ASTM E2662-15(2022)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Flat Panel Composites and Sandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace Applications
Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Flat Panel Composites and Sandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace Applications
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Radiographic examination may be used during product and process design optimization, on line process control, after manufacture inspection, and in service inspection. In addition to verifying structural placement, radiographic examination can be used in the case of honeycomb core materials to detect node bonds, core-to-core splices, and core-to-structure splices. Radiographic examination is especially well suited for detecting sub-surface flaws. The general types of defects detected by radiographic examination include blown core, core corrosion, damaged filaments, density variation, entrapped fluid, fiber debonding, fiber misalignment, foreign material, fractures, inclusions, micro-cracks, node bond failure, porosity/voids, and thickness variation.
5.2 Factors that influence image formation and X-ray attenuation in radiographic examination, and which are relevant to interpreting the images for the conditions of interest, should be included in the examination request. Examples include, but not limited to, the following: laminate (matrix and fiber) material, lay-up geometry, fiber volume fraction (flat panels); facing material, core material, facing stack sequence, core geometry (cell size); core density, facing void content, adhesive void content, and facing volume percent reinforcement (sandwich core materials); overall thickness, specimen alignment, and specimen geometry relative to the beam (flat panels and sandwich core materials).
5.3 Information regarding discontinuities that are detectable using radiographic examination methods can be found in Guide E2533.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to be used as a supplement to Practices E1742, E1255, E2033, and E2698.
1.2 This practice describes procedures for radiographic examination of flat panel composites and sandwich core materials made entirely or in part from fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites. Radiographic examination is: a) Film Radiography (RT), b) Computed Radiography (CR) with Imaging Plate, c) Digital Radiography (DR) with Digital Detector Array’s (DDA), and d) Radioscopic (RTR) Real Time Radiography with a detection system such as an Image Intensifier. The composite materials under consideration typically contain continuous high modulus fibers (> 20 GPa), such as those listed in 1.4.
1.3 This practice describes established radiographic examination methods that are currently used by industry that have demonstrated utility in quality assurance of flat panel composites and sandwich core materials during product process design and optimization, process control, after manufacture inspection, in service examination, and health monitoring. Additional guidance can be found in E2533, Guide for Nondestructive Testing of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace.
1.4 This practice has utility for examination of flat panel composites and sandwich constructions containing, but not limited to, bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amide imide), polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(ether ether ketone), poly(ether imide), polyimide (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(phenylene sulfide), or polysulfone matrices; and alumina, aramid, boron, carbon, glass, quartz, or silicon carbide fibers. Typical as-fabricated geometries include uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply laminates; as well as honeycomb core sandwich constructions.
1.5 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria and is not intended to be used as a means for approving flat panel composites or sandwich core materials for service.
1.6 To ensure proper use of the referenced standards, there are recognized nondestructive testing (NDT) specialists that are certified according to industry and company NDT specifications. It is recommended that a NDT specialist be a part of any composite component design, quality assurance, in service maintenance or damage examination.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address a...
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2662 − 15 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Practice for
Radiographic Examination of Flat Panel Composites and
Sandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2662; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.5 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria and
is not intended to be used as a means for approving flat panel
1.1 This practice is intended to be used as a supplement to
composites or sandwich core materials for service.
Practices E1742, E1255, E2033, and E2698.
1.6 To ensure proper use of the referenced standards, there
1.2 This practice describes procedures for radiographic
are recognized nondestructive testing (NDT) specialists that
examination of flat panel composites and sandwich core
are certified according to industry and company NDT specifi-
materials made entirely or in part from fiber-reinforced poly-
cations. It is recommended that a NDT specialist be a part of
mer matrix composites. Radiographic examination is: a) Film
any composite component design, quality assurance, in service
Radiography (RT), b) Computed Radiography (CR) with
maintenance or damage examination.
Imaging Plate, c) Digital Radiography (DR) with Digital
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
DetectorArray’s (DDA), and d) Radioscopic (RTR) Real Time
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Radiography with a detection system such as an Image
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Intensifier. The composite materials under consideration typi-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
cally contain continuous high modulus fibers (> 20 GPa), such
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
as those listed in 1.4.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.3 This practice describes established radiographic exami-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
nation methods that are currently used by industry that have
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
demonstrated utility in quality assurance of flat panel compos-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
ites and sandwich core materials during product process design
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
and optimization, process control, after manufacture
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
inspection, in service examination, and health monitoring.
