ASTM E2889-12(2017)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid Environment
Standard Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid Environment
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Exposure to aerosols in the industrial metal removal environment has been associated with adverse respiratory effects.
4.2 Use of this practice will mitigate occupational exposure and effects of exposure to aerosols in the metal removal environment.
4.3 Through implementation of this practice, users should be able to reduce instances and severity of respiratory irritation and disease through the effective use of a metal removal fluid management program, appropriate product selection, appropriate machine tool design, proper air handling mechanisms, and control of microorganisms.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines to control respiratory hazards in the metal removal environment.
1.2 This practice does not include prevention of dermatitis, which is the subject of Practice E2693, but it does adopt a similar systems management approach with many control elements in common.
1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure via inhalation of metal removal fluids and associated airborne agents.
1.4 Metal removal fluids used for wet machining operations (such as cutting, drilling, milling, or grinding) that remove metal to produce the finished part are a subset of metalworking fluids. This practice does not apply to other operations (such as stamping, rolling, forging, or casting) that use metalworking fluids other than metal removal fluids. These other types of metalworking fluid operations are not included in this document because of limited information on health effects, including epidemiology studies, and on control technologies. Nonetheless, some of the exposure control approaches and guidance contained in this document may be useful for managing respiratory hazards associated with other types of metalworking fluids.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2889 − 12 (Reapproved 2017) An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid
Environment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2889; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines to control respiratory
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
hazards in the metal removal environment.
Atmospheres
1.2 This practice does not include prevention of dermatitis,
D2881 Classification for Metalworking Fluids and Related
which is the subject of Practice E2693, but it does adopt a
Materials
similar systems management approach with many control
D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in
elements in common.
Workplace Atmospheres
E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-
1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure via inhala-
Miscible Metalworking Fluids
tion of metal removal fluids and associated airborne agents.
E1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker and
1.4 Metal removal fluids used for wet machining operations
Workplace Protection
(such as cutting, drilling, milling, or grinding) that remove
E1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-
metal to produce the finished part are a subset of metalworking
Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
fluids.This practice does not apply to other operations (such as
E1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and
stamping, rolling, forging, or casting) that use metalworking
Safety
fluids other than metal removal fluids. These other types of
E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the
metalworking fluid operations are not included in this docu-
Wet Metal Removal Environment (Withdrawn 2017)
ment because of limited information on health effects, includ-
E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of En-
ing epidemiology studies, and on control technologies.
dotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace
Nonetheless, some of the exposure control approaches and
Atmospheres
guidance contained in this document may be useful for
E2148 GuideforUsingDocumentsRelatedtoMetalworking
managing respiratory hazards associated with other types of
or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
metalworking fluids.
E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for
Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalwork-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ing Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Per-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
formance
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
E2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Opera-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tions
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
E2563 Practice for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Myco-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
bacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate Count
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Method
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
E2564 Practice for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metal-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
working Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC)
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Method
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupa- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
tional Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E2889 – 12. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/E2889-12R17. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2889 − 12 (2017)
E2657 Practice for Determination of Endotoxin Concentra- 3.2.1 dilution ventilation, n—referring to the supply and
tions in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids exhaust of air with respect to an area, room, or building, the
E2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet dilution of contaminated air with uncontaminated air for the
Metal Removal Fluid Environment purpose of controlling potential health hazards, fire and explo-
E2694 Test Method for Measurement ofAdenosine Triphos- sion conditions, odors, and nuisance-type contaminants, from
phate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice.
2.2 OSHA (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-
3.2.2 extractable mass, n—the material removed by liquid
tration) Standards:
extraction of the sampling filter using a mixed-polarity solvent
29 CFR 1910.132 Personal Protective Equipment
mixture as described in Test Method D7049.
29 CFR 1910.134 Use of Respiratory Protection in the
3.2.2.1 Discussion—This mass is an approximation of the
Workplace
metal removal fluid portion of the workplace aerosol.
