D31.07 - Physical Properties

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use on any type of finished leather.  
5.2 This test method will give an indication of the flexibility, adhesion, and strength of the finish on leather.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for use on finished leather to evaluate resistance to cracking, delamination, and discoloration of the finish when subjected to repeated flexing. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is designed to measure the load required to tear leather through two holes in the test specimen. Tanners and leather buyers have found that this test gives an indication of the resistance of leather to tearing. It is of particular value in estimating the durability of leather to withstand tearing stresses encountered in the manufacture of shoes, garments, and upholstered products. The thickness of the specimen and direction of tear relative to the backbone will affect the uniformity of the test results. This test method may not apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for use in determining the stitch tearing resistance of leather using a double hole tear. It is particularly applicable to lightweight leathers. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Knowledge of the strength of the sample can be a determining factor for the end use of the product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for determining the tearing strength of leather by measuring the force required to tear a specimen cut perpendicular to the surface. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method shall be used where precise dimensions are necessary for calculation of properties expressed in physical units. It is not intended to replace practical thickness measurements based on commercial portable tools, nor is it implied that thickness measurements made by the two procedures will agree exactly.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thickness of leather test specimens in which the dimensions of the specimens are used directly in determining the results of tests for physical properties. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to determine the temperature at which a thoroughly wetted leather specimen experiences shrinkage. In this test method, shrinkage occurs as a result of hydrothermal denaturation of the collagen protein molecules which make up the fiber structure of the leather. The shrinkage temperature of leather is influenced by many different factors, most of which appear to affect the number and nature of crosslinking interactions between adjacent polypeptide chains of the collagen protein molecules. The value of the shrinkage temperature of leather is commonly used as an indicator of the type of tannage or the degree of tannage, or both, of that particular leather (especially for the more hydrothermally stable tannages such as chrome tannage).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shrinkage temperature of all types of leather. The heating medium is water when the shrinkage temperature is at or below 98 °C. The heating medium is a glycerine-water solution when the shrinkage temperature is above 98 °C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended for use on all types of leathers.  
4.2 Water vapor permeability is one of several factors contributing to the relative comfort of footwear, handwear, and garments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the permeability of leather to water vapor by measuring the rate at which water vapor passes through a test specimen. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents, therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Temperature and relative humidity have an influence on many of the physical properties of leather. Depending on environmental conditions the moisture content in leather may vary significantly. Standardized conditioning in part allows for reliable comparisons to be made among different leather and leather products, and among different laboratories.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the conditioning of all units and specimens of leather and leather products prior to testing and the conditions under which they should be tested. This practice does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The resistance of leather to abrasion, as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory, is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of abrasion cycles) and “durability” are frequently related, the relationship varies with different end uses and different factors may be necessary in any calculation of predicted durability from specific abrasion data. This test method provides a comparative ranking of material performance, which can be used as an indication of relative end-use performance.  
5.2 The resistance of leather to abrasion may be affected by factors including test conditions; type of abradant; pressure between the specimen and abradant; mounting or tension of the specimen; and type, kind, or amount of finishing materials.  
5.3 Abrasion tests utilizing the rotary platform abraser may be subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. Depending on abradant type and test specimen, the abrasive wheel surface may change (that is, become clogged) due to the pick up of finishing or other materials from test specimens. To reduce this variation, the abrasive wheels must be resurfaced at regularly defined intervals.  
5.4 The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may be affected by the method of evaluation and influenced by the judgment of the operator.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of leather using the rotary platform abraser.
Note 1: This test method is similar but not equivalent to ISO 17076-1, and results should not be directly compared between the two methods.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is designed to measure the width of specimens before and after they are subjected to various tests which may change the width. A test procedure wherein such measurements could be used is the change in area of square pieces when measuring the resistance of leather to synthetic perspiration solution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the width of physical test specimens and of regularly shaped units and pieces of all types of leather. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is designed to measure the area of specimens before and after they are subjected to various tests that may effect surface area. Two test procedures wherein such measurements could be used are for the apparent density of leather and the resistance of leather to synthetic perspiration solution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the surface area of leather test specimens. Unless otherwise specified, the surface to be measured shall be the grain surface or the surface most closely adjacent to the grain surface. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is designed for the routine measurement of the thickness of leather units as a means of production control and determining conformance to specifications. It utilizes a secondary type of gage that is capable of rapid measurement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thickness of units of all types of leather. It is not suitable for measuring the thickness of test specimens.  
