ASTM E1105-00
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference
Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of installed exterior windows, curtain walls, skylights, and doors to water penetration when water is applied to the outdoor face and exposed edges simultaneously with a static air pressure at the outdoor face higher than the pressure at the indoor face.
1.2 This test method is applicable to any curtain-wall area or to windows, skylights, or doors alone. It is intended primarily for determining the resistance to water penetration through such assemblies for compliance with specified performance criteria, but it may also be used to determine the resistance to penetration through the joints between the assemblies and the adjacent construction. Other procedures may be appropriate to identify sources of leakage.
1.3 This test method addresses water penetration through a manufactured assembly. Water that penetrates the assembly, but does not result in a failure as defined herein, may have adverse effects on the performance of contained materials such as sealants and insulating or laminated glass. This test method does not address these issues.
1.4 The proper use of this test method requires a knowledge of the principles of pressure measurement.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound equivalents of SI units may be approximate.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 7.1.
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Designation:E1105–00
Standard Test Method for
Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed
Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls, by
Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1105; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
tance of installed exterior windows, curtain walls, skylights, E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions
and doors to water penetration when water is applied to the
3. Terminology
outdoorfaceandexposededgessimultaneouslywithastaticair
pressure at the outdoor face higher than the pressure at the 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of general terms relating to
buildingconstructionusedinthistestmethod,seeTerminology
indoor face.
1.2 Thistestmethodisapplicabletoanycurtain-wallareaor E 631.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
to windows, skylights, or doors alone. It is intended primarily
for determining the resistance to water penetration through 3.2.1 specimen, n—the entire assembled unit submitted for
test as installed in the exterior wall of a building.
such assemblies for compliance with specified performance
criteria, but it may also be used to determine the resistance to 3.2.1.1 Discussion—Thetestspecimenconsistsofthemajor
components of the assembly, including all joints, cracks, or
penetration through the joints between the assemblies and the
adjacent construction. Other procedures may be appropriate to openings between such components and any panning, recep-
tors, extenders, sills, mullions, or other parts or components
identify sources of leakage.
1.3 This test method addresses water penetration through a used for assembling any installation. The joints between
assemblies and the openings into which they are mounted
manufactured assembly. Water that penetrates the assembly,
but does not result in a failure as defined herein, may have (masonry openings, for example) are not part of the test
adverse effects on the performance of contained materials such specimen. However, these joints may be tested by this proce-
dure.
as sealants and insulating or laminated glass. This test method
does not address these issues. 3.2.2 test pressure difference, n—the specified difference in
static air pressure across the closed and locked or fixed
1.4 The proper use of this test method requires a knowledge
of the principles of pressure measurement. specimen expressed in pascals (lbf/ft ).
3.2.3 water penetration, n—penetration of water beyond a
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The inch-pound equivalents of SI units may be plane parallel to the glazing (the vertical plane) intersecting the
innermost projection of the test specimen, not including
approximate.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the interiortrimandhardware,underthespecifiedconditionsofair
pressure difference across the specimen. For products with
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- non-planer surfaces (domes, vaults, pyramids, etc.) the plane
definingwaterpenetrationistheplanedefinedbytheinnermost
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard edges of the unit frame.
statements, see 7.1.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method consists of sealing a chamber to the
interior or exterior face of specimen to be tested, supplying air
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
to a chamber mounted on the exterior or exhausting air from a
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51
on Component Performance of Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2000. Published December 2000. Originally
published as E 1105 – 86. Last previous edition E 1105 – 96. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1105–00
chamber mounted on the interior, at the rate required to static air pressure difference water penetration test on an
maintain the test pressure difference across the specimen while in-service building must be carefully evaluated before being
spraying water onto the outdoor face of the specimen at the specified.
required rate and observing any water penetration. 5.5 Weather conditions can affect the static air pressure
difference measurements. If wind gusting causes pressure
5. Significance and Use fluctuation to exceed 610 % from the specified test pressure,
the test should not be conducted.