29 CFR 1010.1020 Access to Employee Exposure and
3.2.3 metal removal fluid (MRF), n—any fluid in the sub-
Medical Records
classofmetalworkingfluidsusedtocutorotherwisetakeaway
29 CFR 1910.1048 Formaldehyde
material or piece of stock. E2148
29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication
3.2.3.1 Discussion—Metalremovalfluidsincludestraightor
2.3 EPA(US Environmental ProtectionAgency) Standards:
neat oils (Classification D2881), not intended for further
40 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides and
dilution with water, and water-miscible soluble oils,
Devices
semisynthetics,andsynthetics,whichareintendedtobediluted
2.4 Other Documents:
with water before use. Metal removal fluids become contami-
ANSI Technical Report B11 TR 2-1997, Mist Control Con-
nated during use in the workplace with a variety of workplace
siderations for the Design, Installation and Use of Ma-
substances including, but not limited to, abrasive particles,
chine Tools Using Metalworking Fluids
tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolved
Metal Working Fluid Optimization Guide, National Center
metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi, microbiological
for Manufacturing Sciences
decay products, and waste. These contaminants can cause
Metal Removal Fluids, A Guide To Their Management and
8 changes in the lubricity and cooling ability of the metal
Control, Organization Resources Counselors, Inc.
9 removal fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affect
Industrial Ventilation: AManual of Recommended Practice
the health and welfare of employees in contact with the
Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Expo-
10 contaminated metal removal fluid. E2148
sure to Metalworking Fluids
3.2.4 metal removal fluid aerosol, n—aerosol generated by
Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best Practices
operation of the machine tool itself as well as from circulation
Manual
and filtration systems associated with wet metal removal
Method 0500: Particulates Not Otherwise Regulated,Total
operationsandmayincludeairbornecontaminantsofmicrobial
3. Terminology
origin.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Metalremovalaerosoldoesnotinclude
3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this guide, refer to
Terminologies D1356, E1542 and E2523. background aerosol in the workplace atmosphere, which may
include suspended insoluble particulates.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.5 total particulate matter, n—the mass of material
sampled through the 4-mm inlet of a standard 37-mm filter
CodeofFederalRegulationsavailablefromUnitedStatesGovernmentPrinting
cassette when operated at 2.0 L/min, as described in Test
Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Method D7049.
CodeofFederalRegulationsavailablefromUnitedStatesGovernmentPrinting
Office, Washington, DC 20402.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—AsdefinedinTestMethodD7049,total
Available from Association for Manufacturing Technology, 7901 Westpark
particulate matter is not a measure of the inhalable or thoracic
Drive, McLean VA 22102.
7 particulate mass.
AvailablefromNationalCenterforManufacturingSciences,Report0274RE95,
3025 Boardwalk, Ann Arbor, MI 48018.
3.3 Acronyms:
Available from Organization Resources Counselors, 1910 Sunderland Place,
3.3.1 GHS, n—globally harmonized system
NW., Washington, DC 20036 or from members of the Metal Working Fluid Product
SM
Stewardship Group (MWFPSG ). Contact Independent Lubricant Manufacturers
3.3.1.1 Discussion—GHS is an acronym for the Globally
Association, 651 S.Washington Street,Alexandria,VA22314, for a list of members
Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemi-
SM
of the MWFPSG .
cals.
Available from American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634.
AvailablefromU.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,PublicHealth
4. Significance and Use
Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-
pational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.
4.1 Exposure to aerosols in the industrial metal removal
Available from US Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 200
environment has been associated with adverse respiratory
ConstitutionAvenue NW, Washington, DC 20210 or at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/
effects.
metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.html
AvailablefromU.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,PublicHealth
4.2 Use of this practice will mitigate occupational exposure
Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-
and effects of exposure to aerosols in the metal removal
pational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226 or at. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/
docs/2003-154/pdfs/0500.pdf environment.
E2889 − 12 (2017)
4.3 Through implementation of this practice, users should and fill with mucous, reducing airflow and producing shortness
be able to reduce instances and severity of respiratory irritation of breath and a wheezing sound. A variety of components,
and disease through the effective use of a metal removal fluid additives, and contaminants of MRF can induce new onset
management program, appropriate product selection, appropri- asthma, aggravate pre-existing asthma, and irritate the airways
ate machine tool design, proper air handling mechanisms, and of non-asthmatic employees.
control of microorganisms. 5.3.4 Chronic bronchitis is a condition involving inflamma-
tion of the main airways of the lungs that occurs over a long
5. Respiratory Health Hazards Associated with Metal
periodoftime.Chronicbronchitisischaracterizedbyachronic
Removal Fluids
cough and by coughing up phlegm. The phlegm can interfere
with air passage into and out of the lungs. This condition may
5.1 General:
also cause accelerated decline in lung function, which can
5.1.1 Metal removal fluids (MRF) can cause adverse health
ultimately result in heart and lung function damage.
