ASTM D7049-04(2010)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres
Standard Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method covers the gravimetric determination of metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in workplace atmospheres.
The test method provides total particulate matter concentrations for comparison with historical exposure databases collected with the same technology.
The test method provides an extension to current nonstandardized methods by adding an extractable mass concentration which reduces interferences from nonmetal removal fluid aerosols.
The test method does not address differences between metal removal fluid types, but it does include extraction with a broad spectrum of solvent polarity to remove any of the current fluid formulations from insoluble background aerosol adequately.
The test method does not identify or quantify any specific putative toxins in the workplace that can be related to metal removal fluid aerosols or vapors.
The test method does not address the loss of semivolatile compounds from the filter during or after collection.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of both total collected particulate matter and extractable mass metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in the range of 0.05 to 5 mg/m3 in workplace atmospheres.
1.2 This test method describes a standardized means of collecting worker exposure information that can be compared to existing exposure databases, using a test method that is also more specific to metal removal fluids.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7049 − 04 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Method for
Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7049; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D5337 Practice for Flow RateAdjustment of Personal Sam-
pling Pumps
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determina-
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
tion of both total collected particulate matter and extractable
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
massmetalremovalfluidaerosolconcentrationsintherangeof
2.2 Government Standards:
0.05 to 5 mg/m in workplace atmospheres.
29 CFR 1910.1000 Air Contaminants
1.2 This test method describes a standardized means of
29 CFR 1910.1450 Occupational Exposure to Hazardous
collecting worker exposure information that can be compared
Chemicals in Laboratories
to existing exposure databases, using a test method that is also
2.3 NIOSH Document:
more specific to metal removal fluids.
Method 0500 NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
(NMAM), 4th Ed
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3. Terminology
standard.
3.1 Fordefinitionsoftermsrelatingtothistestmethod,refer
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the to Terminology D1356.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.1 breathing zone, n—the worker’s breathing zone con-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
sists of a hemisphere 300-mm radius extending in front of the
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
face, centered on the midpoint of a line joining the ears; the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
base of the hemisphere is a plane through this line, the top of
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
the head and the larynx.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.2 extractable mass, n—the material removed by liquid
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
extraction of the filter using a mixed-polarity solvent mixture.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This mass is an approximation of the metal removal fluid
portion of the workplace aerosol.
2. Referenced Documents
2 3.2.3 filter set, n—a group of filters from the same produc-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tion lot that are weighed and assembled into the filter cassettes
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
atonetime.Thefiltersetmaybeusedforsamplingonmultiple
Atmospheres
days with the appropriate field blanks being submitted for each
D3195 Practice for Rotameter Calibration
sampling day.
D3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of
3.2.4 metal removal fluids, n—the subset of metal working
Methods of Committee D22
fluids that are used for wet machining or grinding to produce
D4532 Test Method for Respirable Dust in Workplace At-
the finished part. Metal removal fluids are often characterized
mospheres Using Cyclone Samplers
as straight, soluble, semisynthetic, and synthetic.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Metal removal fluids addressed by this
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
practice include straight or neat oils, not intended for further
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace Air
dilution with water, and water-miscible soluble oils,
Quality.
semisynthetics,andsynthetics,whichareintendedtobediluted
Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originally
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D7049 – 04. DOI:
10.1520/D7049-04R10.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676
the ASTM website. Columbia Pkwy., Cincinnati, OH 45226.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7049 − 04 (2010)
with water before use. Metal removal fluids become contami- 6.2 The extractable mass concentration measurement im-
nated during use in the workplace with a variety of workplace proves the specificity of the test method by eliminating
substances including, but not limited to, abrasive particles, insoluble background aerosol from the determination of the
tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolved metal removal fluid aerosol concentration.This is an important
metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi, microbiological consideration at low-exposure limits.
decay products, and waste. These contaminants can cause
6.3 Any metal removal fluid components that are insoluble
changes in the lubricity and cooling ability of the metal
in either extraction solvent mixture will not be measured in the
removal fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affect
extractable mass fraction.
the health and welfare of employees in contact with the
6.4 The total particulate and extractable mass concentra-
contaminated metal removal fluid.
tions measured with this test method are subject to a negative
4. Summary of Test Method biastotheextentthatsemivolatilecompoundsarelostfromthe
filter during sampling.
