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ASTM E976-10

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response

Standard Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Acoustic emission data is affected by several characteristics of the instrumentation. The most obvious of these is the system sensitivity. Of all the parameters and components contributing to the sensitivity, the acoustic emission sensor is the one most subject to variation. This variation can be a result of damage or aging, or there can be variations between nominally identical sensors. To detect such variations, it is desirable to have a method for measuring the response of a sensor to an acoustic wave. Specific purposes for checking sensors include: (1) checking the stability of its response with time; (2) checking the sensor for possible damage after accident or abuse; (3) comparing a number of sensors for use in a multichannel system to ensure that their responses are adequately matched; and (4) checking the response after thermal cycling or exposure to a hostile environment. It is very important that the sensor characteristics be always measured with the same sensor cable length and impedance as well as the same preamplifier or equivalent. This guide presents several procedures for measuring sensor response. Some of these procedures require a minimum of special equipment.  
It is not the intent of this guide to evaluate AE system performance. Refer to Practice E750 for characterizing acoustic instrumentation and refer to Guide E2374 for AE system performance verification.
The procedures given in this guide are designed to measure the response of an acoustic emission sensor to an arbitrary but repeatable acoustic wave. These procedures in no way constitute a calibration of the sensor. The absolute calibration of a sensor requires a complete knowledge of the characteristics of the acoustic wave exciting the sensor or a previously calibrated reference sensor. In either case, such a calibration is beyond the scope of this guide.
The fundamental requirement for comparing sensor responses is a source of repeatable acoustic waves. The characteristics of the wave...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines simple economical procedures for testing or comparing the performance of acoustic emission sensors. These procedures allow the user to check for degradation of a sensor or to select sets of sensors with nearly identical performances. The procedures are not capable of providing an absolute calibration of the sensor nor do they assure transferability of data sets between organizations.
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2010
ICS
17.140.01 - Acoustic measurements and noise abatement in general
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E976-05 - Standard Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1118/E1118M-16(2020) - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1932-12(2022) - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2075/E2075M-15(2020) - Standard Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor Response Using an Acrylic Rod
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2076/E2076M-15(2022) - Standard Practice for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2598/E2598M-21 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Cast Iron Yankee and Steam Heated Paper Dryers
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM F914/F914M-20 - Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission for Aerial Personnel Devices Without Supplemental Load Handling Attachments
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2533-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2981-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Composite Overwraps in Filament Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2907/E2907M-13(2019) - Standard Practice for Examination of Paper Machine Rolls Using Acoustic Emission from Crack Face Rubbing
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1211/E1211M-17 - Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1419/E1419M-15a(2020) - Standard Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2478-11(2022) - Standard Practice for Determining Damage-Based Design Stress for Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) Materials Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM E650/E650M-17 - Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E976 − 10
StandardGuide for
Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission
1
Sensor Response
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E976; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope of damage or aging, or there can be variations between
nominally identical sensors. To detect such variations, it is
1.1 This guide defines simple economical procedures for
desirable to have a method for measuring the response of a
testing or comparing the performance of acoustic emission
sensor to an acoustic wave. Specific purposes for checking
sensors. These procedures allow the user to check for degra-
sensors include: (1) checking the stability of its response with
dation of a sensor or to select sets of sensors with nearly
time; (2) checking the sensor for possible damage after
identical performances. The procedures are not capable of
accident or abuse; (3) comparing a number of sensors for use
providing an absolute calibration of the sensor nor do they
in a multichannel system to ensure that their responses are
assure transferability of data sets between organizations.
adequately matched; and (4) checking the response after
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
thermal cycling or exposure to a hostile environment. It is very
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
important that the sensor characteristics be always measured
standard.
with the same sensor cable length and impedance as well as the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
same preamplifier or equivalent. This guide presents several
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the procedures for measuring sensor response. Some of these
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
procedures require a minimum of special equipment.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2 It is not the intent of this guide to evaluate AE system
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
performance. Refer to Practice E750 for characterizing acous-
tic instrumentation and refer to Guide E2374 for AE system
2. Referenced Documents
performance verification.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.3 The procedures given in this guide are designed to