1.2 The thickness of leather units may be reported in millimetres, ounces, or irons. Ounces are generally used when referring to the thickness of shoe upper leather. Irons are generally used when referring to the thickness of sole leather. (One ounce equals 1/64 in. or 0.0156 in. or 0.396 mm. One iron equals 1/48 in. or 0.0208 in. or 0.53 mm.)  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The elongation measurement may be made at any designated load and is expressed as a percentage of the original distance between the jaws or between bench marks of the unstretched specimen. The speed of the machine is important. Speeds under or more than 10 ± 2 in./min (4.2 ± 0.8 mm/s) will give variables in the results, thus affecting the reproducibility of the method. The direction relative to the backbone and the width of the test specimen determines the magnitude of the elongation. This test method is excellent for development, control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation of leather. This test method may not apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the elongation or stretch characteristics of leather produced by a tensile load. This test method is intended for use on all types of leather and with all of the breaking load tests. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The tensile strength test gives a reliable indication of the quality of the leather. Improperly lubricated and partially degraded leathers give low values for tensile strength. The orientation of the specimen in relation to the backbone and the location of the specimen on the hide influence the results significantly. This test method is excellent for development, control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation of leather. This test method may not apply when the conditions of test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load required to rupture a leather test specimen having a 1/2-in. (12.7-mm) width. The load to rupture divided by the original unstretched cross-sectional area gives the tensile strength. It may be used for all types of leather that are smooth and firm enough to permit accurate thickness measurements. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is currently used to determine compliance with specifications for water absorption of impregnated sole leather. The significance of the test method is limited by the static conditions employed, and the results do not reflect the water absorption under the dynamic conditions of flexing. The result may be corrected, if required, for any water-soluble material removed from the leather during the test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of water absorbed by leather at 23 ± 2 °C by immersion under static conditions. It may be used on all types of leather, but is particularly adapted to vegetable-tanned sole leather. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to measure the bursting strength of leather by measuring the force required to force a spherical ended plunger through a piece of leather. The bursting load and extension will be generally proportional to the diameter of the plunger. This test method is suitable for development, control and service evaluation of the leather. There is good correlation between bursting strength and tensile strength. This test method may not apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bursting strength of leather by the ball method. It may be used to test a large variety of leathers and leather products. It is particularly applicable to light- and medium-weight leathers, such as shoe uppers and garments. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The sampling procedures described in this practice have been designed to ensure random sampling of finished leather and fabricated leather items for physical and chemical tests. Leather is a natural product and as such is subject to extensive variability. The physical and chemical properties vary considerably depending on location on the hide, side or skin from which the test sample is taken. Random sampling of specimens from a predefined location and orientation minimizes test bias and variability. This practice defines these parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of finished leather and fabricated leather items for physical and chemical tests. The product is grouped into lots that are randomly sampled in such a manner as to produce a representative sample of the lot. This sample may be used to determine compliance of the lot with applicable specification requirements, and on the basis of results, the lot may be accepted or rejected in its entirety.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use on any type of finished leather.  
5.2 This test will give an indication of the tackiness of the finish on leather.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for use on finished leather to evaluate the tendency of cloth to adhere to it. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is designed to measure the load required to tear leather at a slit cut perpendicular to its surface. Tanners and leather buyers have found that it gives an indication of the resistance of the cross-sectional thickness of leather to tearing. It is of particular value in estimating the durability of leather to withstand tearing stresses encountered in the manufacture of shoes, garments, and upholstered products. The thickness of the specimen and direction of slit relative to the backbone will affect the uniformity of the test results. This test method may not apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the slit tear resistance of light leathers such as shoe uppers, gloves, and upholstery. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The resistance of leather to abrasion, as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory, is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of abrasion cycles) and “durability” are frequently related, the relationship varies with different end uses and different factors may be necessary in any calculation of predicted durability from specific abrasion data. This test method provides a comparative ranking of material performance, which can be used as an indication of relative end-use performance.  
5.2 The resistance of leather to abrasion may be affected by factors including test conditions; type of abradant; pressure between the specimen and abradant; mounting or tension of the specimen; and type, kind, or amount of finishing materials.  
5.3 Abrasion tests utilizing the rotary platform abraser may be subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. Depending on abradant type and test specimen, the abrasive wheel surface may change (that is, become clogged) due to the pick up of finishing or other materials from test specimens. To reduce this variation, the abrasive wheels must be resurfaced at regularly defined intervals.  
5.4 The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may be affected by the method of evaluation and influenced by the judgment of the operator.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of leather using the rotary platform abraser.
Note 1: This test method is similar but not equivalent to ISO 17076-1, and results should not be directly compared between the two methods.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The resistance of leather to abrasion, as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory, is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of abrasion cycles) and “durability” are frequently related, the relationship varies with different end uses and different factors may be necessary in any calculation of predicted durability from specific abrasion data. This test method provides a comparative ranking of material performance, which can be used as an indication of relative end-use performance.  
