ASTM D7049-04
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres
Standard Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method covers the gravimetric determination of metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in workplace atmospheres.
The test method provides total particulate matter concentrations for comparison with historical exposure databases collected with the same technology.
The test method provides an extension to current nonstandardized methods by adding an extractable mass concentration which reduces interferences from nonmetal removal fluid aerosols.
The test method does not address differences between metal removal fluid types, but it does include extraction with a broad spectrum of solvent polarity to remove any of the current fluid formulations from insoluble background aerosol adequately.5
The test method does not identify or quantify any specific putative toxins in the workplace that can be related to metal removal fluid aerosols or vapors.
The test method does not address the loss of semivolatile compounds from the filter during or after collection.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of both total collected particulate matter and extractable mass metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in the range of 0.05 to 5 mg/m3 in workplace atmospheres.
1.2 This test method describes a standardized means of collecting worker exposure information that can be compared to existing exposure databases, using a test method that is also more specific to metal removal fluids.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D7049–04
Standard Test Method for
Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7049; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 29 CFR 1910.1450 Occupational Exposure to Hazardous
Chemicals in Laboratories
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determina-
2.3 NIOSH Document:
tion of both total collected particulate matter and extractable
Method 0500 NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
massmetalremovalfluidaerosolconcentrationsintherangeof
(NMAM), 4th Ed
0.05 to 5 mg/m in workplace atmospheres.
1.2 This test method describes a standardized means of
3. Terminology
collecting worker exposure information that can be compared
3.1 Fordefinitionsoftermsrelatingtothistestmethod,refer
to existing exposure databases, using a test method that is also
to Terminology D1356.
more specific to metal removal fluids.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.1 breathing zone, n—the worker’s breathing zone con-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
sists of a hemisphere 300-mm radius extending in front of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
face, centered on the midpoint of a line joining the ears; the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
base of the hemisphere is a plane through this line, the top of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the head and the larynx.
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.2 extractable mass, n—the material removed by liquid
extraction of the filter using a mixed-polarity solvent mixture.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
This mass is an approximation of the metal removal fluid
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
portion of the workplace aerosol.
Atmospheres
3.2.3 filter set, n—a group of filters from the same produc-
D3195 Practice for Rotameter Calibration
tion lot that are weighed and assembled into the filter cassettes
D3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of
atonetime.Thefiltersetmaybeusedforsamplingonmultiple
Methods of Committee D22
days with the appropriate field blanks being submitted for each
D4532 Test Method for Respirable Dust in Workplace
sampling day.
Atmospheres
3.2.4 metal removal fluids, n—the subset of metal working
D5337 Practice for Flow Rate Calibration of Personal
fluids that are used for wet machining or grinding to produce
Sampling Pumps
the finished part. Metal removal fluids are often characterized
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
as straight, soluble, semisynthetic, and synthetic.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Metal removal fluids addressed by this
2.2 Government Standards:
3 practice include straight or neat oils, not intended for further
29 CFR 1910.1000 Air Contaminants
dilution with water, and water-miscible soluble oils, semisyn-
thetics, and synthetics, which are intended to be diluted with
water before use. Metal removal fluids become contaminated
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on
Sampling andAnalysis and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on
during use in the workplace with a variety of workplace
Workplace Atmospheres.
substances including, but not limited to, abrasive particles,
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. DOI: 10.1520/
tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolved
D7049-04.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi, microbiological
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
decay products, and waste. These contaminants can cause
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments, Available from National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676
732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401. Columbia Pkwy., Cincinnati, OH 45226.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7049–04
changes in the lubricity and cooling ability of the metal insoluble background aerosol from the determination of the
removal fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affect metal removal fluid aerosol concentration.This is an important
the health and welfare of employees in contact with the consideration at low-exposure limits.
contaminated metal removal fluid. 6.3 Any metal removal fluid components that are insoluble
3.2.5 total particulate matter, n—the mass of material in either extraction solvent mixture will not be measured in the
sampled through the 4-mm inlet of a standard 37-mm filter extractable mass fraction.
cassette when operated at 2.0 L/min. 6.4 The total particulate and extractable mass concentra-
3.2.5.1 Discussion—While this is the traditional use of this tions measured with this test method are subject to a negative
term, it should be recognized that this is not a measure of the biastotheextentthatsemivolatilecompoundsarelostfromthe
inhalable particulate mass. filter during sampling.