E750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-
measure the response of an acoustic emission sensor to an
mentation
arbitrary but repeatable acoustic wave. These procedures in no
E2075 Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor
way constitute a calibration of the sensor. The absolute
Response Using an Acrylic Rod
calibration of a sensor requires a complete knowledge of the
E2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance
characteristics of the acoustic wave exciting the sensor or a
Verification
previously calibrated reference sensor. In either case, such a
3. Significance and Use calibration is beyond the scope of this guide.
3.1 Acoustic emission data is affected by several character-
3.4 The fundamental requirement for comparing sensor
istics of the instrumentation. The most obvious of these is the
responses is a source of repeatable acoustic waves. The
system sensitivity. Of all the parameters and components
characteristics of the wave do not need to be known as long as
contributing to the sensitivity, the acoustic emission sensor is
the wave can be reproduced at will. The sources and geom-
the one most subject to variation. This variation can be a result
etries given in this guide will produce primarily compressional
waves. While the sensors will respond differently to different
types of waves, changes in the response to one type of wave
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
will imply changes in the responses to other types of waves.
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic
Emission Method.
3.5 These procedures use a test block or rod. Such a device
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2010.PublishedJuly2010.Originallyapproved
provides a convenient mounting surface for the sensor and
in1984.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2005asE976 - 05.DOI:10.1520/E0976-
10.
when appropriately marked, can ensure that the source and the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
sensor are always positioned identically with respect to each
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
other. The device or rod also provides mechanical loading of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. the sensor
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E976–05 Designation:E976–10
Standard Guide for
Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission
1
Sensor Response
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E976; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide defines simple economical procedures for testing or comparing the performance of acoustic emission sensors.
Theseproceduresallowtheusertocheckfordegradationofasensorortoselectsetsofsensorswithnearlyidenticalperformances.
The procedures are not capable of providing an absolute calibration of the sensor nor do they assure transferability of data sets
between organizations.
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
E2075 Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor Response Using an Acrylic Rod
E2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Acoustic emission data is affected by several characteristics of the instrumentation.The most obvious of these is the system
sensitivity. Of all the parameters and components contributing to the sensitivity, the acoustic emission sensor is the one most
subject to variation. This variation can be a result of damage or aging, or there can be variations between nominally identical
sensors. To detect such variations, it is desirable to have a method for measuring the response of a sensor to an acoustic wave.
Specific purposes for checking sensors include: (1) checking the stability of its response with time; (2) checking the sensor for
possible damage after accident or abuse; (3) comparing a number of sensors for use in a multichannel system to ensure that their
responses are adequately matched; and (4) checking the response after thermal cycling or exposure to a hostile environment. It is
very important that the sensor characteristics be always measured with the same sensor cable length and impedance as well as the
same preamplifier or equivalent. This guide presents several procedures for measuring sensor response. Some of these procedures
require a minimum of special equipment.
3.2 It is not the intent of this guide to evaluate AE system performance. Refer to Practice E750 for characterizing acoustic
instrumentation and refer to Guide E2374 for AE system performance verification.
3.3 The procedures given in this guide are designed to measure the response of an acoustic emission sensor to an arbitrary but
repeatable acoustic wave. These procedures in no way constitute a calibration of the sensor. The absolute calibration of a sensor
requires a complete knowledge of the characteristics of the acoustic wave exciting the sensor or a previously calibrated reference
sensor. In either case, such a calibration is beyond the scope of this guide.
3.4 The fundamental requirement for comparing sensor responses is a source of repeatable acoustic waves. The characteristics
of the wave do not need to be known as long as the wave can be reproduced at will.The sources and geometries given in this guide
will produce primarily compressional waves. While the sensors will respond differently to different types of waves, changes in the
response to one type of wave will imply changes in the responses to other types of waves.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 onAcoustic Emission.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E976-00. DOI:
10.1520/E0976-05.on Acoustic Emission Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E976 - 05. DOI: 10.1520/E0976-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Ser
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E976–05 Designation:E976–10
Standard Guide for
Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission
1
Sensor Response
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E976; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide defines simple economical procedures for testing or comparing the performance of acoustic emission sensors.
Theseproceduresallowtheusertocheckfordegradationofasensorortoselectsetsofsensorswithnearlyidenticalperformances.
The procedures are not capable of providing an absolute calibration of the sensor nor do they assure transferability of data sets
between organizations.
