ASTM D2594-04(2016)

Standard Test Method for Stretch Properties of Knitted Fabrics Having Low Power

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method specifies test conditions for measuring the fabric growth and fabric stretch of knitted fabrics intended for use in swimwear, anchored slacks, and other form-fitting apparel (also commonly known as semi-support apparel) applications, as well as test conditions for measuring the fabric growth of knitted fabrics intended for use in sportswear and other loose-fitting apparel (also commonly known as comfort stretch apparel) applications. The applicability of this test method to the measurement of fabric growth and fabric stretch of knitted fabrics intended for use in slacks, sport coats, and suits has not been determined.  
5.2 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipment because the between-laboratory precision is known to be poor.  
5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if their is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results are obtained, and are assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of fabric stretch and fabric growth of knitted fabrics intended for applications requiring low-power stretch properties.  
1.2 This test method includes procedures for fabric growth and stretch and can be used individually when required by individual specifications.  
1.3 This test method is not applicable to fabrics intended for support or other applications requiring high-power stretch properties.
Note 1: For information on testing high-power and woven stretch fabrics, refer to Test Methods D3107 and D6614.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2016
• ICS: 59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.59 - Fabric Physical Test Methods A

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2594 − 04 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Stretch Properties of Knitted Fabrics Having Low Power
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2594; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of fabric
drawn 2008)
stretch and fabric growth of knitted fabrics intended for
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
applications requiring low-power stretch properties.
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
1.2 This test method includes procedures for fabric growth
D3107 Test Methods for Stretch Properties of Fabrics Wo-
and stretch and can be used individually when required by
ven from Stretch Yarns
individual specifications.
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
1.3 This test method is not applicable to fabrics intended for D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
Methods
support or other applications requiring high-power stretch
properties. D6614 Test Method for Stretch Properties of Textile Fabrics
– CRE Method
NOTE 1—For information on testing high-power and woven stretch
fabrics, refer to Test Methods D3107 and D6614.
3. Terminology
1.4 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to
3.1 Definitions:
be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the
3.1.1 For definition of textile terms used in this test method:
inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated
bench marks, refer to Terminology D4849.
in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.1.2 For definitions of textile terms used in this test
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
method: fabric growth; fabric stretch; low-power stretch and
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
tension, refer to Terminology D4850.
with the specification.
3.1.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
method, refer to Terminology D123.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Summary of Test Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 Fabric Growth—Bench marks of a known distance are
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
made on a fabric specimen. A specified tension is applied to a
fabric specimen by a prescribed cycling technique.The tension
2. Referenced Documents
is removed and after several specific recovery times under zero
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tension, the distance between the bench marks is remeasured
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
after each time interval. The fabric growth is calculated from
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
the length difference between the bench marks prior to appli-
cation of the tension and after each respective recovery time
interval.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,
4.2 Fabric Stretch—Bench marks of a known distance are
General.
made on a fabric specimen. A specified tension is applied to a
Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approved
fabric specimen by a prescribed cycling technique and the
in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D2594 – 04(2012). DOI:
10.1520/D2594-04R16.
resulting distance between the bench marks measured. The
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2594 − 04 (2016)
fabric stretch is calculated from the length difference between 6.3 Lightweight Rule, fitted with a pin hook at the zero point
the bench marks prior to application of the tension and under of the scale for attachment to the specimen, graduated either in
while under the tension. units of percent of original gage length of 125 mm (5 in.) or in
units of 1 mm ( ⁄16 in.).
5. Significance and Use
6.4 Tensiometer or Weights, that can be attached to the
5.1 This test method specifies test conditions for measuring
bottom hanger of the hanger assembly, capable of providing
the fabric growth and fabric stretch of knitted fabrics intended
total tensions of 2.27 kgf (5 lbf) and 4.54 kgf (10 lbf) to the
for use in swimwear, anchored slacks, and other form-fitting
specimen, 61%.
apparel (also commonly known as semi-support apparel)
6.5 Turnbuckle, or equivalent, having a length of 25 to 75
applications, as well as test conditions for measuring the fabric
mm (1 to 3 in.).
growth of knitted fabrics intended for use in sportswear and
6.6 Sanforized Marker, to establish bench marks on the
other loose-fitting apparel (also commonly known as comfort
specimen.
stretch apparel) applications. The applicability of this test
method to the measurement of fabric growth and fabric stretch
6.7 Timer, with increments of at least 1 min.
of knitted fabrics intended for use in slacks, sport coats, and
7. Sampling and Test Specs
suits has not been determined.
7.1 Primary Sampling Unit—Consider rolls of fabric or
5.2 This test method is not recommended for acceptance
testing of commercial shipment because the between- fabric components of fabricated systems to be the primary
sampling unit, as applicable.
laboratory precision is known to be poor.