5.2 The resistance of leather to abrasion may be affected by factors including test conditions; type of abradant; pressure between the specimen and abradant; mounting or tension of the specimen; and type, kind, or amount of finishing materials.  
5.3 Abrasion tests utilizing the rotary platform abraser may be subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. Depending on abradant type and test specimen, the abrasive wheel surface may change (that is, become clogged) due to the pick up of finishing or other materials from test specimens. To reduce this variation, the abrasive wheels must be resurfaced at regularly defined intervals.  
5.4 The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may be affected by the method of evaluation and influenced by the judgment of the operator.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of leather using the rotary platform abraser.
Note 1: This test method is similar but not equivalent to ISO 17076-1, and results should not be directly compared between the two methods.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Temperature and relative humidity have an influence on many of the physical properties of leather. Depending on environmental conditions the moisture content in leather may vary significantly. Standardized conditioning in part allows for reliable comparisons to be made among different leather and leather products, and among different laboratories.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the conditioning of all units and specimens of leather and leather products prior to testing and the conditions under which they should be tested. This practice does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is designed to measure the load required to tear leather through two holes in the test specimen. Tanners and leather buyers have found that this test gives an indication of the resistance of leather to tearing. It is of particular value in estimating the durability of leather to withstand tearing stresses encountered in the manufacture of shoes, garments, and upholstered products. The thickness of the specimen and direction of tear relative to the backbone will affect the uniformity of the test results. This test method may not apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for use in determining the stitch tearing resistance of leather using a double hole tear. It is particularly applicable to lightweight leathers. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended for use on all types of leathers.  
4.2 Water vapor permeability is one of several factors contributing to the relative comfort of footwear, handwear, and garments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the permeability of leather to water vapor by measuring the rate at which water vapor passes through a test specimen. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents, therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to determine the temperature at which a thoroughly wetted leather specimen experiences shrinkage. In this test method, shrinkage occurs as a result of hydrothermal denaturation of the collagen protein molecules which make up the fiber structure of the leather. The shrinkage temperature of leather is influenced by many different factors, most of which appear to affect the number and nature of crosslinking interactions between adjacent polypeptide chains of the collagen protein molecules. The value of the shrinkage temperature of leather is commonly used as an indicator of the type of tannage or the degree of tannage, or both, of that particular leather (especially for the more hydrothermally stable tannages such as chrome tannage).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shrinkage temperature of all types of leather. The heating medium is water when the shrinkage temperature is at or below 98°C. The heating medium is a glycerine-water solution when the shrinkage temperature is above 98°C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Knowledge of the strength of the sample can be a determining factor for the end use of the product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for determining the tearing strength of leather by measuring the force required to tear a specimen cut perpendicular to the surface. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method shall be used where precise dimensions are necessary for calculation of properties expressed in physical units. It is not intended to replace practical thickness measurements based on commercial portable tools, nor is it implied that thickness measurements made by the two procedures will agree exactly.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thickness of leather test specimens in which the dimensions of the specimens are used directly in determining the results of tests for physical properties. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is designed to measure the width of specimens before and after they are subjected to various tests which may change the width. A test procedure wherein such measurements could be used is the change in area of square pieces when measuring the resistance of leather to synthetic perspiration solution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the width of physical test specimens and of regularly shaped units and pieces of all types of leather. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use on any type of finished leather.  
5.2 This test will give an indication of the tackiness of the finish on leather.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for use on finished leather to evaluate the tendency of cloth to adhere to it. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The tensile strength test gives a reliable indication of the quality of the leather. Improperly lubricated and partially degraded leathers give low values for tensile strength. The orientation of the specimen in relation to the backbone and the location of the specimen on the hide influence the results significantly. This test method is excellent for development, control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation of leather. This test method may not apply when the conditions of test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load required to rupture a leather test specimen having a 1/2-in. (12.7-mm) width. The load to rupture divided by the original unstretched cross-sectional area gives the tensile strength. It may be used for all types of leather that are smooth and firm enough to permit accurate thickness measurements. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The elongation measurement may be made at any designated load and is expressed as a percentage of the original distance between the jaws or between bench marks of the unstretched specimen. The speed of the machine is important. Speeds under or more than 10 ± 2 in./min (4.2 ± 0.8 mm/s) will give variables in the results, thus affecting the reproducibility of the method. The direction relative to the backbone and the width of the test specimen determines the magnitude of the elongation. This test method is excellent for development, control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation of leather. This test method may not apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the elongation or stretch characteristics of leather produced by a tensile load. This test method is intended for use on all types of leather and with all of the breaking load tests. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is designed to measure the load required to tear leather at a slit cut perpendicular to its surface. Tanners and leather buyers have found that it gives an indication of the resistance of the cross-sectional thickness of leather to tearing. It is of particular value in estimating the durability of leather to withstand tearing stresses encountered in the manufacture of shoes, garments, and upholstered products. The thickness of the specimen and direction of slit relative to the backbone will affect the uniformity of the test results. This test method may not apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the slit tear resistance of light leathers such as shoe uppers, gloves, and upholstery. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use on any type of finished leather.  
