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ASTM F2958-14

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) Technician

Standard Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) Technician

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for training a Helicopter SAR Technician, who is a crewmember with focus on the general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to function within a helicopter in support of an inland search and rescue operation. A person trained to this guide shall be recognized as a Helicopter SAR Technician crewmember.  
4.2 Every person who is identified as a Helicopter SAR Technician shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals and authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs) that wish to identify the minimum training standards for Helicopter SAR Technician.  
4.4 This guide is the first level of training for Helicopter SAR Ttechnician and as such, only establishes the minimum knowledge and skills required to perform during helicopter operations.  
4.5 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Helicopter SAR Technician, and it can be used to develop a training document or program.  
4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific information needed by a Helicopter SAR Technician.  
4.7 Though this guide establishes the minimum standards, it does not imply that a Helicopter SAR Technician is “in training,” “on probation,” or in any other similar AHJ member status. It is up to the AHJ to determine the requirements and qualifications for member ratings.  
4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities requirements presented in the following sections are not presented in any particular order and do not represent any specific training sequence.  
4.9 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall meet the ASTM standards for the environments for which the technician will be working and shall be able to interface with ground SAR resources.  
4.9.1 In order to operate safely around or in a given sub-environment within this area of specializ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard for a helicopter inland search and rescue technician (hereafter known as Helicopter SAR Technician) with focus on the general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to function as a member of the crew with a helicopter in support of an inland search and rescue operation.  
1.2 This guide is focused on inland, non-oceanic areas of operation, including flood and swiftwater rescue operations.  
1.3 This guide is focused on persons functioning as a crewmember with helicopters only; no fixed-winged operations are included.  
1.4 General, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge and skills related to inland search and rescue are found in the following referenced ASTM documents: F1591, F1633, F1739, F1846, F2209, F2685, and F2751. The training identified in this guide supplements and enhances the search and rescue technician’s existing training, knowledge, and skills.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2014
ICS
13.200 - Accident and disaster control
Technical Committee
F32 - Search and Rescue
Drafting Committee
F32.03 - Personnel, Training and Education
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM F2958-14(2019) - Standard Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) Technician
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM F1993-16(2022) - Standard Classification System of Human Land Search and Rescue Resources
Effective Date
01-May-2014

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ASTM F2958-14 - Standard Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) TechnicianASTM F2958-14 - Standard Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) Technician
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ASTM F2958-14 - Standard Guide for Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) Technician
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2958 − 14
Standard Guide for
1
Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) Technician
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2958; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope F2209 Guide for Training of Level I Land Search Team
Member
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard
F2685 Guide for Training of a Land Search Team Leader
for a helicopter inland search and rescue technician (hereafter
(STL)
known as Helicopter SAR Technician) with focus on the
F2751 Guide for Training of Support Level Land Rescue
general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills,
Team Member (LRT-Support) Member
and abilities needed to function as a member of the crew with
a helicopter in support of an inland search and rescue opera-
3. Terminology
tion.
3.1 Acronyms:
1.2 This guide is focused on inland, non-oceanic areas of
3.1.1 AGL—Above Ground Level
operation, including flood and swiftwater rescue operations.
3.1.2 AHJ—Authority Having Jurisdiction
1.3 This guide is focused on persons functioning as a
3.1.3 ANVIS—Aviator’s Night Vision Imaging System
crewmemberwithhelicoptersonly;nofixed-wingedoperations
3.1.4 CRM—Crew Resource Management
are included.
3.1.5 FLIR—Forward Looking Infra-Red
1.4 General,field,andsearchandrescuespecificknowledge
and skills related to inland search and rescue are found in the
3.1.6 HEED—Helicopter Emergency Egress Device
followingreferencedASTMdocuments:F1591,F1633,F1739,
3.1.7 HELP—Heat Escape Lessening Posture
F1846, F2209, F2685, and F2751. The training identified in
3.1.8 HS—HeliSpot
this guide supplements and enhances the search and rescue
3.1.9 HUET—Helicopter Underwater Egress
technician’s existing training, knowledge, and skills.
3.1.10 LZ—Landing Zone
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.11 PCDS—Personnel Carrying Device System
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.12 PFD—Personal Flotation Device
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.13 PPE—Personal Protective Equipment
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.14 SAR—Search and Rescue
2. Referenced Documents
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3.2.1 altitude, n—the height expressed in units of distance
F1591 Practice for Visual Signals Between Persons on the aboveareferenceplane,usuallyabovemeansealevelorabove
Ground and in Aircraft During Ground Emergencies ground level.
F1633 Guide for Techniques in Land Search
3.2.2 authority having jurisdiction (AHJ), n—an
F1739 Guide for Performance of a Water Rescuer—Level I
organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the
F1846 Practice for Symbols and Markings for Use With
requirements of a code or standard, or for approving
Land Search Maps
equipment, materials, and installation or procedure.
3.2.3 crewmember, n—an individual assigned a duty in a
3
helicopter during flight time.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search
3.2.4 crew resource management (CRM), n—a method for
and Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,
Training and Education.
addressing the challenge of optimizing the human/machine
Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published July 2014. DOI: 10.1520/
interface and accompanying interpersonal activities to include
F2958-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Aviation Training Glossary, https://www.iat.gov/Training/pages/online.asp;
the ASTM website. 14CFR1.1: FAA Definitions.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2958 − 14
activities which may include team building, information focus on the general, field, and search and rescue specific
sharing, problem solving, decision making, and maintaining knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to function within a
situational awareness. CRM is the use of all available helicopter in support of an inland search and rescue operation.
resources, information, equipment, and people to achieve safe A person trained to this guide shall be recognized as a
4
and efficient flight operations. Helicopter SAR Technician crewmember.
3.2.5 emergency, n—(a) life-threatening—a situation or oc-
4.2 E
...

