ASTM F501-93
(Test Method)Test Method for Aerospace Materials Response to Flame, with Vertical Test Specimen (For Aerospace Vehicles Standard Conditions) (Withdrawn 1998)
Test Method for Aerospace Materials Response to Flame, with Vertical Test Specimen (For Aerospace Vehicles Standard Conditions) (Withdrawn 1998)
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
ASTM FSOL 93 - 0759530 0528884 458 -
Ah4ERiCAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
Designation: F 5019 93
1916 Race St Phi!ade!phia. Pa 19103
4b Reprinted from trw Awwal Book o! ASTM Standards. Ccpyright ASTM
If not Ned in ibe cwent combined ‘ndex. will appear in the reti edsian.
Standard Test Method for
Aerospace Materials Response to Flame, With Vertical Test
Specimen (For Aerospace Vehicles Standard Conditions)1
This stahni is issued under the fixai dcsigoation F 501; the number immcdiatcly following the designation indicates the year of
original adopdon or, in the case of revision, the yur of last revision. A number in parcuthcses indicates the year of last rcappro%xl. A
supemaipt epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change siw the lrrt revision or rupproval.
surface to facilitate observation of the hidden surfaces2
1. !scope
NOTE 1: Wamhg-It is suggested that the cabinet be located inside
- 1 .l This test method is intended for use in determining
an exhaust hood for cleahg the cabinet of smoke after each test.
the resistance of materials to flame and glow propagation
2.2 Burner,j having a G-in. (N-mm) inside diameter
when tested in accordance with 12 and 60-s ignition. It is
barrel, shall be equipped with a needle valve to adjust the
used for evaluating materials or constructions used in the
interiors of aerospace vehicles but may be utilized in other flame height.
2.2.1 The necessaq gas connections and the applicable
applications as specified in applicable procurement and
plumbing shall be essentially as specified in Fig. 3. A control
regulatory documents. In addition to the vertical position of
the test specimen and flame exposure conditions common to valve system with a delivery rate designed to furnish gas to
tests of this type, this test method also defines gas composi- the burner under a pressure of 2*/2 f l/4 psi (17 * 2 kPa) at
tion, burner, cabinet, temperature and humidity, and test the burner inlet shall be installed between the gas supply and
conditions since it is designated for interlaboratory testing of the burner.
similar materials or constructions. This test is designed for 2.2.2 There shall be a flame indicator spaced 1 in, (25
use in air atmosphere at standard temperature and pressure, mm) from the barrel and extending above the burner. The
1.2 This standard should be used to measure and describe indicator shall have a prong, X6 in. (8 mm) in length,
the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in re- marking the distance of 1 r/z in. (38.1 mm) above the top of
sponse to heat and flame under controlled laboratory condi-
the burner. (See Fig. 4.)
tions and should not be used to describe or appraise the ftre 2.2.3 The burner shall be positioned so that the center of
hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under the barrel of the burner is under the vertical face of the lower
actual ftre conditions. However, results of this test,? may be surface of the specimen regardless of specimen thickness. See
used as elements of afire risk assessment which takes into Fig. 5. For this purpose, the bottom of the chamber shall
account all ofthe factors which are pertinent to an assessment possess a method of guiding the burner to stop directly under
of the fire hazard of a particular end use. the specimen and also be capable of being removed at least 3
in. (76.2 mm) from the specimen.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
regarded as the standard. 2.3 Methane gas of 99 % minimum purity natural gas, or
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the propane shall be used for the burner fuel,
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
NOTE 2-Ninety-nine petcent minimum purity methane is pre-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- ferred. If this gas is not available, natural gas, commercial grade (90 5%
methane) or better, or propane may be used.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2.4 Stop Watch or other device, calibrated and graduated
to measure the time of application of the burner flame, flame
time, glow time, and drip flaming time.
2. Apparatus 2.5 Scale, in 0.1~in. (l-mm) graduations, to measure the
bum length.