effects through skin contact with contaminated materials,
5.3.5 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a serious lung
spray, or mist and through inhalation from breathing MWF
disease. Recent outbreaks of HP have been associated with
mist or aerosol.
exposure to aerosols of synthetic, semi-synthetic, and soluble
5.1.2 Skin and airborne exposures to MRF have been
oil MRF. In particular, contaminants and additives in MRF
implicated in health problems including irritation of the skin,
have been associated with outbreaks of HP(NIOSH 1998a). In
lungs, eyes, nose and throat. Conditions such as dermatitis,
the short term, HP is characterized by coughing, shortness of
acne, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, irritation of the
breath,andflu-likesymptoms(fevers,chills,muscleaches,and
upper respiratory tract, and a variety of cancers have been
fatigue). The chronic phase (following repeated exposures) is
associated with exposure to MRF (NIOSH 1998a). The sever-
characterized by lung scarring associated with permanent lung
ity of health problems is dependent on a variety of factors such
disease.
as the kind of fluid, the degree and type of contamination, and
5.3.6 Other factors, such as smoking, increase the possibil-
the level and duration of the exposure.
ity of respiratory diseases. Cigarette smoke may worsen the
5.2 Skin Disorders:
respiratory effects of MRF aerosols for all employees.
5.2.1 Skin contact occurs when the worker dips his/her
5.3.7 Respiratory effects have been observed among work-
hands into the fluid or handles parts, tools, and equipment
3 13
ers with exposures below 1.0 mg/M to diverse fluids, with
covered with fluid without the use of personal protective
water-reduced fluids generally appearing more potent. Poorly
equipment, such as gloves and aprons. Skin contact may also
controlled fluids have generally been more likely to be asso-
resultfromfluidsplashingontotheemployeefromthemachine
ciated with adverse effects.
if guarding is absent or inadequate. For further information
5.4 Cancer:
refer to Practice E2693.
5.4.1 A number of studies have found an association be-
5.3 Respiratory Diseases:
tween working with MRF and a variety of cancers, including
5.3.1 InhalationofMRFmistoraerosolmaycauseirritation
cancer of the rectum, pancreas, larynx, skin, scrotum, and
of the lungs, throat, and nose. In general, respiratory irritation
bladder (NIOSH 1998a). No authoritative review of studies of
involves some type of chemical interaction between the MRF
workers exposed to MRF has been conducted since 1999,
and the human respiratory system. Irritation may affect one or
although additional data have been published. Studies of MRF
more the following areas: nose, throat (pharynx, larynx), the
and cancer reflect the health experiences of workers exposed
various conducting airways or tubes of the lungs (trachea,
decades earlier. This is because the effects of cancers associ-
bronchi, bronchioles), and the lung air sacks (alveoli) where
ated with MRF may not become evident until many years a
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2889 − 12 (Reapproved 2017) An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid
Environment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2889; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines to control respiratory
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
hazards in the metal removal environment.
Atmospheres
1.2 This practice does not include prevention of dermatitis,
D2881 Classification for Metalworking Fluids and Related
which is the subject of Practice E2693, but it does adopt a
Materials
similar systems management approach with many control
D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in
elements in common.
Workplace Atmospheres
E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-
1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure via inhala-
Miscible Metalworking Fluids
tion of metal removal fluids and associated airborne agents.
E1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker and
1.4 Metal removal fluids used for wet machining operations
Workplace Protection
(such as cutting, drilling, milling, or grinding) that remove
E1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-
metal to produce the finished part are a subset of metalworking
Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
fluids. This practice does not apply to other operations (such as
E1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and
stamping, rolling, forging, or casting) that use metalworking
Safety
fluids other than metal removal fluids. These other types of
E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the
metalworking fluid operations are not included in this docu-
Wet Metal Removal Environment (Withdrawn 2017)
ment because of limited information on health effects, includ-
E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of En-
ing epidemiology studies, and on control technologies.
dotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace
Nonetheless, some of the exposure control approaches and
Atmospheres
guidance contained in this document may be useful for
E2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking
managing respiratory hazards associated with other types of
or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
metalworking fluids.
