ASTM D2211-00(2021)

Standard Test Method for Elongation of Leather

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The elongation measurement may be made at any designated load and is expressed as a percentage of the original distance between the jaws or between bench marks of the unstretched specimen. The speed of the machine is important. Speeds under or more than 10 ± 2 in./min (4.2 ± 0.8 mm/s) will give variables in the results, thus affecting the reproducibility of the method. The direction relative to the backbone and the width of the test specimen determines the magnitude of the elongation. This test method is excellent for development, control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation of leather. This test method may not apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the elongation or stretch characteristics of leather produced by a tensile load. This test method is intended for use on all types of leather and with all of the breaking load tests. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2021
• ICS: 59.140.30 - Leather and furs
• Technical Committee: D31 - Leather
• Drafting Committee: D31.07 - Physical Properties

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D1610-01(2013) - Standard Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Products for Testing
• Effective Date: 01-May-2013
• Refers: ASTM D2209-00(2010) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Leather
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2010
• Refers: ASTM D1610-01(2007) - Standard Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Products for Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2007
• Refers: ASTM D2209-00(2004) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Leather
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2004
• Refers: ASTM D1610-01 - Standard Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Products for Testing
• Effective Date: 10-May-2001
• Refers: ASTM D1610-00 - Standard Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Products for Testing
• Effective Date: 10-May-2001
• Refers: ASTM D2209-00 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Leather
• Effective Date: 10-Sep-2000

Overview

ASTM D2211-00(2021): Standard Test Method for Elongation of Leather defines procedures for the measurement of elongation, or stretch, characteristics of various types of leather under a tensile load. Developed by ASTM International and following globally recognized standards principles, this method provides a reliable approach for assessing leather’s stretch performance in development, quality control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation. The test method is applicable to dry leather of all types-used with breaking load tests-but it excludes wet blue leather. Accurate elongation data is essential for manufacturers and users across numerous industries to ensure leather meets performance criteria for final applications.

Key Topics

• Elongation Measurement: The test measures the increase in length, under tension, of a leather specimen, expressed as a percentage of the original span. This is recorded at a specified load and is crucial for understanding the stretch properties of leather materials.
• Testing Parameters: Machine speed is a critical parameter, standardized at 10 ± 2 in./min (4.2 ± 0.8 mm/s), as speeds outside this range can compromise the reproducibility of results.
• Specimen Preparation: Standardized shapes and sizes of test specimens, such as dumbbell-shaped samples, strips, or pieces for different leather uses (e.g., laces, welting), ensure consistency. The direction of the sample relative to the backbone of the hide and its width affect the test outcome.
• Reporting and Precision: Results are averaged and reported for specimen groups, including directionality and elongation percentage. The standard also defines precision criteria for repeatability within and between laboratories, enhancing the reliability of comparative data.
• Conditioning and Safety: Specimens must be conditioned according to standardized practice to ensure valid results. Attention to safety, health, and environmental practices is required, with users responsible for regulatory compliance.

Applications

The ASTM D2211 test method is widely utilized across the leather industry and related sectors for:

• Quality Assurance: Routine control of leather stretch properties in manufacturing ensures materials meet specified requirements for flexibility and durability.
• Product Development: Designers and engineers utilize elongation data for selecting and modifying leathers in footwear, garments, upholstery, automotive interiors, and sporting goods.
• Specification Acceptance: Suppliers and buyers rely on standardized elongation testing for contract specifications and acceptance criteria, supporting fair trade and regulatory compliance.
• Service Evaluation: By evaluating performance under simulated use, the test helps predict product longevity, ensuring suitable selections for demanding applications such as safety gear, upholstery, and industrial belts.

Related Standards

Testing elongation in leather often involves references to several other key ASTM standards:

• ASTM D2209: Test Method for Tensile Strength of Leather, frequently used in conjunction for comprehensive mechanical property assessment.
• ASTM D1610: Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Products for Testing, ensuring all samples are prepped under consistent and appropriate environmental conditions.

Keywords: ASTM D2211, leather elongation test, leather stretch measurement, tensile strength, leather quality assurance, physical properties of leather, standard test method, ASTM International, leather performance testing, material stretch properties.

By following ASTM D2211, stakeholders ensure results are scientifically robust and globally comparable, supporting improved product quality and customer satisfaction in the leather industry.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2211 − 00 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
Elongation of Leather
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2211; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the elon- 4.1 The elongation measurement may be made at any
gation or stretch characteristics of leather produced by a tensile designated load and is expressed as a percentage of the original
load.This test method is intended for use on all types of leather distance between the jaws or between bench marks of the
and with all of the breaking load tests. This test method does unstretched specimen. The speed of the machine is important.
not apply to wet blue. Speeds under or more than 10 6 2 in./min (4.2 6 0.8 mm/s)
will give variables in the results, thus affecting the reproduc-
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
ibility of the method. The direction relative to the backbone
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
and the width of the test specimen determines the magnitude of
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
the elongation. This test method is excellent for development,
and are not considered standard.
control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
leather. This test method may not apply when the conditions of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
method.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
5. Apparatus
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
5.1 Testing Machine, as described in Test Method D2209.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
5.2 Dividers,havinglegsatleast4in.(102mm)longandan
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
adjustable screw arrangement for fixing the distance between
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
them.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
5.3 Steel Scale, graduated to read in 0.02 in. (0.5 mm).
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
6. Test Specimen
2. Referenced Documents
2 6.1 The specimen shall be dumbbell in shape when the test
2.1 ASTM Standards:
is made with the tension test. It shall be cut from the test unit
D1610 Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Prod-
of leather by means of a die as shown in Fig. 1 of Test Method
ucts for Testing
D2209. The direction of the long axis relative to the backbone
D2209 Test Method for Tensile Strength of Leather
shall be noted.
3. Terminology
6.2 The specimen for narrow strap, welting, lace, and round
belting leathers shall be a piece of leather uniform in width and
3.1 Definitions:
6 in. (152 mm) long.
3.1.1 elongation, or stretch—the increase in length of a span
of specimen under tension. 6.3 The specimen for the grab method of determining
breaking load shall be 6 in. (152 mm) long and 3 in. (76 mm)
wide.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D31 on Leather
7. Conditioning
andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD31.07onPhysicalProperties.This
test method was developed in cooperation with the American Leather Chemists
7.1 All specimens shall be conditioned as prescribed in
Assn.
Practice D1610. Conditioning other than as prescribed shall be
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2021. Published October 2021. Originally
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D2211 – 00 (2015).
noted in the results.
DOI: 10.1520/D2211-00R21.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 8. Procedure
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
8.1 Mount the specimen symmetrically with the jaws sepa-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. rated a distance of 4 in. (102 mm).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2211 − 00 (2021)
8.2 Operate the machine so that the movable grip travels at 10.1.1 Percentage elongation reported for each specimen or
a speed of 10 6 2 in./min (4.2 6 0.8 mm/s). average and reported as the elongation of the sample, and
10.1.2 Direction of the long axis of the specimen relative to
8.3 Follow the distance between the jaws or the difference
the backbone.
between bench marks with the dividers until the load at
...