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1.1 This classification is intended to identify the common functional units and single resources used in search and rescue operations; to aid search and rescue (SAR) managers and Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) in assembling or ordering resources for search, rescue, or search and rescue incidents; and to aid in identifying the tasks for which crews have been trained.  
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4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities that a person must have to perform as a Land Search Team Leader. No other skills are included or implied.  
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1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard for Land Search Team Leaders as it relates to their general, field, and search-specific knowledge, skills, and experience.  
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1.3 This guide does not provide the minimum training requirements for searching in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels).  
1.4 No knots, rope, litter, or other rescue skills are required of a Land Search Team Leader.  
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This classification aids search and rescue managers in ordering resources for search and rescue incidents and to aid dog handlers in communicating the types of tasks for which they and their dogs have trained. This classification is intended as a supplement to the resource typing specifications of the Incident Command System and specifically as a means of typing search and rescue dog resources and is suitable for classifying dog resources for a wide variety of emergency management purposes including both search and rescue and law enforcement incidents. This classification does not attempt to put forth standards of performance or training for dogs or their handlers. Search and rescue dog under this classification is either Type I or Type II, based upon whether or not the dog can effectively discriminate between the human scent of different individuals. Kind classifications of SAR dog resources are based upon the specific tasks for which dogs are deployed and include: Kind A, area search dog; Kind B, avalanche search dog; Kind C, cadaver search dog; Kind D, disaster/collapsed structure search dog; Kind E, evidence search dog; Kind F, railing search dog; Kind G, tracking search dog; and Kind H, water search.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An area search dog crew or team is required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities outlined within this document.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a dog crew or team to perform an area search.  
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1.2.1 Additional training shall be required for area search dog crews or teams that search in mountainous terrain, alpine environments, or underground.  
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1.5 Area search dog crews or teams must work under qualified supervision deemed appropriate by the AHJ.  
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1.7 Search dog crews or teams are eligible to be members of Type I and II SAR crews or teams of the following Kinds, as defined in Classification F1993:  
1.7.1 Kind A (Wilderness),  
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1.7.7 Kind K (Aircraft), and  
1.7.8 Kind L (Unclassified).  
1.8 Further training may be required before an area search dog crew or team can fully participate on a particular Type and Kind of team or crew, based on specific local needs, regulations, or policies.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for training Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leaders as it relates to their general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
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4.3 Every person who is identified as a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader shall have met the requirements in this guide.  
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4.5 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader. It can, however, be used to develop, or as part of, a training document or program.  
4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide specific information needed by a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader.  
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4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order, and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.9 The AHJ will determine the evaluation process to assess a person’s knowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam, demonstration, or other means specified by the AHJ.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training for Land SAR Strike Team/Task Force Leaders as it relates to their general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
1.2 A Land SAR Strike Team Leader/Task Force Leader is responsible for direct supervision, general leadership, wellness, and safety of multiple SAR teams and resources operating on all land and water environments, including intertidal areas, but not oceans or swiftwater.  
1.3 Type I-IV teams which may utilize personnel trained to this guide are Kind A (wilderness), Kind B (urban), and Kind C (mountainous/alpine), Kind D (disaster/collapse), Kind E (inland water), Kind G (cave), Kind H (mine), Kind I (avalanche), Kind J (evidence/cadaver), Kind K (aircraft), and/or Kind L (unclassified). See Classification F1993.  
1.4 A Land SAR Strike Team Leader/Task Force Leader may work in remote areas including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.  
1.5 Further training may be required depending on the regulations or policies of the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F3145-15(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician Basic