2.1 Tests shall be conducted in a draft-free cabinet fabri-
cated in accordance with requirements specified in Rgs. 1,2,
3. Test Specimens
3, and 4. Galvanized sheet metal, 0.040 in. (1 mm) thick,
3.1 The specimen shall be a rectangle at least 2314 by 12 in.
(see Note I), shall be used for the bottom surface of the
(70 by 305 mm) with the long dimension in the vertical
chamber holder to accommodate specimens up to 1 in. (25
position. Materials shall be tested either as a section cut from
mm) thick. The specimen holder shall also be of corrosion-
a fabricated part as installed in the vehicle or as a specimen
resistant metal. The entire inside back walI of the cabi
...
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5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving materials or products that emit low levels of heat release. The recommended use for this test method is for materials with a total heat release rate measured of less than 10 MJ over the first 20 min test period, and which do not give peak heat release rates of more than 200 kW/m2 for periods extending more than 10 s. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and (optionally) smoke production. These properties are determined on small size test specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use.
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1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a procedure for measuring the response of materials that emit low levels of heat release when exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external igniter.
1.2 This test method differs from Test Method E1354 in that it prescribes a different specific test specimen size, specimen holder, test specimen orientation, a direct connection between the plenum and the top plate of the cone heater assembly to ensure complete collection of all the combustion gases (Fig. 1), and a lower volumetric flow rate for analyses via oxygen consumption calorimetry. It is intended for use on materials and products that contain only small amounts of combustible ingredients or components, such as test specimens that yield a peak heat release of 2 and total heat release of 2.
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1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.
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1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
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5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the time to burn-through and the time to ignition of materials, products, and assemblies.
5.2 Representative joints and other characteristics of an assembly shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.
5.3 This test method is applicable to end-use products not having an ideally planar external surface. The heat flux shall be adjusted to be that which is desired at the average distance of the surface from the radiant panel.
5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.
5.5 Representative materials and thicknesses shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.
5.6 This method can also be used for research and development of various material types to be included in larger-scale fire test assemblies (for example, Test Methods E119).
5.7 Test Limitations:
5.7.1 The test results have limited validity if: (a) the specimen melts sufficiently to overflow the drip tray, or (b) explosive spalling occurs.
5.7.2 Report observations of specimens that sag, deform, or delaminate.
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1.1 This fire-test-response test method assesses the response of materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels of heat flux with an external igniter.
1.2 The fire-test-response characteristics determined by this test method include the ignitability and time to burn-through of materials, products, and assemblies under well ventilated conditions.
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1.3.1 This test method uses the same burner as that described in Test Method E1623. Two burner types are described (Burner A and Burner B).
1.4 Specimens are exposed to a constant heat flux up to 50 kW/m2 in a vertical orientation. Hot wires are used to ignite the combustible vapors from the specimen.
1.5 This test method has been developed for evaluations, design, or research and development of materials, products, or assemblies, or for code compliance. The specimen shall be tested in thicknesses and configurations representative of actual end product or system uses.
1.6 Limitations of the test method are listed in 5.7.
1.7 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific information about hazards is given in Section 7.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a specimen of upholstered furniture. The upholstered furniture specimen is allowed to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions after ignition using a propane gas burner. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated.
5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle of oxygen consumption. The assumptions and limitations of oxygen depletion calorimetry are discussed in Annex A4, and in particular in A4.1.2.
5.3 Other fire-test-response characteristics are measured, namely smoke obscuration and combustion gas release, as they are also important in making decisions on fire safety.
5.4 The most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials, are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures, but fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement.
5.5 The type of ignition chosen (a flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies. This test method is thus applicable to upholstered furniture in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, jails, prisons, nursing care homes, health care facilities, public auditoriums, hotels, and motels.
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1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.
1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine the burning behavior of upholstered furniture used in public occupancies by measuring specific fire-test responses when the specimen of furniture is subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under well-ventilated conditions.
1.3 Data are obtained describing the burning behavior from a specific ignition source until all burning has ceased, a period of 1 h has elapsed, or flashover appears inevitable.
1.4 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of upholstered furniture in fire conditions other than those conditions specified. In particular, this test method does not apply to smoldering ignition by cigarettes. See X1.6 for further information.
1.5 The rate of heat release of the burning specimen is measured by an oxygen consumption method. See X1.6.4 for further information.