5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
7.2 Laboratory Sampling Unit—As a laboratory sampling
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
unit take from rolls at least one full-width piece of fabric that
comparative tests should be performed to determine if their is
is2m(2yd)in length along the selvage (machine direction),
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
after removing a first 1 mm (1 yd) length. For fabric compo-
assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used
nents of fabricated systems use the entire system.
are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material
7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sampling unit,
from which the disparate test results are obtained, and are
cut 5 wale-wise (lengthwise) and 5 course-wise (widthwise)
assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for
test specimens 125 63mm(5 6 0.1 in.) by 398 6 10 mm
testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be
(15.5 6 0.3 in.). Cut the long dimension of the wale-wise
compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a
specimens parallel to the wale direction and the course-wise
probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is
specimens parallel to the course direction. Take specimens
found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future
representing a broad distribution from different positions
test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration
diagonally across the width of the laboratory sampling unit.
of the known bias.
Consider the long direction as the direction of test. Label to
maintain specimen identity.
6. Apparatus
7.3.1 For fabric widths 125 mm (5 in.) or more, take no
6.1 Frame, suitable for supporting the hanger assembly
specimen closer than 25 mm (1 in.) from the edges of the
illustrated in Fig. 1 and tension forces applied during testing.
laboratory sampling unit.
6.2 Hanger Assembly, consisting of hangers, hanger rods, 7.3.2 For fabric widths less than 125 mm (5 in.), use the
and chain. entire width of the laboratory sampling unit for specimens.
FIG. 1 Hanger Assembly
D2594 − 04 (2016)
7.3.3 Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or 10.3.8 After 2 h 6 5 min, unlock and release the chain and
wrinkles. Avoid getting oil, water, grease, etc., on the speci- remove the lower hanger from the specimen loop.
mens when handling.
10.3.9 Measure the position of the lower bench mark
7.3.4 If the fabric has a pattern, ensure that the specimens
relative to the scale on the rule to the nearest 1 % of original
are a representative sampling of the pattern.
gage length or 1 mm ( ⁄16 in.) after recovery under no tension
7.3.5 After cutting, fold each specimen in half lengthwise
as follows:
forming a loop and sew the edges opposite the fold together 6
10.3.9.1 After 60 6 5 s and record as measurement (B), and
to 13 mm (0.25 to 0.50 in.) from the cut edges and parallel to
10.3.9.2 After 1 h 6 5 min record as measurement (C).
the short direction of the specimen.
10.3.10 Remove the tested specimens, in turn, and continue
7.3.6 Lay the specimen on a flat surface and place bench
as directed in 10.3 until three specimens for each the wale and
marks 125 63mm(5 6 0.01 in.) apart on the central section
coursedirectionshavebeentestedforeachlaboratorysampling
of one face of the looped specimen establishing a gage length
unit.
along the length of the specimen. Record as measurement (A).
10.4 Fabric Stretch:
8. Conditioning
10.4.1 Place a new specimen in the stretch testing equip-
8.1 Bring the test specimens to moisture equilibrium for
ment as directed in 10.3.1 – 10.3.4.
testing in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles as
10.4.2 Attachthetensiometertothelowerhanger,graspand
directed in Practice D1776, or if applicable,
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2594 − 04 (Reapproved 2012) D2594 − 04 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Stretch Properties of Knitted Fabrics Having Low Power
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2594; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of fabric stretch and fabric growth of knitted fabrics intended for applications
requiring low-power stretch properties.
1.2 This test method includes procedures for fabric growth and stretch and can be used individually when required by individual
specifications.
1.3 This test method is not applicable to fabrics intended for support or other applications requiring high-power stretch
properties.
NOTE 1—For information on testing high-power and woven stretch fabrics, refer to Test Methods D3107 and D6614.
1.4 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the
inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (Withdrawn 2008)
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
D3107 Test Methods for Stretch Properties of Fabrics Woven from Stretch Yarns
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
D6614 Test Method for Stretch Properties of Textile Fabrics – CRE Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definition of textile terms used in this test method: bench marks, refer to Terminology D4849.
3.1.2 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method: fabric growth; fabric stretch; low-power stretch and tension, refer
to Terminology D4850.
3.1.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Fabric Growth—Bench marks of a known distance are made on a fabric specimen. A specified tension is applied to a fabric
specimen by a prescribed cycling technique. The tension is removed and after several specific recovery times under zero tension,
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods, General.
Current edition approved July 1, 2012July 1, 2016. Published August 2012July 2016. Originally approved in 1969. Discontinued November 1997 and reinstated as
ε2
D2594 – 99.Last previous edition approved in 20082012 as D2594 – 04(2008)(2012). . DOI: 10.1520/D2594-04R12.10.1520/D2594-04R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2594 − 04 (2016)
the distance between the bench marks is remeasured after each time interval. The fabric growth is calculated from the length
difference between the bench marks prior to application of the tension and after each respective recovery time interval.
