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ASTM C698-04

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, and Spectrochemical Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Mixed Oxides ((U, Pu)O2)

Standard Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, and Spectrochemical Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Mixed Oxides ((U, Pu)O<sub>2</sub>)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Mixed oxide, a mixture of uranium and plutonium oxides, is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel in the form of pellets. The plutonium content may be up to 10 weight %, and the diluent uranium may be of any 235U enrichment. In order to be suitable for use as a nuclear fuel, the material must meet certain criteria for combined uranium and plutonium content, effective fissile content, and impurity content as described in Specification C 833.
3.1.1 The material is assayed for uranium and plutonium to determine whether the plutonium content is as specified by the purchaser, and whether the material contains the minimum combined uranium and plutonium contents specified on a dry weight basis.
3.1.2 Determination of the isotopic content of the plutonium and uranium in the mixed oxide is made to establish whether the effective fissile content is in compliance with the purchaser’specifications.
3.1.3 Impurity content is determined to ensure that the maximum concentration limit of certain impurity elements is not exceeded. Determination of impurities is also required for calculation of the equivalent boron content (EBC).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the chemical, mass spectrometric, and spectrochemical analysis of nuclear-grade mixed oxides, (U, Pu)O2, powders and pellets to determine compliance with specifications.
1.2 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For specific safeguard and safety precaution statements, see Sections 11, 20, 64, and 112 and 102.6.1.)

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2003
ICS
27.120.30 - Fissile materials and nuclear fuel technology
Technical Committee
C26 - Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Drafting Committee
C26.05 - Methods of Test
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C698-98 - Standard Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, and Spectrochemical Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Mixed Oxides ((U, Pu)O<sub>2</sub>)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Replaced By
ASTM C698-10 - Standard Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, and Spectrochemical Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Mixed Oxides ((U, Pu)O<sub>2</sub>)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM C1817-16 - Standard Test Method for The Determination of the Oxygen to Metal (O/M) Ratio in Sintered Mixed Oxide ((U, Pu)O<inf>2</inf>) Pellets by Gravimetry
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1853-17 - Standard Test Method for The Determination of Carbon (Total) Content in Mixed Oxide ((U, Pu)O<inf>2</inf>) Sintered Pellets by Direct Combustion-Infrared Detection Method
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1307-21 - Standard Test Method for Plutonium Assay by Plutonium (III) Diode Array Spectrophotometry
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1233-15(2021) - Standard Practice for Determining Equivalent Boron Contents of Nuclear Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C758-18 - Standard Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, Spectrochemical, Nuclear, and Radiochemical Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Plutonium Metal
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM D6884-03(2015)e1 - Standard Practice for Installation of Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment Systems
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1030-10(2018) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Plutonium Isotopic Composition by Gamma-Ray Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1907-21 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Plutonium Materials by Pyrohydrolysis for Determination of Fluoride, Chloride, or Both
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1816-16 - Standard Practice for The Ion Exchange Separation of Small Volume Samples Containing Uranium, Americium, and Plutonium Prior to Isotopic Abundance and Content Analysis
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1411-20 - Standard Practice for The Ion Exchange Separation of Uranium and Plutonium Prior to Isotopic Analysis
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1854-17 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Hydrogen (total from all sources) in Mixed Oxide ((U, Pu)O<inf>2</inf>) Sintered Pellets by the Inert Gas Fusion Technique Followed by Thermal Conductivity Measurement
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1682-21 - Standard Guide for Characterization of Spent Nuclear Fuel in Support of Interim Storage, Transportation and Geologic Repository Disposal
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C833-23 - Standard Specification for Sintered (Uranium-Plutonium) Dioxide Pellets for Light Water Reactors