1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measured and the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases are determined. See X1.6.5 for further information.
1.7 The burning behavior is visually documented by photographic or video recordings, whenever possible.
1.8 The system of units to be used in referee decisions is the SI system of units, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 only. The units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
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5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the time to burn-through and the time to ignition of materials, products, and assemblies.
5.2 Representative joints and other characteristics of an assembly shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.
5.3 This test method is applicable to end-use products not having an ideally planar external surface. The heat flux shall be adjusted to be that which is desired at the average distance of the surface from the radiant panel.
5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.
5.5 Representative materials and thicknesses shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.
5.6 This method can also be used for research and development of various material types to be included in larger-scale fire test assemblies (for example, Test Methods E119).
5.7 Test Limitations:
5.7.1 The test results have limited validity if: (a) the specimen melts sufficiently to overflow the drip tray, or (b) explosive spalling occurs.
5.7.2 Report observations of specimens that sag, deform, or delaminate.
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1.1 This fire-test-response test method assesses the response of materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels of heat flux with an external igniter.
1.2 The fire-test-response characteristics determined by this test method include the ignitability and time to burn-through of materials, products, and assemblies under well ventilated conditions.
1.3 Heat, smoke, and mass loss rate are not within the scope of this test method, but are addressed by Test Method E1623.
1.3.1 This test method uses the same burner as that described in Test Method E1623. Two burner types are described (Burner A and Burner B).
1.4 Specimens are exposed to a constant heat flux up to 50 kW/m2 in a vertical orientation. Hot wires are used to ignite the combustible vapors from the specimen.
1.5 This test method has been developed for evaluations, design, or research and development of materials, products, or assemblies, or for code compliance. The specimen shall be tested in thicknesses and configurations representative of actual end product or system uses.
1.6 Limitations of the test method are listed in 5.7.
1.7 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific information about hazards is given in Section 7.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving materials or products that emit low levels of heat release. The recommended use for this test method is for materials with a total heat release rate measured of less than 10 MJ over the first 20 min test period, and which do not give peak heat release rates of more than 200 kW/m2 for periods extending more than 10 s. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and (optionally) smoke production. These properties are determined on small size test specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use.
5.2 This test method is applicable to various categories of products and is not limited to representing a single fire scenario.
5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a procedure for measuring the response of materials that emit low levels of heat release when exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external igniter.
1.2 This test method differs from Test Method E1354 in that it prescribes a different specific test specimen size, specimen holder, test specimen orientation, a direct connection between the plenum and the top plate of the cone heater assembly to ensure complete collection of all the combustion gases (Fig. 1), and a lower volumetric flow rate for analyses via oxygen consumption calorimetry. It is intended for use on materials and products that contain only small amounts of combustible ingredients or components, such as test specimens that yield a peak heat release of 2 and total heat release of 2.
Note 1: PMMA is typically used to check the general operation of a Cone Calorimeter. PMMA should not be used with this standard as the heat release rate is too high.
1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement of test specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development (an optional measurement) is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream.
1.4 Test specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes generated by a conical radiant heater. External ignition, when used, shall be by electric spark. The test specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation.
1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.
1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes, and development and research. Examples of material test specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applic...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the time to sustained flaming and heat release of materials and composites exposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus.
5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that can be used for upholstery and mattress product designs and product development.
5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by yielding a quantitative measure of specific changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications. Heat release data from this test method will not be predictive of product behavior if the product does not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.
5.4 Test Limitations—The test data are invalid if either of the following conditions occur: (1) explosive spalling; or (2) the specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug, or the specimen swells up to the plane of the heater base during combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method can be used to determine the ignitability and heat release from the composites of contract, institutional, or high-risk occupancy upholstered furniture or mattresses using a bench scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.
1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2. This test method is also suitable to obtain heat release data at different heat fluxes. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.
1.3 The times to sustained flaming, heat release, and effective heat of combustion are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E1354.
1.4 The tests are performed on bench-scale specimens combining the furniture or mattress outer layer components. Frame elements are not included.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.
1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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