by this standard might induce segregation in practice.
1.5 The extent to which segregation will occur in an industrial situation is not only a function of the bulk solid and its tendency to segregate, but also the handling equipment (for example, bin design), process (for example, transfer rates), and environment.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jul-2003
ICS
19.120 - Particle size analysis. Sieving
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.24 - Characterization and Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D6940-04 - Standard Practice for Measuring Sifting Segregation Tendencies of Bulk Solids
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM D6941-19 - Standard Practice for Measuring Fluidization Segregation Tendencies of Powders
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003

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ASTM D6940-03 - Standard Practice for Measuring Sifting Segregation Tendencies of Bulk SolidsASTM D6940-03 - Standard Practice for Measuring Sifting Segregation Tendencies of Bulk Solids
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ASTM D6940-03 - Standard Practice for Measuring Sifting Segregation Tendencies of Bulk Solids
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 6940 – 03
Standard Practice for
1
Measuring Sifting Segregation Tendencies of Bulk Solids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6940; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2 segregation, n—a process through which blended or
uniform powders or bulk solids become non-uniform, with
1.1 This practice covers an apparatus and procedure for
regions of varying composition, for example, particle size.
simulating the segregation tendencies of bulk solids by means
3.1.3 sifting segregation, n—a mechanism in which finer
of the sifting mechanism.
particles preferentially percolate into a zone within the bulk
1.2 Temperature- and humidity-sensitive bulk solids may
solid.
need to be tested at different temperatures and moisture
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
contents, as would happen in an industrial environment.
3.2.1 collection cup, n—a collection cup holds a sample of
1.3 The maximum particle size should be limited to 3 mm,
bulk solid once it is discharged from the apparatus.
to reduce the likelihood of binding the slide gate.
3.2.2 inner hopper, n—the inner hopper is transparent. It
1.4 This standard is not applicable to all bulk solids and
has a steep inner conical section designed to sit within the outer
segregation mechanisms: while sifting is a common segrega-
hopper.
tion mechanism experienced by many bulk solids, other
3.2.3 outer hopper, n—the outer hopper consists of a
segregation mechanisms not evaluated by this standard might
shallow transparent hopper designed to provide funnel flow for
induce segregation in practice.
most bulk solids. It has an attached slide gate/guide cylinder
1.5 The extent to which segregation will occur in an
and support legs.
industrial situation is not only a function of the bulk solid and
3.2.4 representative sample, n—a quantity of the bulk solid
its tendency to segregate, but also the handling equipment (for
to be tested that is representative of that solid in an industrial
example, bin design), process (for example, transfer rates), and
application being studied. Parameters of interest that may
environment.
affect whether or not a sample is representative include:
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
moisture, particle size distribution, raw material variation,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
method of production, aging, chemical composition.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Summary of Practice
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 A representative sample of a bulk solid is placed in the
2. Referenced Documents upper hopper of the apparatus.
4.2 The bulk solid is discharged to form a pile within the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
lower hopper, allowing segregation to take place.
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
2
4.3 The segregated material is discharged in a funnel flow
Fluids
pattern intended to recover zones of segregated material in a
3. Terminology
known sequence. Samples are collected from the discharge
stream.
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms used in this test
4.4 The samples are then available to be tested for differ-
method shall be in accordance with Terminology D 653.
ences relevant to the application, for example, particle size or
3.1.1 funnel flow pattern, n—a flow sequence in a bin or
chemical assay.
hopper characterized by having some bulk solids moving
through stagnant bulk solids. In general, there is no flow along
5. Significance and Use
the hopper walls.
5.1 Sifting segregation can cause horizontal segregation (for
example, center-to-periphery) within bins used to hold and
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
transport bulk solids. This can affect final product quality in
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.24 on Characterization
industrial applications.
and Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids.
Current edition approved July 10, 2003. Published August 2003.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6940–03
5.2 By measuring a bulk solid’s segregation tendency, one 5.3.3 Suffıciently Free Flowing Material—This allows the
can compare results to other bulk solids with known history, or smaller particles to sift through the matrix of larger particles.
determine if the given bulk solid may h
...