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004

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ASTM C698-04 - Standard Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, and Spectrochemical Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Mixed Oxides ((U, Pu)O<sub>2</sub>)ASTM C698-04 - Standard Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, and Spectrochemical Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Mixed Oxides ((U, Pu)O<sub>2</sub>)
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ASTM C698-04 - Standard Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, and Spectrochemical Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Mixed Oxides ((U, Pu)O<sub>2</sub>)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:C698–04
Standard Test Methods for
Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, and Spectrochemical
1
Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Mixed Oxides ((U, Pu)O )
2
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C698; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
5
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the chemical, 2.1 ASTM Standards:
mass spectrometric, and spectrochemical analysis of nuclear- C697 Test Methods for Chemical, Mass Spectrometric, and
grade mixed oxides, (U, Pu)O , powders and pellets to deter- Spectrochemical Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Plutonium
2
mine compliance with specifications. Dioxide Powders and Pellets
1.2 Theanalyticalproceduresappearinthefollowingorder: C833 Specification for Sintered (Uranium-Plutonium) Di-
oxide Pellets
Sections
2
Uranium in the Presence of Pu by Potentiometric Titration
C852 Guide for Design Criteria for Plutonium Gloveboxes
2
Plutonium by Controlled-Potential Coulometry
C1008 Specification for Sintered (Uranium-Plutonium) Di-
2
Plutonium byAmperometric Titration with Iron (II)
oxide Pellets—Fast Reactor Fuel
Nitrogen by Distillation Spectrophotometry Using Nessler Re- 7 to 14
agent
C1009 GuideforEstablishingaQualityAssuranceProgram
Carbon (Total) by Direct Combustion-Thermal Conductivity 15 to 26
for Analytical Chemistry Laboratories Within the Nuclear
Total Chlorine and Fluorine by Pyrohydrolysis 27 to 34
Sulfur by Distillation-Spectrophotometry 35 to 43 Industry
Moisture by the Coulometric, Electrolytic MoistureAnalyzer 44 to 51
C1068 GuideforQualificationofMeasurementMethodsby
3
Isotopic Composition by Mass Spectrometry
a Laboratory Within the Nuclear Industry
Rare Earths by Copper Spark Spectroscopy 52 to 59
Trace Impurities by Carrier Distillation Spectroscopy 60 to 69 C1108 Test Method for Plutonium by Controlled-Potential
Impurities by Spark-Source Mass Spectrography 70 to 76
Coulometry
Total Gas in Reactor-Grade Mixed Dioxide Pellets 77 to 84
C1128 Guide for Preparation of Working Reference Mate-
Tungsten by Dithiol-Spectrophotometry 85 to 93
Rare Earth Elements by Spectroscopy 94 to 97 rials for Use in Analysis of Nuclear Fuel Cycle Materials
4
Plutonium-238 IsotopicAbundance byAlpha Spectrometry
C1156 Guide for Establishing Calibration for a Measure-
Americium-241 in Plutonium by Gamma-Ray Spectrometry
ment Method Used to Analyze Nuclear Fuel Cycle Mate-
Uranium and Plutonium IsotopicAnalysis by Mass Spectrom- 98 to 106
etry rials
Oxygen-to-MetalAtom Ratio by Gravimetry 107 to 115
C1165 Test Method for Determining Plutonium by
Controlled-Potential Coulometry in H SO at a Platinum
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2 4
Working Electrode
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
C1168 Practice for Preparation and Dissolution of Pluto-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
nium Materials for Analysis
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
C1204 Test Method for Uranium in Presence of Plutonium
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For specific
by Iron(II) Reduction in Phosphoric Acid Followed by
safeguard and safety precaution statements, see Sections 11,
Chromium(VI) Titration
20, 64, and 112 and 102.6.1.)
C1206 Test Method for Plutonium by Iron (II)/Chromium
(VI) Amperometric Titration
C1210 GuideforEstablishingaMeasurementSystemQual-
ityControlProgramforAnalyticalChemistryLaboratories
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on
Within the Nuclear Industry
Nuclear Fuel Cycle and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.05 on
Methods of Test.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originally
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as C698–98. DOI:
5
10.1520/C0698-04. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
2
Discontinued as of November 15, 1992. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Discontinued as of May 30, 1980. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
4
Discontinued as of January 1, 2004. the ASTM website.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C698–04
C1268 Test Method for Quantitative Determination ofAm- 4.2 Purity of Water—Unlessotherwiseindicated,references
ericium 241 in Plutonium by Gamma-Ray Spectrometry towatershallbeunderstoodtomeanreagentwaterconforming
C1297 Guide for Qualification of Labor
...

