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ASTM E2952-14

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Air-Purifying Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Devices (RPED)

Standard Specification for Air-Purifying Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Devices (RPED)

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the minimum requirements for the design, performance, testing, and certification of air-purifying respiratory protective smoke escape devices for the immediate emergency evacuation without entry/re-entry of adult civilians.  
1.2 The purpose of this specification shall be to provide minimum requirements for respiratory protective escape devices that provide limited protection for 15 min for adult civilian escape from the by-products of fire, including particulate matter, carbon monoxide, other toxic gases, and the effects of radiant heat.  
1.3 The requirements of this specification specify an air-purifying respiratory protective escape device with a laboratory-tested 15-min service life intended to provide head, eye, and respiratory protection from particulate matter, irritants, and toxic gases and vapors commonly produced by fire.  
1.4 Controlled laboratory tests that are used to determine compliance with the performance requirements of this specification shall not be deemed as establishing performance levels for all situations to which individuals can be exposed.  
1.5 This specification shall not apply to the requirements for provision, installation, or use of air-purifying respiratory protective smoke escape devices.  
1.6 This specification shall not apply to respiratory protective escape devices intended for use in circumstances in which an oxygen deficiency (oxygen less than 19.5 % by volume) exists or might exist.  
1.7 This specification is not intended to be used as a detailed manufacturing or purchase specification, but shall be permitted to be referenced as a minimum requirement in purchase specifications.  
1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2014
ICS
13.340.30 - Respiratory protective devices
Technical Committee
E54 - Homeland Security Applications
Drafting Committee
E54.04 - Public Safety Equipment
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
ASTM E2771-11(2019) - Standard Terminology for Homeland Security Applications
Effective Date
01-Feb-2014