4.1 Workplace air is drawn into a 37-mm filter cassette
6.4.1 Samples of workplace atmospheres in which metal
containing a tared polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter for a
removal fluids containing lower viscosity petroleum fractions
measured period of time. The total particulate matter concen-
or volatile alkanolamines are used may be particularly subject
tration is calculated from the mass gain of the filter and the
to this negative bias both during sampling and during storage
volume of air sampled.
time before analysis.
4.2 The filter is extracted with a ternary mixture of both
6.5 Any insoluble materials that are lost from the filter
nonpolar and polar solvents, a second mixture of methanol and
during the extraction process will be reported as extractable
water, dried, and reweighed. The extractable mass concentra-
mass resulting in a positive bias.
tion is calculated from the loss of mass following extraction
and the volume of air sampled.
7. Apparatus
4.3 As a cost-control procedure, the nonspecific total par-
7.1 The sampling unit consists of a pump and filter cassette.
ticulate matter concentration may be used in place of the
7.1.1 Pump, a constant-flow personal sampling pump ca-
extractable mass if the total particulate concentration is accept-
pable of a flow rate of 2.0 L/min (65 %) through the filter
able to the user of this test method.
cassette for a full work shift (8 h).
7.1.2 Filter Cassette, a closed-face (4-mm opening) two- or
5. Significance and Use
three-piece 37-mm filter cassette with filter-support pad and
5.1 This test method covers the gravimetric determination
inlet and outlet plugs.
of metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in workplace
7.1.3 Filter, the filter shall be a 2-µm PTFE membrane filter.
atmospheres.
7.1.4 Suitable means of attaching the pump and filter
cassette to the worker for breathing zone sampling.
5.2 The test method provides total particulate matter con-
7.1.5 FieldBlank,afiltercassettepreparedforsamplingthat
centrations for comparison with historical exposure databases
has been taken to the workplace and handled in the same
collected with the same technology.
manner as the analytical filters, but which has not had any air
5.3 The test method provides an extension to current non-
drawn through it.
standardized methods by adding an extractable mass concen-
7.1.6 Precision Flow Meter, for calibration of sampler flow
tration which reduces interferences from nonmetal removal
rates (for example, bubble flow meter, dry seal flow meter, or
fluid aerosols.
burette and stopwatch).
5.4 The test method does not address differences between
7.1.7 Rotameter, calibrated in accordance with Practice
metal removal fluid types, but it does include extraction with a
D3195 for field check of sampler flow rate.
broadspectrumofsolventpolaritytoremoveanyofthecurrent
7.1.8 Weighing Room, with temperature and humidity con-
fluid formulations from insoluble background aerosol ad-
trol to allow weighing under reproducible environmental
equately.
conditions of 22 6 2°C and 65 % relative humidity in a range
of 30 to 55 %.
5.5 The test method does not identify or quantify any
7.1.9 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing to 60.001
specific putative toxins in the workplace that can be related to
mg.
metal removal fluid aerosols or vapors.
7.1.9.1 Antistatic Strips, of Po < 200 days old since
5.6 The test method does not address the loss of semivola-
packaging.
tile compounds from the filter during or after collection.
7.1.10 Plane-Parallel Press, for assembling of filter cas-
settes.
6. Interferences
7.1.11 Chemical Desiccator, with indicating CaSO desic-
6.1 The total particulate matter portion of the test method is
cant for drying of filters.
not specific to metal removal fluid in the workplace and is
7.1.12 Filter Funnel, for solvent extraction of 37-mm filters
subject to positive bias by other aerosol sources.
usingadichloromethane,methanol,andtoluenemixedsolvent.
5 6
Information from Independent Lubricant Manufacturers Assoc., Health and See Test Method D4532, a plane-parallel press description to aid in the
Safety Task Force, 651 S. Washington St., Alexandria, VA 22314. assembly of cassettes.