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ASTM C1268-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Quantitative Determination of 241Am in Plutonium by Gamma-Ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method allows the determination of 241Am in a plutonium solution without separation of the americium from the plutonium. It is generally applicable to any solution containing 241Am.  
5.2 The 241Am in solid plutonium materials may be determined when these materials are dissolved (see Practice C1168).  
5.3 When the plutonium solution contains unacceptable levels of fission products or other materials, this method may be used following a tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) extraction, ion exchange or other similar separation techniques (see Test Methods C758 and C759).  
5.4 This test method is less subject to interferences from plutonium than alpha counting since the energy of the gamma ray used for the analysis is better resolved from other gamma rays than the alpha particle energies used for alpha counting.  
5.5 The minimal sample preparation reduces the amount of sample handling and exposure to the analyst.  
5.6 This test method is applicable only to homogeneous solutions. This test method is not suitable for solutions containing solids.  
5.7 Solutions containing 241Am at concentrations as little as 1 × 10−5 g/L may be analyzed using this method. The lower limit depends on the detector used and the counting geometry. Solutions containing high concentrations may be analyzed following an appropriate dilution.
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1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of 241Am by gamma-ray spectrometry in plutonium nitrate solution samples that do not contain significant amounts of radioactive fission products or other high specific activity gamma-ray emitters.  
1.2 This test method can be used to determine the 241Am in samples of plutonium metal, oxide and other solid forms, when the solid is appropriately sampled and dissolved.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Additionally, the non-SI units of electron volts, kiloelectron volts, and liters are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1168-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation and Dissolution of Plutonium Materials for Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Plutonium and uranium mixtures are used as nuclear reactor fuels. For use as a nuclear reactor fuel, the material must meet certain criteria for combined uranium and plutonium content, effective fissile content, and impurity content as described in Specifications C757 and C833. After dissolution using one of the procedures described in this practice, the material is assayed for plutonium and uranium to determine if the content is correct as specified by the purchaser.  
5.2 Unique plutonium materials, such as alloys, compounds, and scrap metals, are typically dissolved with various acid mixtures or by fusion with various fluxes. Many plutonium salts are soluble in hydrochloric acid. One or more of the procedures included in this practice may be effective for some of these materials; however their applicability to a particular plutonium material shall be verified by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a compilation of dissolution techniques for plutonium materials that are applicable to the test methods used for characterizing these materials. Dissolution treatments for the major plutonium materials assayed for plutonium or analyzed for other components are listed. Aliquots of the dissolved materials are dispensed on a mass basis when one of the analyses must be of high precision, such as plutonium assay; otherwise they are dispensed on a volume basis.  
1.2 Procedures in this practice are intended for the dissolution of plutonium metal, plutonium oxide, and uranium-plutonium mixed oxides. Aliquots of dissolved materials are analyzed using test methods, such as those developed by Subcommittee C26.05 on Methods of Test, to demonstrate compliance with applicable requirements. These may include product specifications such as Specifications C757 and C833.  
1.3 One or more of the procedures in this practice may be applicable to unique plutonium materials, such as alloys, compounds, and scrap materials. The user must determine the applicability of this practice to such materials.  