4.2 Fabric Stretch—Bench marks of a known distance are made on a fabric specimen. A specified tension is applied to a fabric
specimen by a prescribed cycling technique and the resulting distance between the bench marks measured. The fabric stretch is
calculated from the length difference between the bench marks prior to application of the tension and under while under the tension.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method specifies test conditions for measuring the fabric growth and fabric stretch of knitted fabrics intended for
use in swimwear, anchored slacks, and other form-fitting apparel (also commonly known as semi-support apparel) applications,
as well as test conditions for measuring the fabric growth of knitted fabrics intended for use in sportswear and other loose-fitting
apparel (also commonly known as comfort stretch apparel) applications. The applicability of this test method to the measurement
of fabric growth and fabric stretch of knitted fabrics intended for use in slacks, sport coats, and suits has not been determined.
5.2 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipment because the between-laboratory
precision is known to be poor.
5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative
tests should be performed to determine if their is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a
minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate
test results are obtained, and are assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two
laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series.
If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in
consideration of the known bias.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Frame, ,suitable for supporting the hanger assembly illustrated in Fig. 1 and tension forces applied during testing.
6.2 Hanger Assembly, ,consisting of hangers, hanger rods, and chain.
6.3 Lightweight Rule, ,fitted with a pin hook at the zero point of the scale for attachment to the specimen, graduated either in
units of percent of original gage length of 125 mm (5 in.) or in units of 1 mm ( ⁄16 in.).
6.4 Tensiometer or Weights, ,that can be attached to the bottom hanger of the hanger assembly, capable of providing total
tensions of 2.27 kgf (5 lbf) and 4.54 kgf (10 lbf) to the specimen, 6 1 %.
6.5 Turnbuckle, ,or equivalent, having a length of 25 to 75 mm (1 to 3 in.).
6.6 Sanforized Marker, to establish bench marks on the specimen.
6.7 Timer, with increments of at least 1 min.
7. Sampling and Test Specs
7.1 Primary Sampling Unit—Consider rolls of fabric or fabric components of fabricated systems to be the primary sampling
unit, as applicable.
FIG. 1 Hanger Assembly
D2594 − 04 (2016)
7.2 Laboratory Sampling Unit—As a laboratory sampling unit take from rolls at least one full-width piece of fabric that is 2
m (2 yd) in length along the selvage (machine direction), after removing a first 1 mm (1 yd) length. For fabric components of
fabricated systems use the entire system.
7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sampling unit, cut 5 wale-wise (lengthwise) and 5 course-wise (widthwise) test
specimens 125 6 3 mm (5 6 0.1 in.) by 398 6 10 mm (15.5 6 0.3 in.). Cut the long dimension of the wale-wise specimens parallel
to the wale direction and the course-wise specimens parallel to the course direction. Take specimens representing a broad
distribution from different positions diagonally across the width of the laboratory sampling unit. Consider the long direction as the
direction of test. Label to maintain specimen identity.
7.3.1 For fabric widths 125 mm (5 in.) or more, take no specimen closer than 25 mm (1 in.) from the edges of the laboratory
sampling unit.
7.3.2 For fabric widths less than 125 mm (5 in.), use the entire width of the laboratory sampling unit for specimens.
7.3.3 Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or wrinkles. Avoid getting oil, water, grease, etc., on the specimens when
handling.
7.3.4 If the fabric has a pattern, ensure that the specimens are a representative sampling of the pattern.
7.3.5 After cutting, fold each specimen in half lengthwise forming a loop and sew the edges opposite the fold together 6 to 13
mm (0.25 to 0.50 in.) from the cut edges and parallel to the short direction of the specimen.
7.3.6 Lay the specimen on a flat surface and place bench marks 125 6 3 mm (5 6 0.01 in.) apart on the central section of one
face of the looped specimen establishing a gage length along the length of the specimen. Record as measurement (A).
8. Conditioning
8.1 Bring the test specimens to moisture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles as directed in
Practice D1776, or if applicable, in the specified atmosphere in which the testing is to be performed.
9. Preparation of Test Apparatus and Calibration
9.1 Verify measuring scales and tension weights are within calibration.
10. Procedure
10.1 Test the test specimens in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, as described in Practice D1776.
10.2 Handle the test specimens carefully to avoid altering the natural state of the material.
10.3 Fabric Growth:
10.3.1 Slide the specimen loop over the upper hanger rod and secure the rod in the hanger such that the seam of the loop lies
along the rod.
10.3.2 Slide the folded end of the loop over the lower hanger rod and secure the rod to the hanger.
10.3.3 Place the upper hanger in the slot in the top bar of the supporting fram
...