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ASTM E1444-01

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination

Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination

SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. Guide E 709 can be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.
Note 1--This Practice replaces MIL-STD-1949.
1.2 The magnetic particle examination method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle examination may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semifinished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle examination is not applicable to nonferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See for additional information.
1.3 All areas of this Practice may be open to agreement between the Cognizant Engineering Organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the Cognizant Engineering Organization.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Feb-2001
ICS
77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.03 - Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1444-94A - Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Replaced By
ASTM E1444-05 - Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM F519-18 - Standard Test Method for Mechanical Hydrogen Embrittlement Evaluation of Plating/Coating Processes and Service Environments
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM E45-18a - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001
Referred By
ASTM E3022-18 - Standard Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteristics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used in Fluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing
Effective Date
10-Feb-2001

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ASTM E1444-01 - Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 1444 – 01
Standard Practice for
1
Magnetic Particle Examination
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1444; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope E 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-
4
destructive Testing
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for
4
E 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination
magnetic particle examination used for the detection of surface
4
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
orslightlysubsurfacediscontinuitiesinferromagneticmaterial.
2.3 ASNT Documents:
Guide E 709 can be used in conjunction with this practice as a
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice No. “Personnel Quali-
tutorial.
5
fication and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
NOTE 1—This Practice replaces MIL-STD-1949.
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-
5
1.2 The magnetic particle examination method is used to fication of NDT Personnel
detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities 2.4 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)-AMS Docu-
6
on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic ments:
particle examination may be applied to raw material, billets, AMS 2300 Premium Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness
7
finished and semifinished materials, welds, and in-service Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
parts. Magnetic particle examination is not applicable to AMS 2301 AircraftQualitySteelCleanlinessMagneticPar-
7
nonferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless ticle Inspection Procedure
steels. See Appendix X5 for additional information. AMS 2303 Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness Martensitic
1.3 All areas of this Practice may be open to agreement Corrosion Resistant Steels Magnetic Particle Inspection
7
between the Cognizant Engineering Organization and the Procedure
7
supplier, or specific direction from the Cognizant Engineering AMS 2641 Magnetic Particle Inspection Vehicle
Organization. AMS 3040 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, Dry
7
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the AMS 3041 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, Wet
7
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Method, Oil Vehicle, Ready-To-Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- AMS 3042 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, Wet
7
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Method, Dry Powder
AMS 3043 Magnetic Particles, Nonfluorescent, Wet
2. Referenced Documents 7
Method, Oil Vehicle, Aerosol Packaged
2.1 The following documents form a part of this standard
AMS 3044 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,
7
practice to the extent specified herein. Dry Powder
2.2 ASTM Standards:
AMS 3045 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,
7
A 275/A 275M Test Method for Magnetic Particle Exami- Oil Vehicle, Ready-To-Use
2
nation of Steel Forgings
AMS 3046 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,
7
A 456 Specification for Magnetic Particle Inspection of Oil Vehicle, Aerosol Packaged
2
Large Crankshaft Forgings
AMS 5062 Steel, Low Carbon Bars, Forgings, Tubing,
3
D 1966 Test Methods for Foots in Raw Linseed Oil
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
1 5
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid Plaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
6
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. Copies of standards, specifications, drawings, and publications required by
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2001. Published April 2001. Originally manufacturers in connection with specification acquisition should be obtained from
published as E 1444 – 91. Last previous edition E 1444 – 94a. the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.
2 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.05. Available from Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive,
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Warrendale, PA 15096.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1444–01
7
Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.25 Carbon, Maximum quired. This, in addition to design personnel, may include
7
AMS 5355 Investment Castings personnel from material and process engineering, stress analy-
7
AMS I-83387 Inspecti
...