1.4 The treatments, in order of presentation, are as follows:    
Procedure Number  
Procedure Title  
Section  
1  
Dissolution of Plutonium Metal with Hydrochloric Acid at Room Temperature  
9  
2  
Dissolution of Plutonium Metal with Hydrochloric Acid and Heating  
10  
3  
Dissolution of Plutonium Metal with Sulfuric Acid  
11  
4  
Dissolution of Plutonium Oxide and Uranium-Plutonium Mixed
Oxide by the Sealed-Reflux Technique  
12  
5  
Dissolution of Plutonium Oxide and Uranium-Plutonium Mixed Oxides by Sodium Bisulfate Fusion  
13  
6  
Dissolution of Uranium-Plutonium Mixed Oxides and Low-Fired Plutonium Oxide in Beakers  
14  
7  
Open-Vessel (with Reflux Condenser) Dissolution of Plutonium Oxide Powder  
15  
8  
Open-Vessel (with Reflux Condenser) Dissolution of Mixed Oxide Powder  
16  
9  
Closed-Vessel Hot Block Dissolution of Plutonium Oxide Powder  
17  
10  
Open-Vessel (with Reflux Condenser) Dissolution of Mixed Oxide Pellets  
18  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The non-SI unit of molarity (M) is also to be regarded as standard. Values in parentheses (non-SI units), where provided, are for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1428-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Isotopic Analysis of Uranium Hexafluoride by Single–Standard Gas Source Multiple Collector Mass Spectrometer Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Uranium hexafluoride is a basic material used to produce nuclear reactor fuel. To be suitable for this purpose, the material must meet criteria for isotopic composition. This test method is designed to determine whether the material meets the requirements described in Specifications C787 and C996.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is applicable to the isotopic analysis of uranium hexafluoride (UF6) with  235U concentrations less than or equal to 5 % and 234U,  236U concentrations of 0.0002 to 0.1 %.  
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ASTM C833-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Sintered (Uranium-Plutonium) Dioxide Pellets for Light Water Reactors

ABSTRACT
This specification covers finished sintered and ground (uranium-plutonium) dioxide pellets for use in thermal reactors. It applies to uranium-plutonium dioxide pellets containing plutonium additions up to 15 % weight. The diversity of manufacturing methods shall be recognized by which uranium-plutonium dioxide pellets are produced and the many special requirements for chemical and physical characterization that may be imposed by the operating conditions to which the pellets will be subjected in specific reactor systems. The following are different chemical requirements that shall be determined: uranium content, plutonium content, impurity content, stoichiometry, moisture content, gas content, and americium-241 content. Nuclear requirements such as isotopic content, plutonium equivalent at a given date, equivalent boron content, and reactivity shall also be determined. Physical properties of the pellets like dimensions, density, grain size, pore morphology, plutonium-oxide homogeneity, plutonium-oxide particle size, plutonium-oxide particle distribution, integrity, and surface cracks shall be determined as well. The surfaces of finished pellets shall be visually free of loose chips, oil, macroscopic inclusions, and foreign materials. An estimate of the fuel pellet irradiation stability shall be obtained unless adequate allowance for such effects are factored into the fuel rod design. The estimate of the stability shall consist of either conformance to the thermal stability test as specified in the or by adequate correlation of manufacturing process or microstructure to in-reactor behavior, or both.
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1.1 This specification covers finished sintered and ground (U, Pu)O2 pellets for use in light water reactors. It applies to (U, Pu)O2 pellets containing a plutonium mass fraction up to 15 % (that is, mass of Pu divided by the sum of masses U, Pu, and Am yielding 0.15 or less).  
1.2 Pellets produced under this specification are available in four grades.  
1.2.1 Grade R—240Pu / (Pu + Am) isotope mass fraction is at least 19 %.  
1.2.2 Grade F—240Pu / (Pu + Am) isotope mass fraction is at least 7 % and less than 19 %.  
1.2.3 Grade N1—240Pu / (Pu + Am) isotope mass fraction is less than 7 %.  
1.2.4 Grade N2—240Pu /239Pu isotope mass fraction does not exceed 0.10 (10 %).  
1.3 There is no discussion of or provision for preventing criticality incidents, nor are health and safety requirements, the avoidance of hazards, or shipping precautions and controls discussed. Observance of this specification does not relieve the user of the obligation to be aware of and conform to all applicable international, federal, state, and local regulations pertaining to possessing, processing, shipping, or using source or special nuclear material. Examples of U.S. government documents are Code of Federal Regulations Title 10, Part 50—Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities; Code of Federal Regulations Title 10, Part 71—Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Material; and Code of Federal Regulations Title 49, Part 173—General Requirements for Shipments and Packaging.  