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ASTM E2952-14 - Standard Specification for Air-Purifying Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Devices (RPED)ASTM E2952-14 - Standard Specification for Air-Purifying Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Devices (RPED)
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ASTM E2952-14 - Standard Specification for Air-Purifying Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Devices (RPED)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E2952 −14
Standard Specification for
Air-Purifying Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Devices
(RPED)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2952; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 This specification covers the minimum requirements for
standard.
the design, performance, testing, and certification of air-
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
purifying respiratory protective smoke escape devices for the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
immediate emergency evacuation without entry/re-entry of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
adult civilians.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.2 The purpose of this specification shall be to provide
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
minimum requirements for respiratory protective escape de-
2. Referenced Documents
vices that provide limited protection for 15 min for adult
civilian escape from the by-products of fire, including particu-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
late matter, carbon monoxide, other toxic gases, and the effects
B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
of radiant heat.
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
of Transparent Plastics
1.3 The requirements of this specification specify an air-
D4101 Specification for Polypropylene Injection and Extru-
purifying respiratory protective escape device with a
sion Materials
laboratory-tested 15-min service life intended to provide head,
2.2 ISO Standards:
eye, and respiratory protection from particulate matter,
ISO/IEC Guide 65 General Requirements for Bodies Oper-
irritants, and toxic gases and vapors commonly produced by
ating Product Certification Systems
fire.
ISO9001 QualitySystems—ModelforQualityAssurancein
1.4 Controlled laboratory tests that are used to determine
Design, Development, Production, Installation, and Ser-
compliance with the performance requirements of this specifi-
vicing
cation shall not be deemed as establishing performance levels
ISO9002 QualitySystems—ModelforQualityAssurancein
for all situations to which individuals can be exposed.
Production, Installation, and Servicing.
2.3 NFPA Standard:
1.5 Thisspecificationshallnotapplytotherequirementsfor
NFPA 1981 Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained
provision, installation, or use of air-purifying respiratory pro-
Breathing Apparatus for the Fire Service
tective smoke escape devices.
1.6 This specification shall not apply to respiratory protec- 3. Terminology
tive escape devices intended for use in circumstances in which
3.1 Definitions:
an oxygen deficiency (oxygen less than 19.5 % by volume)
3.1.1 air-purifying respiratory protective smoke escape
exists or might exist.
device, RPED, n—air-purifying respirator used to protect a
person while escaping from a fire by removing certain con-
1.7 Thisspecificationisnotintendedtobeusedasadetailed
taminants of fire-generated products of combustion from the
manufacturing or purchase specification, but shall be permitted
inhaled air.
to be referenced as a minimum requirement in purchase
specifications.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 on the ASTM website.
Homeland Security Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
E54.04 on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014. Published February 2014. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
E2952-14. Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2952−14
3.1.2 accessory, n—item that may be provided with an 3.1.16 light transmission, n—ratiooftheluminous(approxi-
RPED that does not affect its ability to meet the requirements mately 380- through 760-mm) radiant power transmitted by an
of this specification. object to the incident luminous radiant power.
3.1.17 listed, adj—equipment, materials, or services in-
3.1.3 approved, adj—acceptable to the authority having
jurisdiction. cluded in a list published by the certification organization.
3.1.18 melt, v—to change from solid to liquid or become
3.1.4 authority having jurisdiction, n—organization, office,
consumed by action of heat in a manner that could injure the
or individual responsible for approving any equipment, an
user.
installation, or a procedure.
3.1.19 model, n—term used to identify an RPED, including
3.1.5 basic plane, n—plane through the centers of the
all variants to its design.
external ear openings and the lower edges of the eye sockets.
3.1.20 product label, n—marking affixed to the RPED by
3.1.6 certification/certify, n/adj—system whereby an orga-
the manufacturer containing general information, warnings,
nization determines that a manufacturer has demonstrated the
care, maintenance, or similar data.
ability to produce a product that complies with the require-
3.1.20.1 Discussion—This product label is not the certifica-
ments of this specification, authorizes the manufacturer to use
tion organization’s label, symbol, or identifying mark;
a label on listed products that comply with the requirements of
however, the certification organization’s label, symbol, or
this specification, and establishes a follow-up program con-
identifying mark may be attached to it or be part of it. See
ducted by the organization as a check on the methods the
labeled.
manufacturer uses to determine continued compliance of
labeled and listed products with the requirements of this
3.1.21 ready-to-use configuration, n—RPED in its final
specification.
packaging state before use that, immediately upon opening or
removing this operational package, allows the user to don the
3.1.7 certification organization, n—independent third-party
RPED.
organization that determines product compliance with the
requirements of this specification with a labeling/listing/ 3.1.22 RPED, n—a “short hand” acronym forAir-Purifying
Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Device.
follow-up program.
3.1.23 service life, n—the manufacturer-declared duration
3.1.8 civilians, n—persons who are members of the general
of protection provided by the RPED for escape once the
public and who are not fire service or law enforcement
operational packaging is opened or removed from an RPED in
personnel, or other emergency services personnel performing
a ready-to-use configuration.
their official duties during emergency incident operations.
3.1.24 shall, v—indicates a mandatory requirement.
3.1.9 compliance/compliant, n/adj—meeting or exceeding
all applicable requirements of this specification.
3.1.25 shelf life, n—duration that an RPED can be stored
under proper conditions in its ready-to-use configuration and
3.1.10 donning time, n—time for equipment in hand to be
remain suitable for use.
placedovertheheadofthewearerandbecomefunctional.This
time shall include the removal of an operational packaging.
4. Performance Requirements
3.1.11 follow-up program, n—sampling, inspections, tests,
4.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO ) Inhalation—RPED shall be
or other measures conducted by the certification organization 2
tested for CO levels in the inspired air stream as specified in
on a periodic basis to determine the continued compliance of
7.1 and shall not contain CO concentration levels that exceed
listed products that are being produced by the manufacturer to 2
2.5 %.
the requirements of this specification.
4.2 Donning—RPED shall be tested for donning ability as
3.1.12 gas, n—fluid that has neither independent shape nor
specified in 7.2. The time needed to don the RPED shall not
volume and tends to expand indefinitely.
exceed 30 s.
3.1.13 haze, n—percent of incident light that is not trans-
4.3 Breathing Resistance:
mitted in a straight line through the lens but forward scattered,
4.3.1 RPED shall be tested for resistance to breathing as
greater than 2.5° diverging.
specified in 7.3. The maximum inhalation resistance shall be
3.1.14 identical respiratory protective escape device,
81.5-mm water column below ambient pressure from the
n—RPED that is produced to the same engineering and
beginning of the test until its conclusion.
manufacturing specifications.
4.3.2 RPED shall be tested for resistance to breathing as
3.1.15 labeled, adj—equipment or material to which has
specified in 7.3. The maximum exhalation resistance shall be
been attached a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of an
30.6-mm water column above ambient pressure from the
organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdic-
beginning of the test until its conclusion.
tion and concerned with product evaluation, that maintains
4.4 Particulate Filtration—RPED shall be tested for the
periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or
filtrationofparticlesasspecifiedin7.4.Theminimumfiltration
materials, and by whose labeling the manufacturer indicates
efficiency shall be 95 % at any time during the test.
compliance with appropriate standards or performance in a
specified manner. 4.5 Total Inward Leakage:
E2952−14
4.5.1 RPED shall be tested for proper fit as specified in 7.5. 4.12 Molten Polymeric Drip Resistance:
Themaximumtotalinwardleakageofthechallengeagentshall
4.12.1 RPEDshallbetestedforresistancetomoltendripsas
be an average of 2 % of the inhaled air for any of the test
specified in 7.12. Any after flame shall not exceed 5 s.
subjects in any of the test exercises.
4.12.2 RPEDshallbetestedforresistancetomoltendripsas
4.5.2 The measured inward leakage shall include the exha-
specifiedin7.12.Thedecreaseininhalationresistanceshallnot
lation valve leakage.
exceed 25 %.
4.6 Optical Properties: 4.12.3 RPEDshallbetestedforresistancetomoltendripsas
4.6.1 Light Transmission—The vision area of the RPED specified in 7.12. No component shall drip, melt, or develop a
shall be tested for light transmission as specified in 7.6.1. The hole that is visible to the unaided eye.
vision area shall have minimum light transmission of 20 % and
4.13 Radiant Heat Resistance:
the haze shall not exceed 15 %.
4.13.1 RPED shall be tested for resistance to radiant heat as
4.6.2 Field of Vision—The field of vision of the RPED shall
specified in 7.13. The temperature at the top of the head form
be tested as specified in 7.6.2 and shall have a score of at least
and in the eyepiece shall not exceed 70°C.
70.
4.13.2 RPED shall be tested for resistance to radiant heat as
4.6.3 Fogging—The vision area of the RPED shall be tested
specifiedin7.13.RPEDshallnotbecomedamagedinamanner
for fogging as specified in 7.6.3. The test subject shall be
that exposes eyes or lungs to gas or smoke.
capable of reading the Snellen eye chart at the 20/100 level.
4.6.4 Ocular Leakage—RPED shall be tested for ocular
4.14 Corrosion Resistance:
leakage as specified in 7.6.4. The maximum total ocular
4.14.1 RPED shall be tested for resistance to corrosion as
leakage of the challenge agent shall be an average of 20 % of
specified in 7.14 and shall be evaluated for the proper use and
the outside challenge environment for any of the test subjects
functionofallcontrolsoroperatingfeatures,asspecifiedinthe
in any of the test exercises.
manufacturer’s instructions.
4.7 Operational Packaging Leakage:
4.14.2 MetalsthatareusedintheRPED,storagecontainers,
4.7.1 RPED shall be tested for leakage in its ready-to-use and accessories that are inherently resistant to corrosion
configuration as specified in 7.7.
including, but not limited to, stainless steel, brass, copper,
4.7.2 After immersion, the exterior shall be immediately aluminum,andzinc,shallshownomorethanlightsurface-type
dried and weighed. There shall be no additional weight gain in corrosion or oxidation. Ferrous metals shall show no corrosion
excess of the tolerance of the scale. of the base metals.
4.14.3 Following the corrosion resistance testing in accor-
4.8 Chemical Capacity—The RPED shall be tested for gas
dance with 7.14, RPED shall then be tested for resistance to
breakthrough as specified in 7.8. The RPED shall have a
breathingasspecifiedin7.3.Theinhalationresistanceshallnot
minimumgaslifeof15minforthebreakthroughconditionsfor
exceed 85-mm water column below ambient pressure from the
each of the seven specific gases detailed herein.
beginning of the test until its conclusion.
4.9 Inhalation Temperature—RPED shall be tested for in-
4.14.4 Following the corrosion resistance testing in 7.14,
spired air temperature as specified in 7.9. The inhalation
RPED shall then be tested for resistance to breathing as
temperature shall not exceed 90°C dry bulb or 50°C wet bulb
specified in 7.3, Air Flow Resistance Test. The exhalation
when run at a cyclic flow.
resistance shall not exceed 30.6-mm water column above
4.10 Soot Particulate:
ambient pressure from the beginning of the test until its
4.10.1 RPED shall be tested for increased inhalation breath-
conclusion.
ingresistanceasaresultofsootparticulateasspecifiedin7.10.
The inhalation breathing resistance shall not exceed 204-mm
5. Design Requirements
water column.
5.1 General:
4.10.2 RPEDshallbetestedforincreasedexhalationbreath-
5.1.1 ThedesignoftheRPEDshallprovideprotectiontothe
ingresistanceasaresultofsootparticulateasspecifiedin7.10.
wearer’s head, eyes, and respiratory system specified by this
The exhalation breathing resistance shall not exceed 153-mm
specification.
water column.
5.1.2 The RPED shall consist of at least a hood and a
4.11 Flammability:
respiratory protection system.
4.11.1 RPED shall be tested for heat and flame resistance as
5.1.3 All materials shall be free of sharp edges, burrs, and
specified in 7.11. Components of the RPED shall not have any
rough spots.
after flame after 5 s.
5.1.4 Materials containing latex shall be labeled as such.
4.11.2 RPED shall be tested for heat and flame resistance as
5.1.5 The RPED shall not require the use of hands to
specified in 7.11. No RPED component shall drip, melt, or
maintain the RPED in place on the user or maintain the prope
...