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5.1 Sifting segregation can cause horizontal segregation (for example, center-to-periphery) within bins used to hold and transport bulk solids. This can affect final product quality or subsequent processes in industrial applications.  
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5.4 All four of these conditions must exist for sifting segregation to occur. If any one of these conditions does not exist, the material will not segregate by this mechanism.
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1.1 This practice covers an apparatus and procedure for simulating the segregation tendencies of bulk solids by means of the sifting mechanism.  
1.2 Temperature- and humidity-sensitive bulk solids may need to be tested at different temperatures and moisture contents, as would happen in an industrial environment.  
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1.4 This standard is not applicable to all bulk solids and segregation mechanisms: while sifting is a common segregation mechanism experienced by many bulk solids, other segregation mechanisms not evaluated by this standard might induce segregation in practice. Practice D6941 covers another common mechanism: fluidization.  
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1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
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ASTM D6941-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring Fluidization Segregation Tendencies of Powders

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fluidization segregation can cause vertical segregation within bins used to hold and transport powders. This can affect product quality or subsequent processes in industrial applications.  
5.2 By measuring a powder's segregation tendency, one can compare results to other powders with known history, or determine if the given powder may have a tendency to segregate in a given process.  
5.3 Fine powders generally have a lower permeability than coarse bulk solids and therefore tend to retain air longer. Thus, when a bin is filled with a fluidizable powder, the coarser particles settle or are driven into the bed while the finer particles remain fluidized near the surface.  
5.4 Fluidization, which serves as a driving force for this mechanism of segregation, is likely to occur when fine powders are pneumatically conveyed into a bin, the bin is filled or discharged at high rates, or if sufficient air flow counter to the flow of powder is present within the bin.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this practice is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this practice are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an apparatus and procedure for creating several specimens of a powder sample that, if the powder is one that segregates by the fluidization mechanism, should be different from one another.  
1.2 A powder sample is fluidized then, after the fluidizing gas is turned off, it is separated into three or more specimens that can be analyzed for parameters of interest. The difference in these parameters between the specimens is an indication of the segregation potential of the powder.  
1.3 Powders must be capable of being fluidized in order to be tested by this practice.  
1.4 Temperature- and moisture-sensitive powders may need to be tested at different temperatures and moisture contents, as would happen in an industrial environment.  
1.5 This standard is not applicable to all bulk solids and segregation mechanisms: while fluidization is a common segregation mechanism experienced by many fine powders, other segregation mechanisms not evaluated by this standard might induce segregation in practice. Practice D6940 covers another common mechanism: sifting.  
1.6 The extent to which segregation will occur in an industrial situation is not only a function of the powder and its tendency to segregate, but also the handling equipment (for example, bin design), process (for example, transfer rates), and environment.  
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Standard Test Method for Measuring Bulk Density Values of Powders and Other Bulk Solids as Function of Compressive Stress

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The data from this test can be used to estimate the bulk density of materials in bins and hoppers and for material handling applications such as feeders.  
5.2 The test results can be greatly affected by the sample selected for testing. For meaningful results it is necessary to select a representative sample of the particulate solid with respect to moisture (water) content, particle-size distribution and temperature. For the tests an appropriate size sample should be available, and fresh material should be used for each individual test specimen.  
5.3 Initial bulk density, (ρb)initial, may or may not be used as the minimum bulk density. This will depend on the material being tested. For example, the two are often close to the same for coarse (most particles larger than about 6 mm), free-flowing bulk solids, but not for fine, aeratable powders.  
5.4 Bulk density values may be dependent upon the magnitude of the applied mass increments. Traditionally, the applied mass is doubled for each increment resulting in an applied mass increment ratio of 1. Smaller than standard increment ratios may be desirable for materials that are highly sensitive to the applied mass increment ratio. An example of the latter is a material whose bulk density increases 10% or more with each increase in applied mass.  
5.5 Bulk density values may be dependent upon the duration of each applied mass. Traditionally, the duration is the same for each increment and equal to 15 s. For some materials, the rate of compression is such that complete compression (no change in volume with time at a given applied compressive stress) will require significantly more than 15 s.
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1.2 This test method should be performed in the laboratory under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
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Standard Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by Washing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve can be separated from larger particles or soil aggregations can be broken down much more efficiently and completely by wet sieving than with dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate determinations of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve are desired, these test methods are used on the test specimen prior to dry sieving, or as a determination of the percent of material that is finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve. Usually the additional amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve obtained in the dry sieving process is a small amount. If it is large, the efficiency of the washing operation should be checked, as it could be an indication of degradation of the soil (see Note 2).  
5.2 Method A shall be used with non-cohesive soils containing fine material with little or no plasticity. The specimen is soaked in water to facilitate the separation of the fine and coarse fractions prior to washing through the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.  
5.3 Method B shall be used with soils, particularly clayey soils, where the fine material demonstrates plastic behavior and tends to adhere to the larger particles. To provide adequate fine grain dispersal, it is necessary to soak the specimen in a dispersing solution prior to washing through the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.  
5.4 To facilitate determination of which method to utilize, the sample may be classified as non-cohesive or having plastic characteristics based upon procedures outlined in Practice D2488 or other means of determining the soil properties.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable ...
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve by washing of material with a maximum particle size of 75 mm (3 in.).  
1.2 The methods used in this standard rely on the use of water or a dispersant to separate and remove materials finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve. During these processes soluble substances, such as salts and other minerals, may also be removed. It is not within the scope of this standard to differentiate between the removal of fine particles and soluble substances. It is recommended that materials containing significant amounts of soluble substances be tested using other methods of separation.  
1.3 Two methods for determining the amount of material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve are provided. The method to be used shall be specified by the requesting authority. If no method is specified, the choice should be based upon the guidance given in 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4.  
1.3.1 Method A—Test specimen is dispersed by soaking in water prior to wash sieving.  
1.3.2 Method B—Test specimen is dispersed by soaking in a dispersing solution prior to wash sieving.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Except the sieve designations are typically identified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Specification E11, such as 3 inch and No. 200, instead of the “standard” of 75-mm and 75-μm, respectively. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method. The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.  
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standa...