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Standard Guide for Design, Fabrication, and Installation of Nuclear Fuel Dissolution Facilities

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4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide information that will help to ensure that nuclear fuel dissolution facilities are conceived, designed, fabricated, constructed, and installed in an economic and efficient manner. This guide will help facilities meet the intended performance functions, eliminate or minimize the possibility of nuclear criticality and provide for the protection of both the operator personnel and the public at large under normal and abnormal (emergency) operating conditions as well as under credible failure or accident conditions.
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1.1 It is the intent of this guide to set forth criteria and procedures for the design, fabrication and installation of nuclear fuel dissolution facilities. This guide applies to and encompasses all processing steps or operations beyond the fuel shearing operation (not covered), up to and including the dissolving accountability vessel.  
1.2 Applicability and Exclusions:  
1.2.1 Operations—This guide does not cover the operation of nuclear fuel dissolution facilities. Some operating considerations are noted to the extent that these impact upon or influence design.
1.2.1.1 Dissolution Procedures—Fuel compositions, fuel element geometry, and fuel manufacturing methods are subject to continuous change in response to the demands of new reactor designs and requirements. These changes preclude the inclusion of design considerations for dissolvers suitable for the processing of all possible fuel types. This guide will only address equipment associated with dissolution cycles for those fuels that have been used most extensively in reactors as of the time of issue (or revision) of this guide. (See Appendix X1.)  
1.2.2 Processes—This guide covers the design, fabrication and installation of nuclear fuel dissolution facilities for fuels of the type currently used in Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR). Boiling Water Reactors (BWR), Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR) and Heavy Water Reactors (HWR) and the fuel dissolution processing technologies discussed herein. However, much of the information and criteria presented may be applicable to the equipment for other dissolution processes such as for enriched uranium-aluminum fuels from typical research reactors, as well as for dissolution processes for some thorium and plutonium-containing fuels and others. The guide does not address equipment design for the dissolution of high burn-up or mixed oxide fuels.
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1.2.5 Fundamentals—This guide does not address specific chemical, physical or mechanical technology, fluid mechanics, stress analysis or other engineering fundamentals that are also applied in the creation of a safe design for nuclear fuel dissolution facilities.  
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ASTM C859-23(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials

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1.1 This terminology standard contains terms, definitions, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and explanations of acronyms and symbols specifically associated with standards under the jurisdiction of Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle. The content of this terminology standard may also be applicable to documents not under the jurisdiction of Committee C26, in which case this terminology standard may be referenced in those documents.  
1.2 While subcommittees within Committee C26 are free to only provide terms and definitions within individual standards, each subcommittee may request the addition of utilized terms and definitions to this terminology standard if it believes that such serves the broader interest of Committee C26 and the nuclear fuel cycle profession. Therefore, terms and definitions proposed for inclusion in Terminology C859 need not be used in more than one committee standard before being considered.  
1.3 In general, technical terms that are defined in common dictionaries would not also be defined in this terminology standard unless there is a need to emphasize a specific definition in making appropriate use of a Committee C26 standard.  
1.4 Subcommittee C26.10 (Nondestructive Assay) also has a terminology standard applicable to its standards: Terminology C1673.  
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ASTM C1554-18(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Materials Handling Equipment for Hot Cells

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4.1 Materials handling equipment operability and long-term integrity are concerns that originate during the design and fabrication sequences. Such concerns are most efficiently addressed during one or the other of these stages. Equipment operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason, the subject equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.  
4.2 This guide is intended as a supplement to other standards (Section 2, Referenced Documents), and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for this use.  