Additional guidance can be found in E2533, Guide for Non-
2. Referenced Documents
destructive Testing of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Aerospace.
C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
1.4 This practice has utility for examination of flat panel
(Withdrawn 2016)
composites and sandwich constructions containing, but not
D1434 TestMethodforDeterminingGasPermeabilityChar-
limited to, bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amide imide),
acteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting
polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermosetting and
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
thermoplastic), poly(ether ether ketone), poly(ether imide),
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial
polyimide (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(phenylene
Radiographic Film
sulfide), or polysulfone matrices; and alumina, aramid, boron,
E543 Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
carbon, glass, quartz, or silicon carbide fibers. Typical as-
Testing
fabricated geometries include uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-
laminates; as well as honeycomb core sandwich constructions.
ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiology
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2022. Published December 2022. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E2662 – 15. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/E2662-15R22. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2662 − 15 (2022)
E1000 Guide for Radioscopy 2.4 Aerospace Industries Association Document:
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
Test Personnel
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
2.5 Department of Defense (DoD) Documents:
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiography
MIL-I-24768/10 Insulation, Plastics, Laminated,
E1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of
Thermosetting, Paper-Base, Phenolic-Resin (PBE)
Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging
MIL-I-24768/11 Insulation, Plastics, Laminated,
E1255 Practice for Radioscopy
Thermosetting, Paper-Base, Phenolic-Resin (PBG)
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
2.6 ISO Documents:
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases (With-
ISO 19232-1 Non-destructive Testing—Image Quality of
drawn 2015)
Radiographs—Part 1: Determination of the Image Quality
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
Value using Wire-type Image Quality Indicators
E1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core
2.7 EN Documents:
Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases
EN 4179 Qualification and Approval of Personnel for Non-
(Withdrawn 2015)
destructive Testing
E1742 Practice for Radiographic Examination
E1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for
3. Terminology
Industrial Radiography
3.1 Definitions—Terminology in accordance with Termi-
E1817 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Ex-
nologies C274, D3878, and E1316 shall be used where
amination by Using Representative Quality Indicators
applicable.
(RQIs)
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
E2007 Guide for Computed Radiography
3.2.1 CEO—Cognizant Engineering Organization, n—the
E2033 Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Com-
company, government agency, or other authority responsible
puted Radiography (Photostimulable Luminescence
for the design, or end use, of the device(s) for which radio-
Method)
graphical examination is required. This, in addition to design
E2445 Practice for Performance Evaluation and Long-Term
personnel, may include personnel from engineering, material
Stability of Computed Radiography Systems
and process engineering, nondestructive testing (usually the
E2446 Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Com-
cognizant Radiographic Level 3), or quality groups, as appro-
puted Radiography Systems
priate.
E2533 Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Polymer
3.2.2 flat panel composite, n—any fiber reinforced compos-
Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace Applications
ite lay-up consisting laminae (plies) with one or more orienta-
E2597 Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Digi-
tions with respect to some reference direction that are consoli-
tal Detector Arrays
dated by press or autoclave to yield a two-dimensionally flat
E2698 Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital
article of finite thickness.
Detector Arrays
E2736 Guide for Digital Detector Array Radiography 3.2.3 sandwich core material, n—astructuralpanelmadeup
of two relatively thin outer skins of composite laminate or
E2737 Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance
othermaterial,suchasmetalorwood,separatedbyandbonded
Evaluation and Long-Term Stability
to a relatively thick lightweight inner core such as honeycomb,
2.2 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measure-
open and close cell foam, wave formed material, bonded
ment (NCRP) Documents:
composite tubes, or naturally occurring material such as balsa
NCRP 49 Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation for
wood. See also sandwich core construction in Terminology
Medical Use of X-Rays and Gamma Rays of Energies up
C274.
to 10 MeV
NCRP 116 Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
4. Summary of Practice
NCRP 144 Radiation Protection for Particle Accelerator Fa-
4.1 Agency Evaluation—When specified in the contractual
cilities
agreement, NDT agencies shall be evaluated and qualified in
2.3 Federal Standards:
accordance with Practice E543.
10 CFR 20 Standards for Protection Against Radiation
4.2 RT shall be conducted in accordance with Practice
21 CFR 1020.40 Safety Requirements of Cabinet X-ray
E1742, Guide E94, and the additional requirements of this
Systems
practice.