6.4.1 Samples of workplace atmospheres in which metal
4. Summary of Test Method
removal fluids containing lower viscosity petroleum fractions
or volatile alkanolamines are used may be particularly subject
4.1 Workplace air is drawn into a 37-mm filter cassette
containing a tared polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter for a to this negative bias both during sampling and during storage
time before analysis.
measured period of time. The total particulate matter concen-
6.5 Any insoluble materials that are lost from the filter
tration is calculated from the mass gain of the filter and the
during the extraction process will be reported as extractable
volume of air sampled.
mass resulting in a positive bias.
4.2 The filter is extracted with a ternary mixture of both
nonpolar and polar solvents, a second mixture of methanol and
7. Apparatus
water, dried, and reweighed. The extractable mass concentra-
tion is calculated from the loss of mass following extraction 7.1 The sampling unit consists of a pump and filter cassette.
and the volume of air sampled. 7.1.1 Pump, a constant-flow personal sampling pump ca-
4.3 As a cost-control procedure, the nonspecific total par-
pable of a flow rate of 2.0 L/min (65 %) through the filter
ticulate matter concentration may be used in place of the cassette for a full work shift (8 h).
extractable mass if the total particulate concentration is accept-
7.1.2 Filter Cassette, a closed-face (4-mm opening) two- or
able to the user of this test method. three-piece 37-mm filter cassette with filter-support pad and
inlet and outlet plugs.
5. Significance and Use
7.1.3 Filter,thefiltershallbea2-µmPTFEmembranefilter.
5.1 This test method covers the gravimetric determination 7.1.4 Suitable means of attaching the pump and filter
cassette to the worker for breathing zone sampling.
of metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in workplace
atmospheres. 7.1.5 FieldBlank,afiltercassettepreparedforsamplingthat
has been taken to the workplace and handled in the same
5.2 The test method provides total particulate matter con-
centrations for comparison with historical exposure databases manner as the analytical filters, but which has not had any air
collected with the same technology. drawn through it.
5.3 The test method provides an extension to current non- 7.1.6 Precision Flow Meter, for calibration of sampler flow
standardized methods by adding an extractable mass concen- rates (for example, bubble flow meter, dry seal flow meter, or
tration which reduces interferences from nonmetal removal burette and stopwatch).
fluid aerosols. 7.1.7 Rotameter, calibrated in accordance with Practice
D3195 for field check of sampler flow rate.
5.4 The test method does not address differences between
metal removal fluid types, but it does include extraction with a 7.1.8 Weighing Room, with temperature and humidity con-
trol to allow weighing under reproducible environmental
broadspectrumofsolventpolaritytoremoveanyofthecurrent
fluid formulations from insoluble background aerosol ad- conditions of 22 6 2°C and 65 % relative humidity in a range
of 30 to 55 %.
equately.
5.5 The test method does not identify or quantify any 7.1.9 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing to 60.001
mg.
specific putative toxins in the workplace that can be related to
metal removal fluid aerosols or vapors. 7.1.9.1 Antistatic Strips,of Po < 200 days old since
packaging.
5.6 The test method does not address the loss of semivola-
tile compounds from the filter during or after collection. 7.1.10 Plane-Parallel Press, for assembling of filter cas-
settes.
6. Interferences
7.1.11 Chemical Desiccator, with indicating CaSO desic-
cant for drying of filters.
6.1 The total particulate matter portion of the test method is
7.1.12 Filter Funnel, for solvent extraction of 37-mm filters
not specific to metal removal fluid in the workplace and is
usingadichloromethane,methanol,andtoluenemixedsolvent.
subject to positive bias by other aerosol sources.
Two choices are available, a 37-mm aluminum funnel and
6.2 The extractable mass concentration measurement im-
37-mm disposable polypropylene cassettes, modified for use
proves the specificity of the test method by eliminating
5 6
Information from Independent Lubricant Manufacturers Assoc., Health and See Test Method D4532, a plane-parallel press description to aid in the
Safety Task Force, 651 S. Washington St., Alexandria, VA 22314. assembly of cassettes.