4.3 This guide is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of types and configurations of materials handling equipment.  
4.4 The term materials handling equipment is used herein in a generic sense. It includes manipulators, cranes, carts or bogies, and special equipment for handling tools and material in hot cells.  
4.5 This service imposes stringent requirements on the quality and the integrity of the equipment, as follows:  
4.5.1 Boots and similar protective covers should not restrict movement of the equipment, should be properly sealed to the equipment and should withstand the radiation, cell atmosphere, dust, cell temperatures, chemical exposures, and cleaning and decontamination reagents, and also resist snags and tearing.  
4.5.2 Materials handling equipment should be capable of withstanding rigorous chemical cleaning and decontamination procedures.  
4.5.3 Materials handling equipment should be designed and fabricated to remain dimensionally stable throughout its life cycle.  
4.5.4 Attention to fabrication tolerances is necessary to allow the proper fit-up between components for the proper installation and mounting of materials handling equipment in hot cells, for example, when parts or components are being replaced. Fabrication tolerances should be controlled to provide sufficie...
SCOPE
1.1 Intent:  
1.1.1 This guide covers materials handling equipment used in hot cells (shielded cells) for the processing and handling of nuclear and radioactive materials. The intent of this guide is to aid in the selection and design of materials handling equipment for hot cells in order to minimize equipment failures and maximize the equipment utility.  
1.1.2 It is intended that this guide record the principles and caveats that experience has shown to be essential to the design, fabrication, installation, maintenance, repair, replacement, and decontamination and decommissioning of materials handling equipment capable of meeting the stringent demands of operating, dependably and safely, in a hot cell environment where operator visibility is limited due to the radiation exposure hazards.  
1.1.3 This guide may apply to materials handling equipment in other radioactive remotely operated facilities such as suited entry repair areas and canyons, but does not apply to materials handling equipment used in commercial power reactors.  
1.1.4 This guide covers mechanical master-slave manipulators and electro-mechanical manipulators, but does not cover electro-hydraulic manipulators.  
1.2 Applicability:  
1.2.1 This guide is intended to be applicable to equipment used under one or more of the following conditions:
1.2.1.1 The materials handled or processed constitute a significant radiation hazard to man or to the environment.
1.2.1.2 The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), but equipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is not excluded.
1.2.1.3 The equipment can neither be accessed directly for purposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipment be viewed directly, for example, without shielded viewing windows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system.  
1.3 User Caveats:  
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Standard Practice for Sampling of Gaseous Uranium Hexafluoride for Enrichment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Uranium hexafluoride is normally produced and handled in large (typically 1 to 14-ton) quantities and must, therefore, be characterized by reference to representative samples (see ISO 7195). The samples are used to determine compliance with the applicable commercial specification C787. The quantities involved, physical properties, chemical reactivity, and hazardous nature of UF6 are such that for representative sampling, specially designed equipment must be used and operated in accordance with the most carefully controlled and stringent procedures. This practice can be used by UF6 converters to review the effectiveness of existing procedures or as a guide to the design of equipment and procedures for future use.  
5.2 The intention of this practice is to avoid liquid UF6 sampling once the cylinder has been filled. For safety reasons, manipulation of large quantities of liquid UF6 should be avoided when possible.  
5.3 It is emphasized that this practice is not meant to address conventional or nuclear criticality safety issues.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers methods for withdrawing representative sample(s) of uranium hexafluoride (UF6) during a transfer occurring in the gas phase. Such transfer in the gas phase can take place during the filling of a cylinder during a continuous production process, for example the distillation column in a conversion facility. Such sample(s) may be used for determining compliance with the applicable commercial specification, for example Specification C787.  
1.2 Since UF6 sampling is taken during the filling process, this practice does not address any special additional arrangements that may be agreed upon between the buyer and the seller when the sampled bulk material is being added to residues already present in a container (“heels recycle”). Such arrangements will be based on QA procedures such as traceability of cylinder origin (to prevent for example contamination with irradiated material).  
