ASTM D5493-06(2016)

Standard Test Method for Permittivity of Geotextiles Under Load

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The thickness of a geotextile decreases with increase in the normal compressive stress. This decrease in thickness may result in the partial closing or the opening of the voids of geotextile depending on its initial structure and the boundary conditions.  
5.2 This test method measures the permittivity due to a change of void structure of a geotextile as a result of an applied compressive stress.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water permittivity behavior of geotextiles in a direction normal to the plane of the geotextile when subjected to specific normal compressive loads.  
1.2 Use of this test method is limited to geotextiles. This test method is not intended for application with geotextile-related products such as geogrids, geonets, geomembranes, and other geocomposites.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2015
• ICS: 59.080.70 - Geotextiles
• Technical Committee: D35 - Geosynthetics
• Drafting Committee: D35.03 - Permeability and Filtration

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5493 − 06 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Permittivity of Geotextiles Under Load
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5493; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water 3.1 Definitions:
permittivity behavior of geotextiles in a direction normal to the
3.1.1 geotextile, n—any permeable textile material used
plane of the geotextile when subjected to specific normal with foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical
compressive loads.
engineering related material as an integral part of a manmade
project, structure, or system (see Terminology D4439).
1.2 Use of this test method is limited to geotextiles. This test
method is not intended for application with geotextile-related 3.1.2 hydraulic gradient, i, n—the loss of hydraulic head per
unit distance of flow, dh/dL (see Test Method D4716/
products such as geogrids, geonets, geomembranes, and other
geocomposites. D4716M).
-1
3.1.3 permittivity, (ψ), (T ), n—of geotextiles, the volumet-
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
ric flow rate of water per unit cross-sectional area per unit head
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
under laminar flow conditions, in the normal direction through
information only.
a geotextile (see Terminology D4439).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.2 For the definitions of other terms relating to geotextiles,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- refer to Terminology D4439. For the definitions of textile
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- terms, refer to Terminology D123. For the definitions of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. coefficient of permeability, refer to Terminology D653.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Summary of Test Method
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for measuring the
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
water flow, in the normal direction through a known cross
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
section of a single layer of a geotextile at predetermined
Fluids
constant hydraulic heads over a range of applied normal
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
compressive stresses.
Erosion Control Products(RECPs) for Testing
4.2 The permittivity of a geotextile, ψ, can be determined by
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
measuring the flow rate of water, in the normal direction,
D4491/D4491M Test Methods for Water Permeability of
through a known cross section of a geotextile at predetermined
Geotextiles by Permittivity
constant water heads.
D4716/D4716M Test Method for Determining the (In-plane)
Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity
4.3 Water flow through geotextiles can be laminar, transient,
of a Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head or turbulent, and therefore permittivity cannot be taken as a
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
constant.
Sieves
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The thickness of a geotextile decreases with increase in
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
the normal compressive stress. This decrease in thickness may
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme-
ability and Filtration.
result in the partial closing or the opening of the voids of
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published June 2016. Originally approved
geotextile depending on its initial structure and the boundary
in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D5493 – 06(2011). DOI:
conditions.
10.1520/D5493-06R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.2 This test method measures the permittivity due to a
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
change of void structure of a geotextile as a result of an applied
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. compressive stress.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5493 − 06 (2016)
6. Apparatus the loading mechanism consists of four rods, 3 mm in diameter,
distributed on a circle approximately 30 mm in diameter.
6.1 The apparatus is a constant head permeameter. General
6.3.5 A dial indicator can be connected to the loading
guidance on the hydraulic design of a constant head permeame-
mechanism to monitor the specimen thickness during the test.
ter can be found in Test Methods D4491/D4491M.
7. Sampling
6.2 The components installed around the test specimen are
designed in such a way that a normal load can be applied
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing, take
uniformly on the entire flow surface without restraining sig-
at random the number of rolls of geotextile directed in an
nificantly the flow rate. The permittivity of the apparatus,
applicable material specification and the supplier (for example
calculated using the calibration curve established in Section 10,
Practice D4354) or other agreement between the purchaser and
shall be at least 10 times greater than the permittivity of the test
the supplier. Consider rolls of geotextile to be the primary
specimen under the hydraulic conditions prevailing during a
sampling units. If the specification requires sampling during
given test. However, the central deflection of the loading
manufacture, select the rolls for the lot sample at uniformly
mechanism on the plane of the geotextile shall not exceed
spaced time intervals throughout the production period.