29 CFR 1910.1096 Ionizing Radiation (X-rays, RF, etc.)
Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
Available from NCRP Publications, 7010 Woodmont Ave., Suite 1016,
Bethesda, MD 20814. Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments, la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:// Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Avenue
www.access.gpo.gov. Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cen.eu.
E2662 − 15 (2022)
4.3 RTR shall be conducted in accordance with Practice radiation dose exceeding the maximum safe limits as permitted
E1255, Guide E1000, and the additional requirements of this by city, state, or national codes.
practice.
7. Equipment and Materials
4.4 CR shall be conducted in accordance with Practice
7.1 Equipment:
E2033, Guide E2007, and the additional requirements of this
7.1.1 X-Radiation Sources—Selection of suitable X-ray ma-
practice.
chines will depend upon variables regarding the specimen
4.5 DR shall be conducted in accordance with Practice
being examined and the size and type of defects being sought.
E2698, Guide E2736, and the additional requirements of this
The suitability of an X-ray machine shall be demonstrated by
practice.
attainment of the required radiographic quality level, radio-
graphic contrast, and compliance with all other requirements
5. Significance and Use
stipulated in this practice.
7.1.1.1 Geometric magnification may be used with the
5.1 Radiographic examination may be used during product
following caveats and considerations:
and process design optimization, on line process control, after
(a) The higher the magnification factor used, the smaller
manufacture inspection, and in service inspection. In addition
the area of inspection becomes within the part that is normal to
to verifying structural placement, radiographic examination
the radiation beam. This makes detection of certain
can be used in the case of honeycomb core materials to detect
discontinuities, such as cracks that occupy a significant portion
node bonds, core-to-core splices, and core-to-structure splices.
of the part thickness more challenging to detect.
Radiographic examination is especially well suited for detect-
(b) System spatial resolution increases with magnification,
ing sub-surface flaws. The general types of defects detected by
which can increase overall system sharpness. However, the
radiographic examination include blown core, core corrosion,
maximum magnification allowed shall be based on the un-
damaged filaments, density variation, entrapped fluid, fiber
sharpness requirements of Table 1.
debonding, fiber misalignment, foreign material, fractures,
(c) Contrast to Noise increases with greater object-to-
inclusions, micro-cracks, node bond failure, porosity/voids,
detector distance because less scatter radiation reaches the
and thickness variation.
detector.
5.2 Factors that influence image formation and X-ray at-
7.1.1.2 Whenusingmagnification,thefocalspotsizeshould
tenuation in radiographic examination, and which are relevant
be small enough to avoid unsharpness due to the size of the
to interpreting the images for the conditions of interest, should
focal spot in accordance with section 8.5 herein.
be included in the examination request. Examples include, but
7.1.2 GammaRadiationSources—Gammaradiationsources
not limited to, the following: laminate (matrix and fiber)
are generally not suitable for the high contrast, high sensitivity
material, lay-up geometry, fiber volume fraction (flat panels);
requirements needed to meet the requirements of this practice.
facing material, core material, facing stack sequence, core
The use of gamma ray sources will only be allowed when
geometry (cell size); core density, facing void content, adhe-
approved by the CEO, or the cognizant Level 3 Radiographer,
sive void content, and facing volume percent reinforcement
or both.The suitability of a specific gamma ray source shall be
(sandwich core materials); overall thickness, specimen
demonstrated by attainment of the required radiographic qual-
alignment, and specimen geometry relative to the beam (flat
ity level, radiographic contrast, and compliance with all other
panels and sandwich core materials).
requirements stipulated in this practice.
5.3 Information regarding discontinuities that are detectable
7.1.3 Film Processing Equipment—The following are the
usingradiographicexaminationmethodscanbefoundinGuide
descriptions of automatic processors and manual processing in
E2533.
regards to film processing equipment.
7.1.3.1 Automatic Film Processors—Automaticfilmproces-
6. Qualification sors shall conform to the film manufacturer’s requirements
(that is, time, temperature, and replenishment rates) for film
6.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing exami-
processing, and be maintained in accordance with the manu-
nations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with
facturer’srecommendationsinsuchamannerastoconsistently
NAS410 or EN 4179 and certified by the employer. Other
produce blemish-free and archival quality radiographs. Auto-
equivalent qualification documents may be used when speci-
m
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