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
E2075 Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor Response Using an Acrylic Rod
E2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Acoustic emission data is affected by several characteristics of the instrumentation.The most obvious of these is the system
sensitivity. Of all the parameters and components contributing to the sensitivity, the acoustic emission sensor is the one most
subject to variation. This variation can be a result of damage or aging, or there can be variations between nominally identical
sensors. To detect such variations, it is desirable to have a method for measuring the response of a sensor to an acoustic wave.
Specific purposes for checking sensors include: (1) checking the stability of its response with time; (2) checking the sensor for
possible damage after accident or abuse; (3) comparing a number of sensors for use in a multichannel system to ensure that their
responses are adequately matched; and (4) checking the response after thermal cycling or exposure to a hostile environment. It is
very important that the sensor characteristics be always measured with the same sensor cable length and impedance as well as the
same preamplifier or equivalent. This guide presents several procedures for measuring sensor response. Some of these procedures
require a minimum of special equipment.
3.2 It is not the intent of this guide to evaluate AE system performance. Refer to Practice E750 for characterizing acoustic
instrumentation and refer to Guide E2374 for AE system performance verification.
3.3 The procedures given in this guide are designed to measure the response of an acoustic emission sensor to an arbitrary but
repeatable acoustic wave. These procedures in no way constitute a calibration of the sensor. The absolute calibration of a sensor
requires a complete knowledge of the characteristics of the acoustic wave exciting the sensor or a previously calibrated reference
sensor. In either case, such a calibration is beyond the scope of this guide.
3.4 The fundamental requirement for comparing sensor responses is a source of repeatable acoustic waves. The characteristics
of the wave do not need to be known as long as the wave can be reproduced at will.The sources and geometries given in this guide
will produce primarily compressional waves. While the sensors will respond differently to different types of waves, changes in the
response to one type of wave will imply changes in the responses to other types of waves.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 onAcoustic Emission.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E976-00. DOI:
10.1520/E0976-05.on Acoustic Emission Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E976 - 05. DOI: 10.1520/E0976-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Ser
...

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3.1 Acoustic emission data is affected by several characteristics of the instrumentation. The most obvious of these is the system sensitivity. Of all the parameters and components contributing to the sensitivity, the acoustic emission sensor is the one most subject to variation. This variation can be a result of damage or aging, or there can be variations between nominally identical sensors. To detect such variations, it is desirable to have a method for measuring the response of a sensor to an acoustic wave. Specific purposes for checking sensors include: (1) checking the stability of its response with time; (2) checking the sensor for possible damage after accident or abuse; (3) comparing a number of sensors for use in a multichannel system to ensure that their responses are adequately matched; and (4) checking the response after thermal cycling or exposure to a hostile environment. It is very important that the sensor characteristics be always measured with the same sensor cable length and impedance as well as the same preamplifier or equivalent. This guide presents several procedures for measuring sensor response. Some of these procedures require a minimum of special equipment.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E1106-12(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Transfer Standards—One purpose of this test method is for the direct calibration of displacement transducers for use as secondary standards for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. For this purpose, the transfer standard should be high fidelity and very well behaved and understood. If this can be established, the stated accuracy should apply over the full frequency range up to 1 MHz.
Note 1: The stated accuracy applies only if the transfer standard returns to quiescence, following the transient input, before any wave reflected from the boundary of the calibration block returns to the transfer standard (∼100 μs). For low frequencies with periods on the order of the time window, this condition is problematical to prove.  
4.2 Applications Sensors—This test method may also be used for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. Some of these sensors are less well behaved than devices suitable for a transfer standard. The stated accuracy for such devices applies in the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz and with less accuracy below 100 kHz.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the requirements for the absolute calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The calibration yields the frequency response of a transducer to waves, at a surface, of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The transducer voltage response is determined at discrete frequency intervals of approximately 10 kHz up to 1 MHz. The input is a given well-established dynamic displacement normal to the mounting surface. The units of the calibration are output voltage per unit mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E664/E664M-15(2020)e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for the Measurement of the Apparent Attenuation of Longitudinal Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of apparent attenuation in materials is useful in applications such as the comparison of heat treatments of different lots of material or the assessment of the degradation of materials due to environment.  
5.2 Several different modes of wave vibration can be propagated in solids. This practice is concerned with the attenuation associated with longitudinal waves introduced into the specimen by the immersion method.  
5.3 This practice allows for the comparison of the apparent attenuations of geometrically similar specimens.  
5.4 For the determination of apparent attenuation, the procedures described herein are valid only for measurements in the far field of the ultrasonic beam.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for measuring the apparent attenuation of ultrasound in materials or components with flat, parallel surfaces using conventional pulse-echo ultrasonic flaw detection equipment in which reflected indications are displayed in an A-scan presentation.  