0.025 mm while subjected to the maximum normal load
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
applied during the test.
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
between rolls of geotextile and between specimens from a swatch from a
6.3 The recommended apparatus configuration is shown in
roll of geotextile so as to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful
Fig. 1:
producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting
6.3.1 An optimum flow diameter has been found to be
quality level.
50 mm to minimize hydraulic side effects while ensuring an
7.2 Laboratory Sample—Consider the units in the lot
optimum rigidity of the loading mechanism.
sample as the units in the laboratory sample. Take a sample that
6.3.2 A wire meshes, 1.0 mm in opening, complying with
will exclude material from the outer wrap of the roll or the
Specification E11 is installed as the contact surface on both
inner wrap around the core unless the sample is taken at the
sides of the test specimen.
production site, at which point the inner and outer wrap
6.3.3 Two rigid metallic plate with the geometry shown on
material may be used.
Figure 2 act as a structural component on both sides of the wire
meshes. The lower one is supported by the apparatus, while the 8. Test Water Preparation
upper one can move freely but is adjusted to the diameter of the
8.1 De-air the test water to provide reproducible test results.
flow channel.
8.2 De-air the water used for saturation.
6.3.4 The upper metallic plate is connected to a device
capable of applying the requested normal load on the test 8.3 De-air the water under a vacuum of 710 mm (28 in.) of
specimen (dead loads, air piston or any suitable device). The mercury (Hg) for the period of time to bring the dissolved
mechanical connection between the upper metallic plate and oxygen content down to a maximum of 6 ppm.
FIG. 1 Specimen Holder and Loading Mechanism
D5493 − 06 (2016)
8.4 Use dissolved oxygen meter or commercially available
chemical kits to determine the dissolved oxygen content.
8.5 The deaired system may be a commercially available
system, or one consisting of a vacuum pump capable of
removing a minimum of 150 L/min of air in connection with a
non-collapsible storage tank with a large enough storage
capacity for the test series, or at least one specimen at a time.
Allow the deaired water to stand in closed storage under a
slight vacuum until room temperature is attained.
8.6 If water temperature other than 20°C is being used,
make a temperature correction to the resulting value of
permittivity.
8.7 Determine the temperature correction factor using the
FIG. 2 Hydraulic Calibration Curve
following equation:
Rt5 ut/u20 (1)
where:
9.3.2 Cut specimens shall fit the testing apparatus.
ut = water viscosity at test temperature, mP, as determined
from Table 1, and
10. Calibrations
u20 = water viscosity at 20°C, mP.
10.1 Hydraulic Calibration:
9. Specimen Preparation
10.1.1 Run at least 3 tests without any geotextile specimen
9.1 Prepare four specimens of the geotextile to be tested
installed in the apparatus
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5493 − 06 (Reapproved 2011) D5493 − 06 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Permittivity of Geotextiles Under Load
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5493; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water permittivity behavior of geotextiles in a direction normal to the plane
of the geotextile when subjected to specific normal compressive loads.
1.2 Use of this test method is limited to geotextiles. This test method is not intended for application with geotextile-related
products such as geogrids, geonets, geomembranes, and other geocomposites.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products(RECPs) for Testing
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D4491D4491/D4491M Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity
D4716D4716/D4716M Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of
a Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 geotextile, n—any permeable textile material used with foundation, soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical engineering
related material as an integral part of a manmade project, structure, or system (see Terminology D4439).
3.1.2 hydraulic gradient, i, n—the loss of hydraulic head per unit distance of flow, dh/dL (see Test Method D4716D4716/
D4716M).
-1
3.1.3 permittivity, (ψ), (T ), n—of geotextiles, the volumetric flow rate of water per unit cross-sectional area per unit head under
laminar flow conditions, in the normal direction through a geotextile (see Terminology D4439).
3.2 For the definitions of other terms relating to geotextiles, refer to Terminology D4439. For the definitions of textile terms,
refer to Terminology D123. For the definitions of coefficient of permeability, refer to Terminology D653.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for measuring the water flow, in the normal direction through a known cross section
of a single layer of a geotextile at predetermined constant hydraulic heads over a range of applied normal compressive stresses.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Permeability and
Filtration.