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ASTM
ASTM D5519-15(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Particle Size Analysis of Natural and Man-Made Riprap Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Riprap is commonly used to prevent erosion of underlying materials due to the effects of rain runoff, wind, flowing water, or wave action. The particle size distribution (mass of particles) is an important physical characteristic of riprap, as discussed in Guide D6825. These test methods provide a gradation of the material graphically represented as percent finer than the particle mass. If a gradation can be established or accepted on the basis of only maximum and minimum particle sizes, then it may not be necessary to establish the complete gradation in accordance with these test methods.  
5.2 These test methods can be used during evaluation of a potential source, as a means of product acceptance, or for assessment of existing installations. Method D is not recommended as a means of product acceptance.  
5.3 Other characteristics of interest, such as particle shape, particle angularity, or visually evident rock durability characteristics may be determined during the performance of these test methods.  
5.4 Interpretation of test results must consider the representativeness of the sample.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
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1.1 These test methods cover the particle size and mass analysis of natural and man-made riprap and related materials, including filter stone or coarse bedding materials.  
1.2 These test methods are generally intended for riprap and related materials. They are applicable for mixtures of stones screened from natural deposits, blast rock, processed materials from quarried rock, or recycled concrete. They are applicable for sizes 3 in. (75 mm) and above, with the upper size limited only by equipment available for handling and determining the mass of the individual particles.  
1.3 Four alternate procedures are provided. There is a wide range in the level of effort and the precision of the test procedures. It is important for specifiers to indicate the test procedure. Test reports should clearly indicate which procedure was used.
Note 1: While conducting these test methods, it may be convenient to collect data on other attributes, such as the amount of slab pieces and deleterious materials.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.  
1.4.1 For purposes of comparing measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.  
1.4.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5.1 Th...

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ASTM
ASTM D7891-15(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Powders Using the Freeman Technology FT4 Powder Rheometer Shear Cell

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test can be used to evaluate the following:  
5.1.1 Classification or Comparison of Powders—There are several parameters that can be used to classify powders relative to each other, the most useful being the measured shear stresses, cohesion, flow function and angle of internal friction.  
5.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis—The shear cell can be used to evaluate the relative effects of a range of powder properties and/or environmental parameters such as (but not limited to) humidity, particle size and size distribution, particle shape and shape distribution, moisture content and temperature.  
5.1.3 Quality Control—The test can, in some circumstances, be used to assess the flow properties of a raw material, intermediate or product against pre-determined acceptance criteria.  
5.1.4 Storage Vessel Design—Mathematical models exist for the determination of storage vessel design parameters which are based on the flow properties of powders as generated by shear cell testing, requiring shear testing at a range of consolidating stresses as well as the measurement of the wall friction angle with respect to the material of construction of the storage vessel. The methods are detailed in Refs. (1-3).2
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors (4).
Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this test method. However, users of this test method shou...
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1.1 This method covers the apparatus and procedures for measuring the incipient failure properties of a powder as a function of the normal stress for a given level of consolidation. The method also allows the further determination of the unconfined yield strength, internal friction angles, cohesion, flow function, major principal stress and wall friction angle (with the appropriate wall coupon fitted to the correct accessory).  
1.2 These parameters are most commonly used for the design of storage hoppers and bins using industry standard calculations and procedures. They can also provide relative classification or comparison of the flow behavior of different powders or different batches of the same powder if similar stress and shear regimes are encountered within the processing equipment.  
1.3 The apparatus is suitable for measuring the properties of powders with a maximum particle size of 1 mm. It is possible to test powders which have a small proportion of particles of 1 mm or greater, but they should be present in the bulk sample as no more than 5 % of the total mass in samples with a normal (Gaussian) size distribution.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.5 Units—Th...

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