ASTM D4056-21

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Knowledge of the water content is important in lubrication, as large amounts of water can cause corrosion fatigue in steel bearings, and the complete absence of water can cause metal scuffing.  
5.2 High water content has an accelerating effect on oxidation of lubricants, and can also contribute to foaming, especially at high altitude or temperature, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the equilibrium solubility of water and its vapor in hydrocarbon and aliphatic ester lubricants, at temperatures between 277 K and 373 K. The test method is limited to liquids of low to moderate polarity and hydrogen bonding, with predicted solubilities not over 1000 ppm by weight in hydrocarbons, or 30 000 ppm by weight in oxygenated compounds, at 298 K.  
1.2 Specifically excluded are olefins, nitriles, nitro compounds, and alcohols.  
1.3 This test method is recommended only for liquids not containing widely different chemical species. This excludes blends of esters with hydrocarbons, and lubricants containing detergents, dispersants, rust preventives, or load carrying additives.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2021
• ICS: 75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.L0.07 - Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids (Formally D02.1100)

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4056 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and
1
Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4056; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
equilibrium solubility of water and its vapor in hydrocarbon D94Test Methods for Saponification Number of Petroleum
and aliphatic ester lubricants, at temperatures between 277K Products
and 373K. The test method is limited to liquids of low to D1218Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive
moderate polarity and hydrogen bonding, with predicted solu- Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
bilities not over 1000ppm by weight in hydrocarbons, or D1298Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
30000ppm by weight in oxygenated compounds, at 298K. Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
ucts by Hydrometer Method
1.2 Specifically excluded are olefins, nitriles, nitro
D2502Test Method for Estimation of Mean Relative Mo-
compounds, and alcohols.
lecular Mass of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measure-
1.3 This test method is recommended only for liquids not
ments
containing widely different chemical species. This excludes
D3238Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution
blends of esters with hydrocarbons, and lubricants containing
and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the
detergents, dispersants, rust preventives, or load carrying
n-d-M Method
additives.
D4175Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as Fuels, and Lubricants
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3. Terminology
standard.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
to Terminology D4175.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.2 charge transfer parameter, n—the portion of the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
solubility parameter not attributed to London or Keesom
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
forces.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.2.1 Discussion—It includes hydrogen bonds, induced
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
dipoles, and other quasichemical forces.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.2.2 Discussion—The square of the solubility parameter
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
equals the sum of the squares of the three partial parameters.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 3.1.3 dispersion parameter, n—the portion of the solubility
parameter attributed to London forces.
3.1.4 polar parameter, n—the portion of the solubility
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on parameter attributed to Keesom (permanent dipole) forces.
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
SubcommitteeD02.L0.07onEngineeringSciencesofHighPerformanceFluidsand
2
Solids (Formally D02.1100). For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2021. Published February 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D4056–16. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D4056-21. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D4056 − 21
3.1.5 solubility parameter, n—the square root of the cohe- If a value at 293 K is known (as required for Test Method
sive energy density (heat of vaporization minus work of D3238) multiply it by 0.998 to obtain n with sufficient
D
vaporization, per unit volume of liquid), at 298K. accuracy.
6.2.2 Calculate the refractivity function as follows:
3.2 Symbols:
2 2
y 5 n 21 / n 12 (2)
~ ! ~ !
D D
C = percentage of aromati
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4056 − 16 D4056 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and
1
Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4056; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the equilibrium solubility of water and its vapor in hydrocarbon and
aliphatic ester lubricants, at temperatures between 277 K and 373 K. The test method is limited to liquids of low to moderate
polarity and hydrogen bonding, with predicted solubilities not over 1000 ppm by weight in hydrocarbons, or 30 000 ppm by weight
in oxygenated compounds, at 298 K.
1.2 Specifically excluded are olefins, nitriles, nitro compounds, and alcohols.
1.3 This test method is recommended only for liquids not containing widely different chemical species. This excludes blends of
esters with hydrocarbons, and lubricants containing detergents, dispersants, rust preventives, or load carrying additives.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D94 Test Methods for Saponification Number of Petroleum Products
D1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D2502 Test Method for Estimation of Mean Relative Molecular Mass of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measurements
D3238 Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M
Method
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.L0.07 on Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids (Formally D02.1100).
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2021. Published March 2016February 2022. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 20102016 as
D4056 – 01 (2010).D4056 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/D4056-16.10.1520/D4056-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4056 − 21
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.1.2 charge transfer parameter—parameter, n—the portion of the solubility parameter not attributed to London or Keesom forces.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
It includes hydrogen bonds, induced dipoles, and other quasichemical forces.
3.1.2.2 Discussion—
The square of the solubility parameter equals the sum of the squares of the three partial parameters.
3.1.3 dispersion parameter—parameter, n—the portion of the solubility parameter attributed to London forces.
3.1.4 polar parameter—parameter, n—the portion of the solubility parameter attributed to Keesom (permanent dipole) forces.
3.1.5 solubility parameter—parameter, n—the square root of the cohesive energy density (heat of vaporization minus work of
vaporization, per unit volume of liquid), at 298 K
...