5.2 This test method will give an indication of the flexibility, adhesion, and strength of the finish on leather.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for use on finished leather to evaluate resistance to cracking, delamination, and discoloration of the finish when subjected to repeated flexing. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is currently used to determine compliance with specifications for water absorption of impregnated sole leather. The significance of the test method is limited by the static conditions employed, and the results do not reflect the water absorption under the dynamic conditions of flexing. The result may be corrected, if required, for any water-soluble material removed from the leather during the test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of water absorbed by leather at 23 ± 2°C by immersion under static conditions. It may be used on all types of leather, but is particularly adapted to vegetable-tanned sole leather. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to measure the bursting strength of leather by measuring the force required to force a spherical ended plunger through a piece of leather. The bursting load and extension will be generally proportional to the diameter of the plunger. This test method is suitable for development, control and service evaluation of the leather. There is good correlation between bursting strength and tensile strength. This test method may not apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bursting strength of leather by the ball method. It may be used to test a large variety of leathers and leather products. It is particularly applicable to light- and medium-weight leathers, such as shoe uppers and garments. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is designed for the routine measurement of the thickness of leather units as a means of production control and determining conformance to specifications. It utilizes a secondary type of gage that is capable of rapid measurement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thickness of units of all types of leather. It is not suitable for measuring the thickness of test specimens.  
1.2 The thickness of leather units may be reported in millimetres, ounces, or irons. Ounces are generally used when referring to the thickness of shoe upper leather. Irons are generally used when referring to the thickness of sole leather. (One ounce equals 1/64 in. or 0.0156 in. or 0.396 mm. One iron equals 1/48 in. or 0.0208 in. or 0.53 mm.)  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is designed to measure the area of specimens before and after they are subjected to various tests that may effect surface area. Two test procedures wherein such measurements could be used are for the apparent density of leather and the resistance of leather to synthetic perspiration solution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the surface area of leather test specimens. Unless otherwise specified, the surface to be measured shall be the grain surface or the surface most closely adjacent to the grain surface. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The resistance of leather to abrasion, as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory, is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of abrasion cycles) and “durability” are frequently related, the relationship varies with different end uses and different factors may be necessary in any calculation of predicted durability from specific abrasion data. This test method provides a comparative ranking of material performance, which can be used as an indication of relative end-use performance.  
5.2 The resistance of leather to abrasion may be affected by factors including test conditions, type of abradant, pressure between the specimen and abradant, mounting or tension of the specimen, and type, kind, or amount of finishing materials.  
5.3 Abrasion tests utilizing the rotary platform abraser may be subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. Depending on abradant type and test specimen, the wheel surface may change (that is, become clogged) due to the pick up of finishing or other materials from test specimens and must be resurfaced at regularly defined intervals.  