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4.1 The requirements in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images to produce satisfactory and consistent results. This practice is not intended for controlling the acceptability of the casting. The radioscopic method may be used for detecting volumetric discontinuities and density variations that are within the sensitivity range of this practice. The dynamic aspects of radioscopy are useful for maximizing defect response.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Within the present state of the radiographic art, this guide is generally applicable to available materials, processes, and techniques where industrial radiographic films are used as the recording media.  
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Note 1: Further information is contained in Guide E999, Practice E1025, Practice E1030/E1030M, and Practice E1032.  
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5.1 The use of RQIs is a significant departure from normal practice in industrial radiology because it is not a standard design and is dependent on the application, material, and process and therefore cannot be a simple plaque or wire. The use of an RQI provides documented evidence that radiologic images have the level of quality necessary to reveal those nonconformances for which the parts are being examined by ensuring adequate spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity in the areas of interest.  
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4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the magnetic flux.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for aerospace applications using the wet fluorescent method. Refer to Practice E3024/E3024M for industrial applications. Guide E709 can be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 CT may be performed on an object when it is in the as-cast, intermediate, or final machined condition. A CT examination can be used as a design tool to improve wax forms and moldings, establish process parameters, randomly check process control, perform final quality control (QC) examination for the acceptance or rejection of parts, and analyze failures and extend component lifetimes.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for the examination of castings by the computed tomography (CT) technique. The requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the nondestructive examination by CT and are not intended for controlling the acceptability or quality of the castings. This practice implicitly suggests the use of penetrating radiation, specifically X rays and gamma rays.  
1.2 This practice provides a uniform procedure for a CT examination of castings for one or more of the following purposes:  
1.2.1 Examining for discontinuities, such as porosity, inclusions, cracks, and shrink;  
1.2.2 Performing metrological measurements and determining dimensional conformance; and  
1.2.3 Determining reverse engineering data, that is, creating computer-aided design (CAD) data files.  
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ASTM E1774-17(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General—Ultrasonic testing is a widely used nondestructive method for the examination of a material. The majority of ultrasonic examinations are performed using transducers that directly convert electrical energy into acoustic energy through the use of piezoelectric crystals. This guide describes an alternate technique in which electromagnetic energy is used to produce acoustic energy inside an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material. EMATs have unique characteristics when compared to conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic search units, making them a significant tool for some ultrasonic examination applications.  
4.2 Principle—An electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) generates and receives ultrasonic waves without the need to contact the material in which the acoustic waves are traveling. The use of an EMAT requires that the material to be examined be electrically conductive or ferromagnetic, or both. There are two basic components of an EMAT system, a magnet and a coil. The magnet may be an electromagnet or a permanent magnet, which is used to produce a magnetic field in the material under test. The coil is driven using alternating current at the desired ultrasonic frequency. The coil and AC current also induce a surface magnetic field in the material under test. In the presence of the static magnetic field, the surface current experiences Lorentz forces that produce the desired ultrasonic waves. Upon reception of an ultrasonic wave, the surface of the conductor oscillates in the presence of a magnetic field, thus inducing a voltage in the coil. The transduction process occurs within an electromagnetic skin depth. The EMAT forms the basis for a very reproducible noncontact system for generating and detecting ultrasonic waves.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended primarily for tutorial purposes. It provides an overview of the general principles governing the operation and use of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for ultrasonic examination.  
1.2 This guide describes a non-contact technique for coupling ultrasonic energy into an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material, or both, through the use of electromagnetic fields. This guide describes the theory of operation and basic design considerations as well as the advantages and limitations of the technique.  
1.3 This guide is intended to serve as a general reference to assist in determining the usefulness of EMATs for a given application as well as provide fundamental information regarding their design and operation. This guide provides guidance for the generation of longitudinal, shear, Rayleigh, and Lamb wave modes using EMATs.  
1.4 This guide does not contain detailed procedures for the use of EMATs in any specific applications; nor does it promote the use of EMATs without thorough testing prior to their use for examination purposes. Some applications in which EMATs have been applied successfully are outlined in Section 9.  
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ASTM E215-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Standardizing Equipment and Electromagnetic Examination of Seamless Aluminum-Alloy Tube

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The examination is performed by passing the tube lengthwise through or near an eddy current sensor energized with alternating current of one or more frequencies. The electrical impedance of the eddy current sensor is modified by the proximity of the tube. The extent of this modification is determined by the distance between the eddy current sensor and the tube, the dimensions, and electrical conductivity of the tube. The presence of metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities in the tube will alter the apparent impedance of the eddy current sensor. During passage of the tube, the changes in eddy current sensor characteristics caused by localized differences in the tube produce electrical signals which are amplified and modified to actuate either an audio or visual signaling device or a mechanical marker to indicate the position of discontinuities in the tube length. Signals can be produced by discontinuities located either on the external or internal surface of the tube or by discontinuities totally contained within the tube wall.  
4.2 The depth of penetration of eddy currents in the tube wall is influenced by the conductivity (alloy) of the material being examined and the excitation frequency employed. As defined by the standard depth of penetration equation, the eddy current penetration depth is inversely related to conductivity and excitation frequency (Note 2). Beyond one standard depth of penetration (SDP), the capacity to detect discontinuities by eddy currents is reduced. Electromagnetic examination of seamless aluminum alloy tube is most effective when the wall thickness does not exceed the SDP or in heavier tube walls when discontinuities of interest are within one SDP. The limit for detecting metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities by way of conventional eddy current sensors is generally accepted to be approximately three times the SDP point and is referred to as the effective depth of penetration (EDP).
Note 2: The standard depth of penetratio...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 is for standardizing eddy current equipment employed in the examination of seamless aluminum-alloy tube. Artificial discontinuities consisting of flat-bottomed or through holes, or both, are employed as the means of standardizing the eddy current system. General requirements for eddy current examination procedures are included.  
1.2 Procedures for fabrication of reference standards are given in X1.1 and X2.1.  
1.3 This practice is intended for the examination of tubular products having nominal diameters up to 4 in. (101.6 mm) and wall thicknesses up to the standard depth of penetration (SDP) of eddy currents for the particular alloy (conductivity) being examined and the examination frequency being used.  
Note 1: This practice may also be used for larger diameters or heavier walls up to the effective depth of penetration (EDP) of eddy currents as long as adequate resolution is obtained and as specified by the using party or parties.  
1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria. They must be established by the using party or parties.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3024/E3024M-22a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for General Industry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flux in the part.  
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the magnetic particle testing method. This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for industrial applications. Refer to Practice E1444/E1444M for aerospace applications. Guide E709 may be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.  
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.  
1.3 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the Level III or the cognizant engineering organization, as applicable, and the supplier.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4.1 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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