5.1 Thistestmethodisastandardprocedurefordetermining
5.6 Generally it is more convenient to use an interior
the resistance to water penetration under uniform or cyclic
mounted pressure chamber from which air is exhausted to
static air pressure differences of installed exterior windows,
obtain a lower pressure on the interior surface of the specimen.
skylights, curtain walls, and doors.The air-pressure differences
A calibrated rack of nozzles is then used to spray water at the
acting across a building envelope vary greatly. These factors
proper rate on the exterior surface. Under circumstances where
should be considered fully prior to specifying the test pressure
it is desirable to use an exterior-mounted pressure chamber, the
difference to be used.
spray rack must be located in the pressure chamber and air
NOTE 1—In applying the results of tests by this test method, note that
supplied to maintain a higher pressure on the exterior surface.
the performance of a wall or its components, or both, may be a function
Exterior chambers are difficult to attach readily and seal to
ofproperinstallationandadjustment.Inservice,theperformancewillalso
exterior surfaces.
depend on the rigidity of supporting construction and on the resistance of
5.7 Even though the equipment requirements are similar,
components to deterioration by various causes, vibration, thermal expan-
sion and contraction, and so forth. It is difficult to simulate the identical
this procedure is not intended to measure air infiltration
complex wetting conditions that can be encountered in service, with large
because of the difficulty of isolating the component air leakage
wind-blown water drops, increasing water drop impact pressures with
from the extraneous leakage through weep holes, mullion
increasing wind velocity, and lateral or upward moving air and water.
joints, trim, or other surrounding materials.
Some designs are more sensitive than others to this upward moving water.
NOTE 2—This test method does not identify unobservable liquid water
6. Apparatus
which may penetrate into the test specimen.
6.1 The description of apparatus in this section is general in
5.2 Laboratorytestsaredesignedtogiveanindicationofthe
nature, and any arrangement of equipment capable of perform-
performance of an assembly. Field performance may vary from
ing the test procedures within allowable tolerances is permit-
laboratory performance since the supporting structure for the
ted.
test specimen, methods of mounting, and sealing in the
6.2 Major Components (Fig. 1):
laboratory can only simulate the actual conditions that will
6.2.1 Test Chamber—A test chamber or box made of
exist in the building. Shipping, handling, installation, acts of
plywood, plastic, or other suitable material and sealed against
subsequent trades, aging, and other environmental conditions
the test specimen. Test chambers mounted on the interior must
all may have an adverse effect upon the performance of the
be made so that interior surfaces and joints of the specimen can
installed product. This field test procedure provides a means
be easily observed for water penetration during the test. No
for determining the performance of a product once installed in
part of the testing chamber shall come in contact with or
the building.
restrict any point where water pentration may occur. At least
5.3 The field test may be made at the time the window,
one static air pressure tap shall be provided to measure the
skylight, curtain-wall, or door assemblies are initially installed
chamber air pressure versus the ambient (interior-exterior) air
and before the interior of the building is finished.At this time,
pressure and shall be so located that the reading is unaffected
it is generally easier to check the interior surfaces of the
by exterior impinging wind, or by the velocity of air supply to
assemblies for water penetration and to identify the points of
or from the chamber. The air supply opening into or exhaust
penetration. The major advantage of testing when assemblies
fromthechambershallbearrangedsothatairdoesnotimpinge
are initially installed is that errors in fabrication or installation
directly on the test specimen with any significant velocity. A
can be readily discovered and corrections made before the
means of access into the chamber may be provided to facilitate
entire wall with its component assemblies is completed at
adjustments and observations after the chamber has been
which time the expense of corrective work may be increased
installed.
many times.
