ASTM E2662-15
(Practice)Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Flat Panel Composites and Sandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace Applications
Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Flat Panel Composites and Sandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace Applications
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Radiographic examination may be used during product and process design optimization, on line process control, after manufacture inspection, and in service inspection. In addition to verifying structural placement, radiographic examination can be used in the case of honeycomb core materials to detect node bonds, core-to-core splices, and core-to-structure splices. Radiographic examination is especially well suited for detecting sub-surface flaws. The general types of defects detected by radiographic examination include blown core, core corrosion, damaged filaments, density variation, entrapped fluid, fiber debonding, fiber misalignment, foreign material, fractures, inclusions, micro-cracks, node bond failure, porosity/voids, and thickness variation.
5.2 Factors that influence image formation and X-ray attenuation in radiographic examination, and which are relevant to interpreting the images for the conditions of interest, should be included in the examination request. Examples include, but not limited to, the following: laminate (matrix and fiber) material, lay-up geometry, fiber volume fraction (flat panels); facing material, core material, facing stack sequence, core geometry (cell size); core density, facing void content, adhesive void content, and facing volume percent reinforcement (sandwich core materials); overall thickness, specimen alignment, and specimen geometry relative to the beam (flat panels and sandwich core materials).
5.3 Information regarding discontinuities that are detectable using radiographic examination methods can be found in Guide E2533.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to be used as a supplement to Practices E1742, E1255, E2033, and E2698.
1.2 This practice describes procedures for radiographic examination of flat panel composites and sandwich core materials made entirely or in part from fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites. Radiographic examination is: a) Film Radiography (RT), b) Computed Radiography (CR) with Imaging Plate, c) Digital Radiography (DR) with Digital Detector Array’s (DDA), and d) Radioscopic (RTR) Real Time Radiography with a detection system such as an Image Intensifier. The composite materials under consideration typically contain continuous high modulus fibers (> 20 GPa), such as those listed in 1.4.
1.3 This practice describes established radiographic examination methods that are currently used by industry that have demonstrated utility in quality assurance of flat panel composites and sandwich core materials during product process design and optimization, process control, after manufacture inspection, in service examination, and health monitoring. Additional guidance can be found in E2533, Guide for Nondestructive Testing of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace.
1.4 This practice has utility for examination of flat panel composites and sandwich constructions containing, but not limited to, bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amide imide), polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(ether ether ketone), poly(ether imide), polyimide (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(phenylene sulfide), or polysulfone matrices; and alumina, aramid, boron, carbon, glass, quartz, or silicon carbide fibers. Typical as-fabricated geometries include uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply laminates; as well as honeycomb core sandwich constructions.
1.5 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria and is not intended to be used as a means for approving flat panel composites or sandwich core materials for service.
1.6 To ensure proper use of the referenced standards, there are recognized nondestructive testing (NDT) specialists that are certified according to industry and company NDT specifications. It is recommended that a NDT specialist be a part of any composite component design, quality assurance, in service maintenance or damage examination.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address a...
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Designation: E2662 − 15
Standard Practice for
Radiographic Examination of Flat Panel Composites and
1
Sandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2662; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.5 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria and
is not intended to be used as a means for approving flat panel
1.1 This practice is intended to be used as a supplement to
composites or sandwich core materials for service.
Practices E1742, E1255, E2033, and E2698.
1.6 To ensure proper use of the referenced standards, there
1.2 This practice describes procedures for radiographic
are recognized nondestructive testing (NDT) specialists that
examination of flat panel composites and sandwich core
are certified according to industry and company NDT specifi-
materials made entirely or in part from fiber-reinforced poly-
cations. It is recommended that a NDT specialist be a part of
mer matrix composites. Radiographic examination is: a) Film
any composite component design, quality assurance, in service
Radiography (RT), b) Computed Radiography (CR) with
maintenance or damage examination.
Imaging Plate, c) Digital Radiography (DR) with Digital
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
DetectorArray’s (DDA), and d) Radioscopic (RTR) Real Time
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Radiography with a detection system such as an Image
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Intensifier. The composite materials under consideration typi-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
cally contain continuous high modulus fibers (> 20 GPa), such
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
as those listed in 1.4.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 This practice describes established radiographic exami-
2
nation methods that are currently used by industry that have
2.1 ASTM Standards:
demonstrated utility in quality assurance of flat panel compos-
C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
ites and sandwich core materials during product process design
D1434 TestMethodforDeterminingGasPermeabilityChar-
and optimization, process control, after manufacture
acteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting
inspection, in service examination, and health monitoring.
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
Additional guidance can be found in E2533, Guide for Non-
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
destructive Testing of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
Aerospace.
Testing
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-
1.4 This practice has utility for examination of flat panel
ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
composites and sandwich constructions containing, but not
Used for Radiology
limited to, bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amide imide),
E1000 Guide for Radioscopy
polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermosetting and
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
thermoplastic), poly(ether ether ketone), poly(ether imide),
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
polyimide (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(phenylene
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
sulfide), or polysulfone matrices; and alumina, aramid, boron,
E1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of
carbon, glass, quartz, or silicon carbide fibers. Typical as-
Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
fabricated geometries include uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply
E1255 Practice for Radioscopy
laminates; as well as honeycomb core sandwich constructions.
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
2
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2015.PublishedJuly2015.Originallyapproved Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
in 2009. Last previous edition approved as E2662–15. DOI: 10.1520/E2662-15. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2662 − 09 E2662 − 15
Standard Practice for
RadiologicRadiographic Examination of Flat Panel
Composites and Sandwich Core Materials Used in
1
Aerospace Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2662; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This practice is intended to be used as a supplement to Practices E1742, E1255, E2033and , and E2033E2698.
1.2 This practice describes procedures for radiologicradiographic examination of flat panel composites and sandwich core
materials made entirely or in part from fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites. RadiologicRadiographic examination is: a)
radiographic (RT) with film, Film Radiography (RT), b) Computed Radiography (CR) with Imaging Plate, c) Digital
RadiologyRadiography (DR) with Digital Detector Array’s (DDA), and d) Radioscopic (RTR) Real Time RadiologyRadiography
with a detection system such as an Image Intensifier. The composite materials under consideration typically contain continuous
high modulus fibers (> 20 GPa), such as those listed in 1.4.
1.3 This practice describes established radiologicalradiographic examination methods that are currently used by industry that
have demonstrated utility in quality assurance of flat panel composites and sandwich core materials during product process design
and optimization, process control, after manufacture inspection, in service examination, and health monitoring. Additional
guidance can be found in E2533, Guide for Nondestructive Testing of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace.
1.4 This practice has utility for examination of flat panel composites and sandwich constructions containing, but not limited to,
bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amide imide), polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(ether
ether ketone), poly(ether imide), polyimide (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(phenylene sulfide), or polysulfone matrices;
and alumina, aramid, boron, carbon, glass, quartz, or silicon carbide fibers. Typical as-fabricated geometries include uniaxial, cross
ply and angle ply laminates; as well as honeycomb core sandwich constructions.
1.5 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria and is not intended to be used as a means for approving flat panel
composites or sandwich core materials for service.
1.6 To ensure proper use of the referenced standards, there are recognized nondestructive testing (NDT) specialists that are
certified according to industry and company NDT specifications. It is recommended that a NDT specialist be a part of any
composite component design, quality assurance, in service maintenance or damage examination.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
D1434 Test Method for Determining Gas Permeability Characteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X and
Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009June 1, 2015. Published June 2009July 2015. Originally approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved as E2662–15. DOI:
10.1520/E2662-09.10.1520/E2662-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E2662 − 15
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Ma
...
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