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4.3 This guide contains information to aid program managers and fit test operators in preparing to perform a proper fit test. This includes guidance regarding potential interference from other personal protective equipment (PPE) with the respirator, detailed information on respirators used for fit testing, selection of respirators before fit testing, and other considerations that shall be met if the fit test is to be effective.  
4.4 A single fit test exercise protocol cannot model all workplace activities encountered by respirator users. Recognizing this, this guide provides flexibility regarding fit test exercise protocols. Exercises may be selected that are more representative of actual workplace activities, including repeated respirator donning.  
4.5 Exceptions—Users of this guide should be aware that regulatory agencies may have requirements that are different from this guide.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidance on how to conduct fit testing of tight-fitting respirators and appropriate methods to be used. Fit testing is only one element of a complete respiratory protection program. Examples of complete respiratory protection programs are defined in Practice F3387, 29 CFR 1910.134, and so forth.  
1.2 Purpose—This guide provides requirements for conducting respirator fit testing and includes:  
1.2.1 Qualifications for fit test operators,  
1.2.2 Specific fit test methods,  
1.2.3 Interpretation of fit test results,  
1.2.4 Recordkeeping, and  
1.2.5 Methods to validate new fit test methods.  
1.3 Should and Shall—The provisions of this guide are mandatory in nature when the word “shall” is used and advisory in nature when the word “should” is used.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3407-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Respirator Fit Capability for Negative-Pressure Half-Facepiece Particulate Respirators