E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for
Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalwork-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ing Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Per-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
formance
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
E2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Opera-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tions
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
E2563 Practice for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Myco-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
bacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate Count
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Method
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
E2564 Practice for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metal-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
working Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC)
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Method
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupa- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
tional Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E2889 – 12. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/E2889-12R17. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2889 − 12 (2017)
E2657 Practice for Determination of Endotoxin Concentra- 3.2.1 dilution ventilation, n—referring to the supply and
tions in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids exhaust of air with respect to an area, room, or building, the
E2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet dilution of contaminated air with uncontaminated air for the
Metal Removal Fluid Environment purpose of controlling potential health hazards, fire and explo-
E2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triphos- sion conditions, odors, and nuisance-type contaminants, from
phate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice.
2.2 OSHA (U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-
3.2.2 extractable mass, n—the material removed by liquid
tration) Standards:
extraction of the sampling filter using a mixed-polarity solvent
29 CFR 1910.132 Personal Protective Equipment
mixture as described in Test Method D7049.
29 CFR 1910.134 Use of Respiratory Protection in the
3.2.2.1 Discussion—This mass is an approximation of the
Workplace
metal removal fluid portion of the workplace aerosol.
29 CFR 1010.1020 Access to Employee Exposure and
3.2.3 metal removal fluid (MRF), n—any fluid in the sub-
Medical Records
class of metalworking fluids used to cut or otherwise take away
29 CFR 1910.1048 Formaldehyde
material or piece of stock. E2148
29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication
5 3.2.3.1 Discussion—Metal removal fluids include straight or
2.3 EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) Standards:
neat oils (Classification D2881), not intended for further
40 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides and
dilution with water, and water-miscible soluble oils,
Devices
semisynthetics, and synthetics, which are intended to be diluted
2.4 Other Documents:
with water before use. Metal removal fluids become contami-
ANSI Technical Report B11 TR 2-1997, Mist Control Con-
nated during use in the workplace with a variety of workplace
siderations for the Design, Installation and Use of Ma-
6 substances including, but not limited to, abrasive particles,
chine Tools Using Metalworking Fluids
tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolved
Metal Working Fluid Optimization Guide, National Center
7 metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi, microbiological
for Manufacturing Sciences
decay products, and waste. These contaminants can cause
Metal Removal Fluids, A Guide To Their Management and
8 changes in the lubricity and cooling ability of the metal
Control, Organization Resources Counselors, Inc.
9 removal fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affect
Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice
the health and welfare of employees in contact with the
Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Expo-
10 contaminated metal removal fluid. E2148
sure to Metalworking Fluids
3.2.4 metal removal fluid aerosol, n—aerosol generated by
Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best Practices
operation of the machine tool itself as well as from circulation
Manual
and filtration systems associated with wet metal removal
Method 0500: Particulates Not Otherwise Regulated, Total
operations and may include airborne contaminants of microbial
3. Terminology
origin.
3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this guide, refer to 3.2.4.1 Discussion—Metal removal aerosol does not include
background aerosol in the workplace atmosphere, which may
Terminologies D1356, E1542 and E2523.
include suspended insoluble particulates.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.5 total particulate matter, n—the mass of material
sampled through the 4-mm inlet of a standard 37-mm filter
Code of Federal Regulations available from United States Government Printing
cassette when operated at 2.0 L/min, as described in Test
Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Method D7049.
Code of Federal Regulations available from United States Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC 20402.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—As defined in Test Method D7049, total
Available from Association for Manufacturing Technology, 7901 Westpark
particulate matter is not a measure of the inhalable or thoracic
Drive, McLean VA 22102.
7 particulate mass.
Available from National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, Report 0274RE95,
3025 Boardwalk, Ann Arbor, MI 48018.
3.3 Acronyms:
Available from Organization Resources Counselors, 1910 Sunderland Place,
3.3.1 GHS, n—globally harmonized system
NW., Washington, DC 20036 or from members of the Metal Working Fluid Product
SM
Stewardship Group (MWFPSG ). Contact Independent Lubricant Manufacturers
3.3.1.1 Discussion—GHS is an acronym for the Globally
Association, 651 S. Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, for a list of members
Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemi-
SM
of the MWFPSG .