1.2 The measurement procedure is readily adaptable for the determination of relative attenuation between materials. For absolute (true) attenuation measurements, indicative of the intrinsic nature of the material, it is necessary to correct for specimen geometry, sound beam divergence, instrumentation, and procedural effects. These results can be obtained with more specialized ultrasonic equipment and techniques.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1781/E1781M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary calibration to other sensors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The source producing the signal used for the calibration is mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor under testing (SUT). Rayleigh waves are dominant under these conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sensor's sensitivity to Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the sensor is determined for excitation within the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. Sensitivity values are usually determined at frequencies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration are volts per unit of mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1065/E1065M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to provide standardized procedures for evaluating ultrasonic search units. It is not intended to define performance and acceptance criteria, but rather to provide data from which such criteria may be established.  
5.2 These procedures are intended to evaluate the characteristics of single-element piezoelectric search units.  
5.3 Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility.  
5.4 The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this practice to specify, describe, or provide a performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of ultrasonic search units. All or portions of the practice may be used as determined by the user.  
5.5 The measurements are made primarily under pulse-echo conditions. To determine the relative performance of a search unit as either a transmitter or a receiver may require additional tests.  
5.6 While these procedures relate to many of the significant parameters, others that may be important in specific applications may not be treated. These might include power handling capability, breakdown voltage, wear properties of contact units, radio-frequency interference, and the like.  
5.7 Care must be taken to ensure that comparable measurements are made and that users of the practice follow similar procedures. The conditions specified or selected (if optional) may affect the test results and lead to apparent differences.  
5.8 Interpretation of some test results, such as the shape of the frequency response curve, may be subjective. Small irregularities may be significant. Interpretation of the test results is beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.9 Certain results obtained using the procedures outlined may differ from measurements made with ultrasonic test instruments. These differences may be attributed to differences in the nature of the experiment or the electrical characteristic...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers measurement procedures for evaluating certain characteristics of ultrasonic search units (also known as “probes”) that are used with ultrasonic testing instrumentation. This practice describes means for obtaining performance data that may be used to define the acoustic and electric responses of ultrasonic search units.  
1.2 The procedures are designed to measure search units as individual components (separate from the ultrasonic test instrument) using commercial search unit characterization systems or using laboratory instruments such as signal generators, pulsers, amplifiers, digitizers, oscilloscopes, and waveform analyzers.  
1.3 The procedures are applicable to manufacturing acceptance and incoming inspection of new search units or to periodic performance evaluation of search units throughout their service life.  
1.4 The procedures in Annex A1 – Annex A6 are generally applicable to ultrasonic search units operating within the 0.4 to 10 MHz range. Annex A7 is applicable to higher frequency immersion search unit evaluation. Annex A8 describes a practice for measuring sound beam profiles in metals from contact straight-beam search units. Additional Annexes, such as sound beam profiling for angle-beam search units in metal and alternate means for search unit characterization, will be added when developed.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the ...

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ASTM
ASTM E1211/E1211M-17(Practice)
Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Leakage of gas or liquid from a pressurized system, whether through a crack, orifice, seal break, or other opening, may involve turbulent or cavitational flow, which generates acoustic energy in both the external atmosphere and the system pressure boundary. Acoustic energy transmitted through the pressure boundary can be detected at a distance by using a suitable acoustic emission sensor.  
4.2 With proper selection of frequency passband, sensitivity to leak signals can be maximized by eliminating background noise. At low frequencies, generally below 100 kHz, it is possible for a leak to excite mechanical resonances within the structure that may enhance the acoustic signals used to detect leakage.  
4.3 This practice is not intended to provide a quantitative measure of leak rates.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-mounted acoustic emission sensors (for non-contact sensors see Test Method E1002), or sensors attached to the system via acoustic waveguides (for additional information, see Terminology E1316), and may be used for continuous in-service monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background noise level, system pressure, and type of leak.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E650/E650M-17(Guide)
Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures used in mounting AE sensors can have significant effects upon the performance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of AE requires both appropriate sensor-mounting fixtures and consistent sensor-mounting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides guidelines for mounting piezoelectric acoustic emission (AE) sensors.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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