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the U.S., when 42 Code of Federal Regulations Part 84 (42 CFR 84) was promulgated in 1995, the isoamyl acetate tightness test as described in 30 Code of Federal Regulations Part 11 for certain particulate-removing respirators was removed. These particulate-removing respirators were designed as protection against: (1) fumes of various metals having an air contamination level not less than 0.05 mg/m3, and (2) dusts, fumes, and mists having an air contamination level less than 0.05 mg/m3 or radionuclides. The isoamyl acetate test was removed because particulate respirators had to be modified before they could be tested and there were no other available fit tests suitable to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) for approval testing at the time (1).4 There was a concern that the modified respirators may have had different fitting characteristics from the versions marketed. According to NIOSH, removing this requirement also allowed for further research on the effectiveness of certification fit testing methods (1).  
5.2 NIOSH conducted benchmark testing of 101 respirator models on the market during 2008 and 2009, using a similar test to that described herein (2). The results were analyzed to develop key test parameters and pass/fail criteria options for a respirator fit capability test for half-facepiece air-purifying particulate respirators (3). According to NIOSH, approximately 30 % of the models tested did not have good fitting characteristics (2). This was also supported by published research (4, 5). This standard establishes a performance requirement called respirator fit capability to assess respirator face-sealing characteristics.  
5.3 This standard can be used to evaluate all particulate-removing respirators on a population of wearers. A respirator model meeting the fit capability requirement will be capable of fitting the facial sizes and shapes for which it was designed. To achieve this goal, it is necessary for the method ...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides detailed instructions for performing a respirator fit capability test to determine the fit of air-purifying, half-facepiece respirators, which will include both filtering facepiece respirators and elastomeric respirators equipped with any type of particulate filter. The purpose is to increase the probability that available respirators fit a general worker population. The standard provides increased assurance to respirator purchasers and users that respirators that meet the requirement of this standard can be expected to effectively fit persons with various lengths and widths of faces, such as long and narrow or short and wide, when fit tested in the workplace as part of a complete respiratory protection program in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.134.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 It is the responsibility of the investigator to determine whether good laboratory practices (GLP standards—40 CFR, Part 160 of FIFRA) are required and to follow them when appropriate.  
1.4 This standard does not address specific product performance standards established by regulatory authorities; see 2.2 for details.  
1.5 This standard does not eliminate the need for every wearer to undergo a personal respirator fit test.  
1.6 This standard does not guarantee that every respirator wearer will be able to achieve the required fit factor on a particular manufacturer’s single-size or multi-size respirator model. Respirator wearers must always be given the opportunity to try other models or other manufacturers’ respirators.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior t...

