ASTM E192-95(1999)
(Specification)Standard Reference Radiographs for Investment Steel Castings of Aerospace Applications
Standard Reference Radiographs for Investment Steel Castings of Aerospace Applications
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in thin-wall steel investment castings. They are intended to provide the following:
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of thin-wall steel casting discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and degree through radiographic examination.
1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications and drawings.
1.2 Two illustration categories are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Graded -Six common discontinuity types each illustrated in eight degrees of progressively increasing severity.
1.2.2 Ungraded -Twelve single illustrations of additional discontinuity types and of patterns and imperfections not generally regarded as discontinuities.
1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for casting sections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) in thickness.
1.4 This document may be used where there is no other applicable document existing or for other material thicknesses for which it is found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between the purchaser and manufacturer. Note 1-The set of reference radiographs, produced with X-rays in the range from 130 to 250 kVp, consist of 16 plates (8 1/2 by 11 in.) (216 by 279 mm) in a 9 3/4 by 11 1/2-in. (248 by 292-mm) ring binder.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: E 192 – 95 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Reference Radiographs for
Investment Steel Castings of Aerospace Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 192; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and 2.1 ASTM Standards:
degrees of discontinuities occurring in thin-wall steel invest- E 94 Guide for Radiographic Testing
ment castings. They are intended to provide the following: E 142 Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic
1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of thin-wall steel casting Testing
discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Testing Examina-
degree through radiographic examination. tions
1.1.2 Example radiographic illustrations of discontinuities 2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings for
specifications and drawings. Aerospace Applications
1.2 Two illustration categories are covered as follows:
3. Terminology
1.2.1 Graded—Six common discontinuity types each illus-
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms used in this standard
trated in eight degrees of progressively increasing severity.
1.2.2 Ungraded—Twelve single illustrations of additional may be found in Terminology E 1316, Section D.
3.2 The terms relating to discontinuities present in these
discontinuity types and of patterns and imperfections not
generally regarded as discontinuities. reference radiographs are described based upon radiographic
appearance.
1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for casting
sections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) in thickness. 3.2.1 Gas:
3.2.1.1 gas holes—round or elongated, smooth edged dark
1.4 This document may be used where there is no other
spots, occurring individually, in clusters, or distributed ran-
applicable document existing or for other material thicknesses
for which it is found to be applicable and for which agreement domly throughout the casting.
3.2.2 Shrinkage:
has been reached between the purchaser and manufacturer.
3.2.2.1 shrinkage cavity— an area with distinct jagged
NOTE 1—The set of reference radiographs, produced with X-rays in the
boundaries.
range from 130 to 250 kVp, consist of 16 plates (8 ⁄2 by 11 in.) (216 by
3 1 3.2.2.2 shrinkage, sponge—an area, lacy in texture, with a
279 mm) in a 9 ⁄4 by 11 ⁄2 -in. (248 by 292-mm) ring binder.
very diffuse outline.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.2.2.3 shrinkage, dendritic—a distribution of very fine
as the standard.
lines or small elongated cavities that may vary in density and
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
are usually unconnected.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.2.4 shrinkage, filamentary—usually a continuous struc-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ture of connected lines or branches of variable length, width
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
and density, or occasionally, a network.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.3 Heterogeneities:
3.2.3.1 foreign material less dense—irregularly shaped in-
dications more dense than the background but less dense than
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee gas holes of similar magnitude.
E-7 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
3.2.3.2 foreign material more dense—irregularly shaped
E07.02 on Reference Radiographs.
indications less dense than the background.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1995. Published December 1995. Originally
published as E 192 – 62 T. Last previous edition E 192 – 91.
The reference radiographs are considered to be applicable to all thin-wall steel
castings, requiring close tolerances. Such castings generally include those made by Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
the lost wax, frozen mercury, ceramicast or shell mold processes. Available from ASTM Headquarters, Order RRE0192.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 192 – 95 (1999)
TABLE 1 Range of Illustration
3.2.4 Discrete Discontinuities:
3.2.4.1 hot tears—ragged dark lines of variable width and Illustration
Plate Thick- Applicable Casting
numerous branches. They have no definite lines of continuity
Illustrations
ness, in. Thickness, in. (mm)
and may exist in groups. They may originate internally or at the
(mm)
surface.
Graded:
1 1
3.2.4.2 cold cracks— straight or jagged lines usually con-
Gas holes ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄4 (6.4) and under
3 1 1
Gas holes ⁄8 (9.5) Over ⁄4 to ⁄2 (6.4 to 12.7), incl
tinuous throughout their length. Cold cracks generally appear
3 1
Gas holes ⁄4 (19) Over ⁄2 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), incl
singly. They start at the surface.
3.2.4.3 cold shut—a distinct dense line or band of variable
Shrinkage cavity ⁄4 (19) All thicknesses
length and definite smooth outline.
1 1
Shrinkage, sponge ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄4 (6.4) and under
3.2.4.4 misruns—prominent dense areas of variable dimen-
3 1 1
Shrinkage, sponge ⁄8 (9.5) Over ⁄4 to ⁄2 (6.4 to 12.7), incl
3 1
sions with a definite smooth outline. Shrinkage, sponge ⁄4 (19) Over ⁄2 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), incl
3.2.4.5 core shift—a variation in wall thickness.
1 1
Shrinkage, dendritic ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄4 (6.4) and under
3.2.5 defective mold, is illustrated by such common defects
3 1 1
Shrinkage, dendritic ⁄8 9.5) Over ⁄4 to ⁄2 (6.4 to 12.7), incl
3 1
as mold crack, mold ridge, rattail, scab, and fin. These
Shrinkage, dendritic ⁄4 (19) Over ⁄2 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), incl
conditions appear as areas or lines of different density than the
Shrinkage, filamentary ⁄4 (19) All thicknesses
background. Illustrations of the defect include:
1 1
3.2.5.1 mold buckle, positive—a lightened irregularly
Foreign material, less dense ⁄8 (3.2) ⁄4 (6.4) and under
3 1 1
Foreign material, less dense ⁄8 (9.5) Over ⁄4 to ⁄2 (6.4 to 12.7), incl
shaped area least dense near the center and gradually increas-
3 1
Foreign material, less dense ⁄4 (19) Over ⁄2 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), incl
ing in density away from the center.
3.2.5.2 mold buckle, negative—a darkened irregularly Ungraded:
Discrete Discontinuities:
shaped area densest near the cen
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