D7049 − 04 (2010)
Two choices are available, a 37-mm aluminum funnel and 10.1.4 WeighthePTFEfilters(7.1.3)andrecordthemassto
37-mm disposable polypropylene cassettes, modified for use the nearest 0.001 mg (m ).
with this method, with polypropylene support pads. Ensure
10.1.5 Place the tared filter and filter support (7.1.2)inthe
the filter funnel does not allow mechanical loss of nonsoluble filter cassette and close fully (7.1.10).
particulate and that it does allow for quantitative collection of
10.1.6 Place tape around the circumference of the cassette
the washings for further chemical analysis of specific
(7.1.2) and affix a unique number on cassette. Place the ID
constituents,ifdesired.Thefunnelshouldbeabletobecleaned
number so it remains visible when cassette is opened to access
between uses to prevent cross-contamination of samples. The
the filter.
use of disposable cassettes eliminates the possibility of cross-
10.2 Assemble the sampling apparatus as shown in Fig. 2 of
contamination, but cassettes should be checked by running
Practice D5337.
blanks to ensure that material is not extracted and added to the
10.2.1 Remove filter plugs, attach prepared filter cassette
filter.
(7.1.2, 10.1), and turn on the sampling pump (7.1.1).
7.1.13 Laboratory Extraction Blank, a filter that has been
10.3 Check the sampling unit for proper operation, check
subjectedtotheextractionprocedureinthesamemannerasthe
analytical filters, but which has not had any air drawn through for leaks, and adjust the flow rate to 2.0 L/min according to
it. Practice D5337.
10.4 Install the sampling unit on the worker with the filter
8. Reagents
cassette (7.1.2) in the breathing zone (7.1.4). Place the filter
8.1 Dichloromethane, for solvent extraction of nonpolar
cassette in a manner that prevents the entry of falling or
compounds, analytical reagent grade with a maximum residue
splashing material, but which does not restrict the inlet.
on evaporation of 5 ppm(v).
10.5 Record the start time and make appropriate field notes
8.2 Methanol, for solvent extraction of polar compounds,
to document the process and work practices being monitored.
analytical reagent grade with a maximum residue on evapora-
10.6 Sample at 2.0 L/min for a full shift. Sampling times
tion of 5 ppm(v).
shorter than a full shift are permitted under any of the
8.3 Toluene, for solvent extraction of nonpolar compounds,
following conditions:
analytical reagent grade with a maximum residue on evapora-
10.6.1 The filter becomes overloaded. (This may be identi-
tion of 5 ppm(v).
fied by discoloration of the support pad where the fluid has
8.4 Water, analytical reagent grade, distilled, deionized, and
broken through the filter.)
filtered.
10.6.2 Specific working operations of shorter duration are
being evaluated (raises the limit of detection, LOD).
8.5 Prepare an extraction solvent from equal volumes of
10.6.3 The sample pump stops at a known time before the
dichloromethane, methanol, and toluene.
end of the shift (raises LOD).
8.6 Prepare a second extraction solvent from equal volumes
of methanol (8.2) and water (8.4). 10.7 Determine the final flow rate. Record the stop time and
remove the sampling equipment.
9. Hazards
10.8 Replace the filter plugs.
9.1 The dichloromethane used as a nonpolar extraction
10.9 For each sampling day, submit three field blank (7.1.5)
solvent could pose a carcinogenic hazard in the laboratory.
filter cassettes or 10 % of the total used, which ever is greater.
9.2 Perform all operations involving extraction in a chemi-
10.10 If field blanks (7.1.5) within a set of filters remain
cal fume hood.
consistent between days, then the field blanks may be pooled
9.3 Follow good laboratory procedures for worker protec-
forthesetoffilterstoreducetheLODandlimitofquantitation,
tion and waste disposal including 29 CFR 1910.1000 and 29
LOQ.
CFR 1910.1450.
10.11 Calculate the LOD and LOQ using individual day
10. Sampling
field blanks.
10.1 Preparation of Filter Cassettes:
10.12 Prepare and analyze all field blanks (7.1.5)inthe
10.1.1 Desiccate the filters (7.1.3) over CaSO (7.1.11) for
4 samemannerastheanalyticalfilters(7.1.3)usedforworkplace
no more than 2 h.
sampling.
10.1.2 Equilibrate or condition the filters in the weighing
10.13 Return the filter cassettes (7.1.2) to the laboratory via
room (7.1.8) for a minimum of 2 h.
210 overnightdeliveryserviceinacontainerthatminimizessample
10.1.3 Place the filter under a Po antistatic strip (7.1.9.1).
damage in transit.
Place a second antistatic strip in the balance (7.1.9) weighing
chamber, if possible. 10.14 Refrigerate received samples at 4 6 2°C immediately
after receipt to preclude bacterial deco
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