5.4 The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of leather using the rotary platform abraser.Note 1—This test method is similar but not equivalent to ISO 17076-1, and results should not be directly compared between the two methods.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method shall be used where precise dimensions are necessary for calculation of properties expressed in physical units. It is not intended to replace practical thickness measurements based on commercial portable tools, nor is it implied that thickness measurements made by the two procedures will agree exactly.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thickness of leather test specimens in which the dimensions of the specimens are used directly in determining the results of tests for physical properties. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Knowledge of the strength of the sample can be a determining factor for the end use of the product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for determining the tearing strength of leather by measuring the force required to tear a specimen cut perpendicular to the surface. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The sampling procedures described in this practice have been designed to ensure random sampling of finished leather and fabricated leather items for physical and chemical tests. Leather is a natural product and as such is subject to extensive variability. The physical and chemical properties vary considerably depending on location on the hide, side or skin from which the test sample is taken. Random sampling of specimens from a predefined location and orientation minimizes test bias and variability. This practice defines these parameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of finished leather and fabricated leather items for physical and chemical tests. The product is grouped into lots that are randomly sampled in such a manner as to produce a representative sample of the lot. This sample may be used to determine compliance of the lot with applicable specification requirements, and on the basis of results, the lot may be accepted or rejected in its entirety.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is designed to measure the load required to tear leather through two holes in the test specimen. Tanners and leather buyers have found that this test gives an indication of the resistance of leather to tearing. It is of particular value in estimating the durability of leather to withstand tearing stresses encountered in the manufacture of shoes, garments, and upholstered products. The thickness of the specimen and direction of tear relative to the backbone will affect the uniformity of the test results. This test method may not apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for use in determining the stitch tearing resistance of leather using a double hole tear. It is particularly applicable to lightweight leathers. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to determine the temperature at which a thoroughly wetted leather specimen experiences shrinkage. In this test method, shrinkage occurs as a result of hydrothermal denaturation of the collagen protein molecules which make up the fiber structure of the leather. The shrinkage temperature of leather is influenced by many different factors, most of which appear to affect the number and nature of crosslinking interactions between adjacent polypeptide chains of the collagen protein molecules. The value of the shrinkage temperature of leather is commonly used as an indicator of the type of tannage or the degree of tannage, or both, of that particular leather (especially for the more hydrothermally stable tannages such as chrome tannage).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shrinkage temperature of all types of leather. The heating medium is water when the shrinkage temperature is at or below 98°C. The heating medium is a glycerine-water solution when the shrinkage temperature is above 98°C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Temperature and relative humidity have an influence on many of the physical properties of leather. Depending on environmental conditions the moisture content in leather may vary significantly. Standardized conditioning in part allows for reliable comparisons to be made among different leather and leather products, and among different laboratories.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the conditioning of all units and specimens of leather and leather products prior to testing and the conditions under which they should be tested. This practice does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is designed to measure the load required to tear leather through two holes in the test specimen. Tanners and leather buyers have found that this test gives an indication of the resistance of leather to tearing. It is of particular value in estimating the durability of leather to withstand tearing stresses encountered in the manufacture of shoes, garments, and upholstered products. The thickness of the specimen and direction of tear relative to the backbone will affect the uniformity of the test results. This test method may not apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for use in determining the stitch tearing resistance of leather using a double hole tear. It is particularly applicable to lightweight leathers. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Knowledge of the strength of the sample can be a determining factor for the end use of the product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for determining the tearing strength of leather by measuring the force required to tear a specimen cut perpendicular to the surface. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method shall be used where precise dimensions are necessary for calculation of properties expressed in physical units. It is not intended to replace practical thickness measurements based on commercial portable tools, nor is it implied that thickness measurements made by the two procedures will agree exactly.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thickness of leather test specimens in which the dimensions of the specimens are used directly in determining the results of tests for physical properties. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is designed to measure the bursting strength of leather by measuring the force required to force a spherical ended plunger through a piece of leather. The bursting load and extension will be generally proportional to the diameter of the plunger. This test method is suitable for development, control and service evaluation of the leather. There is good correlation between bursting strength and tensile strength. This test method may not apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bursting strength of leather by the ball method. It may be used to test a large variety of leathers and leather products. It is particularly applicable to light- and medium-weight leathers, such as shoe uppers and garments. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is designed for the routine measurement of the thickness of leather units as a means of production control and determining conformance to specifications. It utilizes a secondary type of gage that is capable of rapid measurement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thickness of units of all types of leather. It is not suitable for measuring the thickness of test specimens.
1.2 The thickness of leather units may be reported in millimetres, ounces, or irons. Ounces are generally used when referring to the thickness of shoe upper leather. Irons are generally used when referring to the thickness of sole leather. (One ounce equals 1/64 in. or 0.0156 in. or 0.396 mm. One iron equals 1/48 in. or 0.0208 in. or 0.53 mm.)
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is designed to measure the area of specimens before and after they are subjected to various tests that may effect surface area. Two test procedures wherein such measurements could be used are for the apparent density of leather and the resistance of leather to synthetic perspiration solution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the surface area of leather test specimens. Unless otherwise specified, the surface to be measured shall be the grain surface or the surface most closely adjacent to the grain surface. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The elongation measurement may be made at any designated load and is expressed as a percentage of the original distance between the jaws or between bench marks of the unstretched specimen. The speed of the machine is important. Speeds under or more than 10 ± 2 in./min (4.2 ± 0.8 mm/s) will give variables in the results, thus affecting the reproducibility of the method. The direction relative to the backbone and the width of the test specimen determines the magnitude of the elongation. This test method is excellent for development, control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation of leather. This test method may not apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the elongation or stretch characteristics of leather produced by a tensile load. This test method is intended for use on all types of leather and with all of the breaking load tests. This test method does not apply to wet blue.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.