9 cals.
Available from American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634.
Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
4. Significance and Use
Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-
pational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.
4.1 Exposure to aerosols in the industrial metal removal
Available from US Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 200
environment has been associated with adverse respiratory
Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20210 or at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/
effects.
metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.html
Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
4.2 Use of this practice will mitigate occupational exposure
Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-
and effects of exposure to aerosols in the metal removal
pational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226 or at. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/
docs/2003-154/pdfs/0500.pdf environment.
E2889 − 12 (2017)
4.3 Through implementation of this practice, users should and fill with mucous, reducing airflow and producing shortness
be able to reduce instances and severity of respiratory irritation of breath and a wheezing sound. A variety of components,
and disease through the effective use of a metal removal fluid additives, and contaminants of MRF can induce new onset
management program, appropriate product selection, appropri- asthma, aggravate pre-existing asthma, and irritate the airways
ate machine tool design, proper air handling mechanisms, and of non-asthmatic employees.
control of microorganisms. 5.3.4 Chronic bronchitis is a condition involving inflamma-
tion of the main airways of the lungs that occurs over a long
5. Respiratory Health Hazards Associated with Metal
period of time. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a chronic
Removal Fluids
cough and by coughing up phlegm. The phlegm can interfere
with air passage into and out of the lungs. This condition may
5.1 General:
also cause accelerated decline in lung function, which can
5.1.1 Metal removal fluids (MRF) can cause adverse health
ultimately result in heart and lung function damage.
effects through skin contact with contaminated materials,
5.3.5 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a serious lung
spray, or mist and through inhalation from breathing MWF
disease. Recent outbreaks of HP have been associated with
mist or aerosol.
exposure to aerosols of synthetic, semi-synthetic, and soluble
5.1.2 Skin and airborne exposures to MRF have been
oil MRF. In particular, contaminants and additives in MRF
implicated in health problems including irritation of the skin,
have been associated with outbreaks of HP (NIOSH 1998a). In
lungs, eyes, nose and throat. Conditions such as dermatitis,
the short term, HP is characterized by coughing, shortness of
acne, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, irritation of the
breath, and flu-like symptoms (fevers, chills, muscle aches, and
upper respiratory tract, and a variety of cancers have been
fatigue). The chronic phase (following repeated exposures) is
associated with exposure to MRF (NIOSH 1998a). The sever-
characterized by lung scarring associated with permanent lung
ity of health problems is dependent on a variety of factors such
disease.
as the kind of fluid, the degree and type of contamination, and
5.3.6 Other factors, such as smoking, increase the possibil-
the level and duration of the exposure.
ity of respiratory diseases. Cigarette smoke may worsen the
5.2 Skin Disorders:
respiratory effects of MRF aerosols for all employees.
5.2.1 Skin contact occurs when the worker dips his/her
5.3.7 Respiratory effects have been observed among work-
hands into the fluid or handles parts, tools, and equipment
3 13
ers with exposures below 1.0 mg/M to diverse fluids, with
covered with fluid without the use of personal protective
water-reduced fluids generally appearing more potent. Poorly
equipment, such as gloves and aprons. Skin contact may also
controlled fluids have generally been more likely to be asso-
result from fluid splashing onto the employee from the machine
ciated with adverse effects.
if guarding is absent or inadequate. For further information
5.4 Cancer:
refer to Practice E2693.
5.4.1 A number of studies have found an association be-
5.3 Respiratory Diseases:
tween working with MRF and a variety of cancers, including
5.3.1 Inhalation of MRF mist or aerosol may cause irritation
cancer of the rectum, pancreas, larynx, skin, scrotum, and
of the lungs, throat, and nose. In general, respiratory irritation
bladder (NIOSH 1998a). No authoritative review of studies of
involves some type of chemical interaction between the MRF
workers exposed to MRF has been conducted since 1999,
and the human respiratory system. Irritation may affect one or
although additional data have been published. Studies of MRF
more the following areas: nose, throat (pharynx, larynx), the
and cancer reflect the health experiences of workers exposed
various conducting airways or tubes of the lungs (trachea,
decades earlier. This is because the effects of cancers associ-
bronchi, bronchioles), and the lung air sacks (alveoli) where
ated with MRF may not beco
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2889 − 12 E2889 − 12 (Reapproved 2017) An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid
Environment
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2889; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines to control respiratory hazards in the metal removal environment.