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ASTM
ASTM F2704-17a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Air-Fed Protective Ensembles

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 As with other hazardous materials protective ensembles, air-fed protective ensembles include clothing and equipment items needed for dermal and respiratory protection, including protective suits, gloves, footwear, and eye/face protection. Unlike other protective ensembles, air-fed protective ensembles do not use separate respiratory protective devices such as self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or non-powered air-purifying respirators (APRs).  
4.1.1 Those types of respirators normally have a tight-fitting face piece that provides inhalation hazard protection and dermal exposure protection to the face, eyes, nose, and mouth.  
4.1.2 Air-fed protective ensembles are worn without the use of a separate respirator. The entire suit serves as the respiratory protective device and also provides dermal exposure protection. The wearer breathes supplied air or filtered air pumped into the protective suit.  
4.2 Air-fed protective ensembles are used to protect workers in a number of applications.  
4.2.1 These include, but are not limited to: chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing, remediation of hazardous materials sites, use against highly infectious biological agents in Biosafety Level 4 laboratories, and for protection of workers involved in nuclear and radiological facilities, where it is possible radioactive particles will be encountered.  
4.3 The requirements of this specification have been partly based on the NFPA 1991 and NFPA 1994 standards, which establish criteria for vapor-protective ensembles used in hazardous materials emergencies. NFPA 1991 establishes requirements for a protective ensemble that encapsulates the wearer and the breathing apparatus. NFPA 1994 establishes requirements for a protective ensemble under Class 1 requirements that in some configurations encapsulates the wearer and the breathing apparatus.  
4.3.1 In this specification, a breathing apparatus is not worn inside the suit, but instead breathing air is connected to the su...
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes design, performance, classification, documentation, labeling, and certification requirements for protective ensembles that deliver air to the wearer by means of an air line or powered air purifying respirator (PAPR).  
1.2 As a prerequisite to this specification, regulations within Title 42 Federal Code of Regulations, Part 84 are used to establish the conformance of the air-fed protective ensemble to respiratory protection requirements.  
1.3 This specification addresses protective ensembles used for environments involving chemical, biological, and radiological/nuclear particulate hazards.  
1.4 This specification sets specific criteria for air-fed protective ensembles used to prevent exposure to substances such as, but not limited to, chemical hazards, infectious microorganisms requiring Biosafety Level 4 (BLS4) protection, and environments where it is possible radiological or nuclear particulates will be found.  
1.5 This specification is further used for classification of the protective ensemble as limited use or multiple use.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1894-24(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selecting Dosimetry Systems for Application in Pulsed X-Ray Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Flash X-ray facilities provide intense bremsstrahlung radiation environments, usually in a single sub-microsecond pulse, which often fluctuates in amplitude, shape, and spectrum from shot to shot. Therefore, appropriate dosimetry must be fielded on every exposure to characterize the environment, see ICRU Report 34. These intense bremsstrahlung sources have a variety of applications which include the following:
(1) Studies of the effects of X-rays and gamma rays on materials.
(2) Studies of the effects of radiation on electronic devices such as transistors, diodes, and capacitors.
(3) Computer code validation studies.  
4.2 This guide is written to assist the experimenter in selecting the needed dosimetry systems for use at pulsed X-ray facilities. This guide also provides a brief summary on how to use each of the dosimetry systems. Other guides (see Section 2) provide more detailed information on selected dosimetry systems in radiation environments and should be consulted after an initial decision is made on the appropriate dosimetry system to use. There are many key parameters which describe a flash X-ray source, such as dose, dose rate, spectrum, pulse width, etc., such that typically no single dosimetry system can measure all the parameters simultaneously. However, it is frequently the case that not all key parameters must be measured in a given experiment.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides assistance in selecting and using dosimetry systems in flash X-ray experiments. Both dose and dose rate techniques are described.  
1.2 Operating characteristics of flash X-ray sources are given, with emphasis on the spectrum of the photon output.  
1.3 Assistance is provided to relate the measured dose to the response of a device under test (DUT). The device is assumed to be a semiconductor electronic part or system.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D396-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

ABSTRACT
This specification covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades include the following: Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 for use in domestic and small industrial burners; Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel; Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 (Heavy) for use in commercial/industrial burners; and Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 for use in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. The grades of fuel oil shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic acid, and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. Grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The grades of fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements prescribed for: (1) flash point, (2) water and sediment, (3) physical distillation or simulated distillation, (4) kinematic viscosity, (5) Ramsbottom carbon residue, (6) ash, (7) sulfur, (8) copper strip corrosion, (9) density, and (10) pour point. The test methods for determining conformance to the specified properties are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.  
1.1.2 Grades B6–B20 S5000, B6–B20 S500, and B6–B20 S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use in domestic and small industrial burners.  
1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.  
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.  
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2: A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.  
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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