1.3 If the receiving cylinder is purged after filling and sampling, special verifications must be performed by the user to verify the representativity of the sample(s). It is then expected that the results found on volatile impurities with gas phase sampling may be conservative.  
1.4 This practice is only applicable when the transfer occurs in the gas phase. When the transfer is performed in the liquid phase, Practice C1052 should apply. This practice does not apply to gas sampling after the cylinder has been filled since the sample taken will not be representative of the cylinder.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1347-08(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation and Dissolution of Uranium Materials for Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The materials covered that must meet ASTM specifications are uranium metal and uranium oxide.  
4.2 Uranium materials are used as nuclear reactor fuel. For this use, these materials must meet certain criteria for uranium content, uranium-235 enrichment, and impurity content, as described in Specifications C753 and C776. The material is assayed for uranium to determine whether the content is as specified.  
4.3 Uranium alloys, refractory uranium materials, and uranium containing scrap and ash are unique uranium materials for which the user must determine the applicability of this practice. In general, these unique uranium materials are dissolved with various acid mixtures or by fusion with various fluxes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers dissolution treatments for uranium materials that are applicable to the test methods used for characterizing these materials for uranium elemental, isotopic, and impurities determinations. Dissolution treatments for the major uranium materials assayed for uranium or analyzed for other components are listed.  
1.2 The treatments, in order of presentation, are as follows:    
Procedure Title  
Section  
Dissolution of Uranium Metal and Oxide with Nitric Acid  
8.1  
Dissolution of Uranium Oxides with Nitric Acid and Residue
Treatment  
8.2  
Dissolution of Uranium-Aluminum Alloys in Hydrochloric Acid
with Residue Treatment  
8.3  
Dissolution of Uranium Scrap and Ash by Leaching with Nitric
Acid and Treatment of Residue by Carbonate Fusion  
8.4  
Dissolution of Refractory Uranium-Containing Material by
Carbonate Fusion  
8.5  
Dissolution of Uranium—Aluminum Alloys
Uranium Scrap and Ash, and Refractory
Uranium-Containing Materials by
Microwave Treatment  
8.6  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1165-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Plutonium by Controlled-Potential Coulometry in H2SO4 at a Platinum Working Electrode

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to ascertain whether or not materials meet specifications for plutonium concentration or plutonium mass fraction.  
5.1.1 The materials (nuclear grade plutonium nitrate solutions, plutonium metal, plutonium oxide powder, and mixed oxide and carbide powders and pellets) to which this test method applies are subject to nuclear safeguards regulations governing their possession and use. However, adherence to this test method does not automatically guarantee regulatory acceptance of the resulting safeguards measurements. It remains the sole responsibility of the user of this test method to ensure that its application to safeguards has the approval of the proper regulatory authorities.  
5.1.2 When used in conjunction with appropriate certified reference materials (CRMs), this test method can demonstrate traceability to the international measurements system (SI).  
5.2 Fitness for Purpose of Safeguards and Nuclear Safety Application—Methods intended for use in safeguards and nuclear safety applications shall meet the requirements specified by Guide C1068 for use in such applications.  
5.3 A chemical calibration of the coulometer is necessary for accurate results.
FIG. 1 Example of a Cell Design Used at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of milligram quantities of plutonium in unirradiated uranium-plutonium mixed oxide having a U/Pu ratio range of 0.1 to 10. This test method is also applicable to plutonium metal, plutonium oxide, uranium-plutonium mixed carbide, various plutonium compounds including fluoride and chloride salts, and plutonium solutions.  
1.2 The recommended amount of plutonium for each aliquant in the coulometric analysis is 5 mg to 10 mg. Precision worsens for lower amounts of plutonium, and elapsed time of electrolysis becomes impractical for higher amounts of plutonium.  
1.3 The quantity values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The quantity values with non-SI units are given in parentheses for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 9.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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    sale 15% off