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum requirements for training SWFT-Basic personnel. A person trained to this guide is considered to be a SWFT-Basic.  
4.2 Every person who is identified as a SWFT-Basic shall have met the requirements or equivalent of this guide.  
4.3 This guide is to be used by the individuals and Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) that wish to identify the minimum training required for SWFT-Basic. No advanced skills are included or implied.  
4.4 This guide was developed specifically for use in the United States, but may be used in other countries as needed.  
4.5 This guide should be used in conjunction with established and authorized guidelines and procedures mandated by the AHJ.  
4.6 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements for its own members.  
4.7 The AHJ shall determine that personnel, agencies, and organizations are qualified and authorized to participate in swiftwater/flood search and rescue operations.  
4.8 The AHJ shall determine the evaluation process used to assess the extent to which the requirements of this guide are met.  
4.9 Swiftwater personnel should only perform activities in the swiftwater environment after a thorough risk assessment and appropriate risk mitigation efforts (such as the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), restricting efforts to shore-based techniques, or delaying a recovery until more favorable water conditions exist) have been performed. At the very least, personnel should follow the appropriate national, federal, state, tribal, provincial, and local safety standards as they apply to activities in swiftwater environments. SWFT-Basic personnel should be supervised by a Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician-Intermediate (SWFT-Intermediate) or Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician-Advanced (SWFT-Advanced) for in-water rescue operations. Shore-based rescue does not necessarily require SWFT-Intermediate or SWFT-Advanced supervision, but any rescue requires appro...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the areas of expertise that Search and Rescue (SAR) Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician Basic (SWFT-Basic) personnel shall demonstrate in order to perform in, on, or around a swiftwater environment.  
1.1.1 Specifically, this guide defines the recommended training required to prepare SWFT-Basic personnel, or equivalent, for responding to or conducting shore-based swiftwater and flood rescue operations.  
1.1.2 This guide establishes the general areas of expertise that SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate. This guide does not cover specialized types of swiftwater/flood SAR, such as helicopter and boat-based rescues.  
1.1.3 This guide also establishes the minimum training requirements.  
1.2 This is the entry-level position for swiftwater/flood responders.  
1.3 SWFT-Basic personnel shall be able to recognize, reduce, eliminate, or mitigate, within the scope of their training, the hazards and risks in a swiftwater or flood situation or environment and be able to request appropriate additional resources.  
1.4 This guide identifies types of rescues, tactics, and systems that are typically used by SWFT-Basic personnel, such as shore-based rescues using talking, reaching, throwing, and wading methods.  
1.5 SWFT-Basic personnel who have met the minimum qualifications and experience within this guide are capable of performing shore-based rescues and assisting with in-water rescues from the shore under qualified supervision.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F3048-13(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Swiftwater/Flood Search and Rescue Operations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes a framework within which swiftwater/flood SAR operations shall be conducted.  
4.2 Every person, agency, and organization that responds to, or participates in, swiftwater/flood SAR operations should operate within the framework established by this guide.  
4.3 This guide and the framework it establishes should be used in conjunction with established and authorized guidelines and procedures mandated by an AHJ.  
4.4 The AHJ shall determine which personnel, agencies, and/or organizations are qualified and authorized to participate in swiftwater/flood SAR operations.  
4.5 This guide is to be used by individuals and AHJ that wish to perform swiftwater/flood SAR operations as part of the NIMS/ICS.  
4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to safely and effectively perform swiftwater/flood SAR operations.  
4.7 The AHJ will determine the evaluation process to assess the extent to which the requirements of this standard are met.  
4.8 Because operations in the swiftwater/flood environment are inherently dangerous, and individuals involved are frequently required to perform rigorous activities in adverse conditions, regional and national safety standards should be included in agency policies and procedures.  
4.9 Swiftwater/flood personnel should only perform activities in the swiftwater environment after a thorough risk assessment and appropriate risk mitigation efforts (for example, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), restricting efforts to shore-based techniques, delaying a recovery until more favorable water conditions exist, etc.) have been performed, or at the very least, should follow the appropriate federal, state, tribal, provincial, and local safety standards as they apply to activities in swiftwater environments.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes a framework within which swiftwater/flood Search and Rescue (SAR) operations shall be conducted as part of the National Incident Management System (NIMS)/Incident Command System (ICS).  
1.2 The requirements of this guide shall apply to individuals, agencies, and organizations that respond to swiftwater/flood SAR operations, including those not regulated by government mandates.  
1.3 This document does not define the specific training required for personnel involved in swiftwater/flood SAR operations. Refer to local, state, federal, public, and private swiftwater rescue certification and operations courses that satisfy the existing authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) requirements.  
1.4 This guide includes references more common to the United States of America, but may be adapted for use elsewhere.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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