1.2 This practice does not include prevention of dermatitis, which is the subject of Practice E2693, but it does adopt a similar
systems management approach with many control elements in common.
1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure via inhalation of metal removal fluids and associated airborne agents.
1.4 Metal removal fluids used for wet machining operations (such as cutting, drilling, milling, or grinding) that remove metal
to produce the finished part are a subset of metalworking fluids. This practice does not apply to other operations (such as stamping,
rolling, forging, or casting) that use metalworking fluids other than metal removal fluids. These other types of metalworking fluid
operations are not included in this document because of limited information on health effects, including epidemiology studies, and
on control technologies. Nonetheless, some of the exposure control approaches and guidance contained in this document may be
useful for managing respiratory hazards associated with other types of metalworking fluids.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D2881 Classification for Metalworking Fluids and Related Materials
D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres
E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
E1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker and Workplace Protection
E1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
E1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and Safety
E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the Wet Metal Removal Environment (Withdrawn 2017)
E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace Atmospheres
E2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
E2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Performance
E2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations
E2563 Practice for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate Count Method
E2564 Practice for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metalworking Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC) Method
This test method practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50
on Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012Oct. 1, 2017. Published November 2012October 2017. Originally approved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as
E2889 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/E2889-12.10.1520/E2889-12R17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2889 − 12 (2017)
E2657 Practice for Determination of Endotoxin Concentrations in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
E2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal Fluid Environment
E2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triphosphate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
2.2 OSHA (US(U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration) Standards:
29 CFR 1910.132 Personal Protective Equipment
29 CFR 1910.134 Use of Respiratory Protection in the Workplace
29 CFR 1010.1020 Access to Employee Exposure and Medical Records
29 CFR 1910.1048 Formaldehyde
29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication
2.3 EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) Standards:
40 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides and Devices
2.4 Other Documents:
ANSI Technical Report B11 TR 2-1997, Mist Control Considerations for the Design, Installation and Use of Machine Tools
Using Metalworking Fluids
Metal Working Fluid Optimization Guide, National Center for Manufacturing Sciences
Metal Removal Fluids, A Guide To Their Management and Control, Organization Resources Counselors, Inc.
Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice
Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Metalworking Fluids
Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best Practices Manual
Method 0500: Particulates Not Otherwise Regulated, Total
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this guide, refer to Terminologies D1356, E1542 and E2523.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 dilution ventilation, n—referring to the supply and exhaust of air with respect to an area, room, or building, the dilution
of contaminated air with uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling potential health hazards, fire and explosion conditions,
odors, and nuisance type nuisance-type contaminants, from Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice.
3.2.2 extractable mass, n—the material removed by liquid extraction of the sampling filter using a mixed-polarity solvent
mixture as described in Test Method D7049.
Code of Federal Regulations available from United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Code of Federal Regulations available from United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Available from Association for Manufacturing Technology, 7901 Westpark Drive, McLean VA 22102.
Available from National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, Report 0274RE95, 3025 Boardwalk, Ann Arbor, MI 48018.
Available from Organization Resources Counselors, 1910 Sunderland Place, NW., Washington, DC 20036 or from members of the Metal Working Fluid Product
SM
Stewardship Group (MWFPSG ). Contact Independent Lubricant Manufacturers Association, 651 S. Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, for a list of members of the
SM
MWFPSG .
Available from American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634.
Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.
Available from US Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 200 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20210 or at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/
metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.html
Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226 or at. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/pdfs/0500.pdf
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
This mass is an approximation of the metal removal fluid portion of the workplace aerosol.
3.2.3 metal removal fluid (MRF), n—any fluid in the subclass of metalworking fluids used to cut,cut or otherwise take away
material or piece of stock. E2148
3.2.3.1 Discussion—
Metal removal fluids include straight or neat oils ((Classification D2881), not intended for further dilution with water, and water
miscible water-miscible soluble oils, semisynthetics, and synthetics, which are intended to be diluted with water before use. Metal
removal fluids become contaminated during use in the workplace with a variety of workplace substances including, but not limited
to, abrasive particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi,
microbiological decay products, and waste. These contaminants can cause changes in the lubricity and cooling ability of the metal
E2889 − 12 (2017)
removal fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affect the health and welfare of employees in contact with the contaminated
metal removal fluid. E2148
3.2.4 metal removal fluid aerosol, n—aerosol generated by operation of the machine tool itself as well as from circulation and
filtration systems associated with wet metal removal operations and may include airborne contaminants of microbial origin.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—
Metal removal aerosol does not include background aerosol in the workplace atmosphere, which may include suspended insoluble
particulates.