Current edition approved June 1, 2011Jan. 1, 2016. Published July 2011June 2016. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 as
D5493 – 06.D5493 – 06(2011). DOI: 10.1520/D5493-06R11.10.1520/D5493-06R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5493 − 06 (2016)
4.2 The permittivity of a geotextile, ψ, can be determined by measuring the flow rate of water, in the normal direction, through
a known cross section of a geotextile at predetermined constant water heads.
4.3 Water flow through geotextiles can be laminar, transient, or turbulent, and therefore permittivity cannot be taken as a
constant.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The thickness of a geotextile decreases with increase in the normal compressive stress. This decrease in thickness may result
in the partial closing or the opening of the voids of geotextile depending on its initial structure and the boundary conditions.
5.2 This test method measures the permittivity due to a change of void structure of a geotextile as a result of an applied
compressive stress.
6. Apparatus
6.1 The apparatus is a constant head permeameter. General guidance on the hydraulic design of a constant head permeameter
can be found in Test MethodMethods D4491D4491/D4491M.
6.2 The components installed around the test specimen are designed in such a way that a normal load can be applied uniformly
on the entire flow surface without restraining significantly the flow rate. The permittivity of the apparatus, calculated using the
calibration curve established in sectionSection 1010,, shall be at least 10 times greater than the permittivity of the test specimen
under the hydraulic conditions prevailing during a given test. However, the central deflection of the loading mechanism on the
plane of the geotextile shall not exceed 0.025 mm while subjected to the maximum normal load applied during the test.
6.3 The recommended apparatus configuration is shown in Fig. 1:
6.3.1 An optimum flow diameter has been found to be 50 mm 50 mm to minimize hydraulic side effects while ensuring an
optimum rigidity of the loading mechanism.
6.3.2 A wire meshes, 1.0 mm in opening, complying with Specification E11 is installed as the contact surface on both sides of
the test specimen.
6.3.3 Two rigid metallic plate with the geometry shown on Figure 2 act as a structural component on both sides of the wire
meshes. The lower one is supported by the apparatus, while the upper one can move freely but is adjusted to the diameter of the
flow channel.
6.3.4 The upper metallic plate is connected to a device capable of applying the requested normal load on the test specimen (dead
loads, air piston or any suitable device). The mechanical connection between the upper metallic plate and the loading mechanism
consists of four rods, 3 mm in diameter, distributed on a circle approximately 30 mm in diameter.
6.3.5 A dial indicator can be connected to the loading mechanism to monitor the specimen thickness during the test.
FIG. 1 Specimen Holder and Loading Mechanism
D5493 − 06 (2016)
7. Sampling
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing, take at random the number of rolls of geotextile directed in an
applicable material specification and the supplier (for example Practice D4354) or other agreement between the purchaser and the
supplier. Consider rolls of geotextile to be the primary sampling units. If the specification requires sampling during manufacture,
select the rolls for the lot sample at uniformly spaced time intervals throughout the production period.
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability between rolls
of geotextile and between specimens from a swatch from a roll of geotextile so as to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk,
consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
7.2 Laboratory Sample—Consider the units in the lot sample as the units in the laboratory sample. Take a sample that will
exclude material from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap around the core unless the sample is taken at the production site,
at which point the inner and outer wrap material may be used.
8. Test Water Preparation
8.1 De-air the test water to provide reproducible test results.
8.2 De-air the water used for saturation.
8.3 De-air the water under a vacuum of 710 mm (28 in.) of mercury (Hg) for the period of time to bring the dissolved oxygen
content down to a maximum of 6 ppm.
8.4 Use dissolved oxygen meter or commercially available chemical kits to determine the dissolved oxygen content.
8.5 The deaired system may be a commercially available system, or one consisting of a vacuum pump capable of removing a
minimum of 150 L/min of air in connection with a non-collapsible storage tank with a large enough storage capacity for the test
series, or at least one specimen at a time. Allow the deaired water to stand in closed storage under a slight vacuum until room
temperature is attained.
8.6 If water temperature other than 20°C is being used, make a temperature correction to the resulting value of permittivity.
8.7 Determine the temperature correction factor using the following equation:
Rt 5 ut/u20 (1)
where:where:
ut = water viscosity at test temperature, mP, as determined from Table 1, and
u20 = water viscosity at 20°C, mP.
TABLE 1 Viscosity of Water Versus Temperature
A
Temperature, °C Viscosity (Poiseuille)
-6
0 1.7921 × 10
-6
1 1.7313 × 10
-6
2 1.62
...