6.2.2 Air System—A controllable blower, compressed air
5.4 The field test may also be made after the building is
supply exhaust system, or reversible blower designed to supply
completed and in service to determine whether or not reported
the required maximum air pressure difference across the
leakage problems are due to the failure of the installed
specimen. The system must provide essentially constant air
assemblies to resist water penetration at the specified static air
flow at a fixed pressure for the required test period.
pressure difference. Generally it is possible to conduct tests on
window, skylight, and door assemblies without too much 6.2.3 Pressure Measuring Apparatus—Adevice to measure
the test pressure difference within a tolerance of 62%or 62.5
difficulty, and to identify sources of leakage. A curtain-wall
assembly, on the other hand, may not be accessible from the Pa (60.01 in. of water column), whichever is greater.
inside without the removal of interior finished walls and 6.2.4 Water-Spray System—The water-spray system shall
ceilings. Even with removal of interior walls and ceilings, it deliver water uniformly against the exterior surface of the test
may not be possible to observe curtain-wall surfaces behind specimen at a minimum rate of 3.4 L/m ·min (5.0 U.S.
spandrel beams. The feasibility of conducting a meaningful gal/ft ·h).
E1105–00
FIG. 1 General Arrangement of Water Penetration Test Apparatus
NOTE 3—The National Weather Service Technical Paper No. 40
7.2 Take whatever additional precautions are necessary to
records that in the contiguous 48 United States, the greatest rainfall for a
protect persons from water spray, falling objects (which may
1-hperiodislessthan12.7cm(5.0in.).Therateof3.4L/m ·min(5.0U.S.
include tools), the spray system, or even the exterior test
gal/ft ·h) specified in this test method corresponds to a rainfall of 20.3 cm
chamber.
(8.0 in.)/h unless otherwise specified.
8. Examination of Test Specimens
6.2.4.1 The water-spray system shall have nozzles spaced
on a uniform grid, located at a uniform distance from the test
8.1 Select and identify the test specimen in accordance with
specimen and shall be adjustable to provide the specified
the procedures established in Section 10.
quantity of water in such a manner as to wet all of the test
8.2 Conduct a detailed visual examination of the test speci-
specimen, uniformly and to wet those areas vulnerable to water
men and the construction adjacent to the test specimen. Record
penetration. If additional nozzles are required to provide
all pertinent observations.
uniformity of water spray at the edge of the test specimen, they
8.3 If the intent is to test an operable window, skylight, or
shall be equally spaced around the entire spray grid.
door, the unit should be checked for proper installation by
6.2.4.2 The intake water line to the nozzle grid shall be
opening, closing, and locking the unit five times prior to
equipped with a pressure gage and pressure adjusting valve.
testing, with no further attention other than the initial adjust-
For field testing, the water pressure shall be adjusted to the
ment.
same pressure at which the water spray system was calibrated.
NOTE 4—The purpose of this examination is to record the physical
condition of the test specimen and adjacent construction at the time of
7. Hazards
testing. Examples of pertinent observations to be recorded include; any
7.1 Warning—Glass breakage will not normally occur at
damage or deterioration observed, missing or broken components, miss-
the small pressure differences applied in this test method.
adjustment or weatherstrip or other components, cleanliness of the test
specimen, out-of-square installations, and so forth.
Excessive pressure differences may occur, however, due to
error in operation or gusting wind, therefore, exercise adequate
9. Calibration
precautions to protect personnel.
9.1 The ability of the test apparatus to meet the applicable
requirements shall be checked by using a catch box, the open
National Weather Service, Washington National Airport, Arlington, VA 22202. face of which shall be located at the position of the face of the
E1105–00
test specimen. The calibration device is illustrated in Fig. 2. 10.1.2 Test pressure difference(s) to be applied during the
The catch box shall be designed to receive only water test.
impingingontheplaneofthetestspecimenfaceandtoexclude 10.1.3 Whether uniform or cyclic air pressure difference
all run-off water from above.The box shall be 610 mm (24 in.) tests, or both, shall be used. Duration and number of cycles if
square, divided into four areas each 305 mm (12 in.) square. cyclic test is used.
Use a cover approximately 760 mm (30 in.) square to prevent 10.2 Unless otherwise specified, failure criteria of this test
water from entering the calibration box before and after the method shall be defined as water penetration in accordance
timed observation interval. The water impinging on each area with 3.2.3. Failure also occurs whenever water penetrates
shallbecapturedseparately.Aspraythatprovides
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