D7049–04
with this method, with polypropylene support pads. Ensure 10.1.6 Place tape around the circumference of the cassette
the filter funnel does not allow mechanical loss of nonsoluble (7.1.2) and affix a unique number on cassette. Place the ID
particulate and that it does allow for quantitative collection of number so it remains visible when cassette is opened to access
the washings for further chemical analysis of specific constitu- the filter.
ents, if desired. The funnel should be able to be cleaned
10.2 Assemble the sampling apparatus as shown in Fig. 2 of
between uses to prevent cross-contamination of samples. The
Practice D5337.
use of disposable cassettes eliminates the possibility of cross-
10.2.1 Remove filter plugs, attach prepared filter cassette
contamination, but cassettes should be checked by running
(7.1.2, 10.1), and turn on the sampling pump (7.1.1).
blanks to ensure that material is not extracted and added to the
10.3 Check the sampling unit for proper operation, check
filter.
for leaks, and adjust the flow rate to 2.0 L/min according to
7.1.13 Laboratory Extraction Blank, a filter that has been
Practice D5337.
subjectedtotheextractionprocedureinthesamemannerasthe
10.4 Install the sampling unit on the worker with the filter
analytical filters, but which has not had any air drawn through
cassette (7.1.2) in the breathing zone (7.1.4). Place the filter
it.
cassette in a manner that prevents the entry of falling or
splashing material, but which does not restrict the inlet.
8. Reagents
10.5 Record the start time and make appropriate field notes
8.1 Dichloromethane, for solvent extraction of nonpolar
to document the process and work practices being monitored.
compounds, analytical reagent grade with a maximum residue
10.6 Sample at 2.0 L/min for a full shift. Sampling times
on evaporation of 5 ppm(v).
shorter than a full shift are permitted under any of the
8.2 Methanol, for solvent extraction of polar compounds,
following conditions:
analytical reagent grade with a maximum residue on evapora-
10.6.1 The filter becomes overloaded. (This may be identi-
tion of 5 ppm(v).
fied by discoloration of the support pad where the fluid has
8.3 Toluene, for solvent extraction of nonpolar compounds,
broken through the filter.)
analytical reagent grade with a maximum residue on evapora-
10.6.2 Specific working operations of shorter duration are
tion of 5 ppm(v).
8.4 Water, analytical reagent grade, distilled, deionized, and being evaluated (raises the limit of detection, LOD).
filtered.
10.6.3 The sample pump stops at a known time before the
8.5 Prepare an extraction solvent from equal volumes of
end of the shift (raises LOD).
dichloromethane, methanol, and toluene.
10.7 Determine the final flow rate. Record the stop time and
8.6 Prepare a second extraction solvent from equal volumes
remove the sampling equipment.
of methanol (8.2) and water (8.4).
10.8 Replace the filter plugs.
10.9 For each sampling day, submit three field blank (7.1.5)
9. Hazards
filter cassettes or 10 % of the total used, which ever is greater.
9.1 The dichloromethane used as a nonpolar extraction
10.10 If field blanks (7.1.5) within a set of filters remain
solvent could pose a carcinogenic hazard in the laboratory.
consistent between days, then the field blanks may be pooled
9.2 Perform all operations involving extraction in a chemi-
forthesetoffilterstoreducetheLODandlimitofquantitation,
cal fume hood.
LOQ.
9.3 Follow good laboratory procedures for worker protec-
10.11 Calculate the LOD and LOQ using individual day
tion and waste disposal including 29 CFR 1910.1000 and 29
field blanks.
CFR 1910.1450.
10.12 Prepare and analyze all field blanks (7.1.5)inthe
10. Sampling samemannerastheanalyticalfilters(7.1.3)usedforworkplace
sampling.
10.1 Preparation of Filter Cassettes:
10.13 Return the filter cassettes (7.1.2) to the laboratory via
10.1.1 Desiccate the filters (7.1.3) over CaSO (7.1.11) for
overnightdeliveryserviceinacontainerthatminimizessample
no more than 2 h.
damage in transit.
10.1.2 Equilibrate or condition the filters in the weighing
10.14 Refrigerate received samples at 4 6 2°C immediately
room (7.1.8) for a minimum of 2 h.
10.1.3 Place the filter under a Po antistatic strip (7.1.9.1). after receipt to preclude bacterial decomposition. Analyze as
soon as possible after receipt.
Place a second antistatic strip in the balance (7.1.9) weighing
chamber, if possible.
10.14.1 Store samples no longer than two weeks prior to
10.1.4 WeighthePTFEfilters(7.1.3)andrecordthemassto
analysis.
the nearest 0.001 mg (m ).
10.1.5 Place the tared filter and filter support (7.1.2)inthe
11. Calibration and Standardization
filter cassette and close fully (7.1.10).
11.1 Calibrate the air flow rate of the sampling pump (7.1.6
and 7.1.7) before each sampling period. The final flow rate
shall be
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