3.2.5 total particulate matter, n—the mass of material sampled through the 4-mm inlet of a standard 37-mm filter cassette when
operated at 2.0 L/min, as described in Test Method D7049.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—
As defined in Test Method D7049, total particulate matter is not a measure of the inhalable or thoracic particulate mass.
3.3 Acronyms:
3.3.1 GHS, n—globally harmonized system
3.3.1.1 Discussion—
GHS is an acronym for the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Exposure to aerosols in the industrial metal removal environment has been associated with adverse respiratory effects.
4.2 Use of this practice will mitigate occupational exposure and effects of exposure to aerosols in the metal removal
environment.
4.3 Through implementation of this practice, users should be able to reduce instances and severity of respiratory irritation and
disease through the effective use of a metal removal fluid management program, appropriate product selection, appropriate
machine tool design, proper air handling mechanisms, and control of microorganisms.
5. Respiratory Health Hazards Associated with Metal Removal Fluids
5.1 General:
5.1.1 Metal removal fluids (MRF) can cause adverse health effects through skin contact with contaminated materials, spray, or
mist and through inhalation from breathing MWF mist or aerosol.
5.1.2 Skin and airborne exposures to MRF have been implicated in health problems including irritation of the skin, lungs, eyes,
nose and throat. Conditions such as dermatitis, acne, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, irritation of the upper respiratory tract,
and a variety of cancers have been associated with exposure to MRF (NIOSH 1998a). The severity of health problems is dependent
on a variety of factors such as the kind of fluid, the degree and type of contamination, and the level and duration of the exposure.
5.2 Skin Disorders:
5.2.1 Skin contact occurs when the worker dips his/her hands into the fluid or handles parts, tools, and equipment covered with
fluid without the use of personal protective equipment, such as gloves and aprons. Skin contact may also result from fluid splashing
onto the employee from the machine if guarding is absent or inadequate. For further information refer to E2693Practice
E2693Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal Fluid Environment.
5.3 Respiratory Diseases:
5.3.1 Inhalation of MRF mist or aerosol may cause irritation of the lungs, throat, and nose. In general, respiratory irritation
involves some type of chemical interaction between the MRF and the human respiratory system. Irritation may affect one or more
the following areas: nose, throat (pharynx, larynx), the various conducting airways or tubes of the lungs (trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles), and the lung air sacks (alveoli) where the air passes from the lungs into the body. Exposure to MRF mist or aerosol
may also aggravate the effects of existing lung disease.
5.3.2 Some of the symptoms reported include sore throat, red, watery, itchy eyes, runny nose, nosebleeds, cough, wheezing,
increased phlegm production, shortness of breath, and other cold like cold-like symptoms. These symptoms may indicate a variety
of respiratory conditions, including acute airway irritation, asthma (reversible airway obstruction), chronic bronchitis, chronically
impaired lung function, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). When symptoms of respiratory irritation occur, in many cases it
is unclear whether the disease was caused by specific fluid components, contamination of the in-use fluid, products of microbial
growth or degradation, or a combination of factors.
E2889 − 12 (2017)
5.3.3 Exposure to MRF has been associated with asthma. In asthma, airways of the lung become inflamed, causing a reduction
of the flow of air into and out of the lungs. During an asthmatic attack, the airways become swollen, go into spasms and fill with
mucous, reducing airflow and producing shortness of breath and a wheezing sound. A variety of components, additives, and
contaminants of MRF can induce new-onset new onset asthma, aggravate pre-existing asthma, and irritate the airways of
non-asthmatic employees.
5.3.4 Chronic bronchitis is a condition involving inflammation of the main airways of the lungs that occurs over a long period
of time. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a chronic cough and by coughing up phlegm. The phlegm can interfere with air
passage into and out of the lungs. This condition may also cause accelerated decline in lung function, which can ultimately result
in heart and lung funct
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