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ASTM D5277-92(2015)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester

Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is for use in evaluating the capability of a container or shipping system to withstand sudden shocks and crushing forces, such as those generated from rail switching impacts or pallet marshalling, or to evaluate the capability of a container and its inner packing, or shipping system, to protect its contents during the sudden shocks and crushing forces resulting from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts. This test method may also be used to compare the performance of different container designs or shipping systems. The test may also permit observation of the progressive failure of a container or shipping system and damage to the contents. See Practice D4169 for additional guidance.  
4.2 This test method is not suitable for reproducing impact resulting from the switching of rail cars using long-travel draft gear or cushioned underframes. Refer to Method D4003 (revised) as a more suitable method for testing under these circumstances, or when more precise control of shock inputs is required.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for reproducing and comparing shock damage, such as that which may result from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts, using an incline impact tester. It is suitable for simulating the types of shock pulses experienced by lading in rail switching of rail cars with standard draft gear, but not for those with long travel draft gear or cushioned underframes. The test method can also be used for pallet marshalling tests.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 6.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2015
ICS
19.060 - Mechanical testing
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.21 - Shipping Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5277 − 92 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an
1
Inclined Impact Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5277; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4332Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
Packaging Components for Testing
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for reproducing
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
and comparing shock damage, such as that which may result
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts, using an
Lot or Process
incline impact tester. It is suitable for simulating the types of
shockpulsesexperiencedbyladinginrailswitchingofrailcars
3. Terminology
withstandarddraftgear,butnotforthosewithlongtraveldraft
gear or cushioned underframes. The test method can also be 3.1 Definitions—General terms and definitions used in this
test method may be found in Terminology D996.
used for pallet marshalling tests.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 programming material—a resilient elastomer with
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only characteristics suitable to control the shock pulse generated, or
any other suitable means of control.
and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2.2 velocity change—thesumofthevelocityatimpactand
the rebound velocity.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.Forspecifichazards
4.1 Thistestmethodisforuseinevaluatingthecapabilityof
statements, see Section 6.
acontainerorshippingsystemtowithstandsuddenshocksand
crushing forces, such as those generated from rail switching
2. Referenced Documents
impacts or pallet marshalling, or to evaluate the capability of a
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
container and its inner packing, or shipping system, to protect
D664Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
its contents during the sudden shocks and crushing forces
by Potentiometric Titration
resulting from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts.
D880Test Method for ImpactTesting for Shipping Contain-
Thistestmethodmayalsobeusedtocomparetheperformance
ers and Systems
of different container designs or shipping systems. The test
D996Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
may also permit observation of the progressive failure of a
ments
container or shipping system and damage to the contents. See
D4003Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact
Practice D4169 for additional guidance.
Test for Shipping Containers and Systems
4.2 This test method is not suitable for reproducing impact
D4169Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
resulting from the switching of rail cars using long-travel draft
tainers and Systems
gear or cushioned underframes. Refer to Method D4003
(revised) as a more suitable method for testing under these
circumstances,orwhenmoreprecisecontrolofshockinputsis
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping required.
Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.
Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originally
5. Apparatus
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D5277–92 (2008).
DOI: 10.1520/D5277-92R15.
5.1 Inclined Impact Test Equipment, conforming to the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
following requirements:
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1.1 The incline track, backstop, and carriage shall con-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. form to the requirements of Method D880, except that the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5277 − 92 (2015)
backstop need not have a solid steel plate surface or a solid conditions of air temperature or humidity. It is recommended
integral mass at least 50 times the mass of the test specimen. that special atmospheres for conditioning be
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5277 − 92 (Reapproved 2008) D5277 − 92 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an
1
Inclined Impact Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5277; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for reproducing and comparing shock damage, such as that which may result from
rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts, using an incline impact tester. It is suitable for simulating the types of shock pulses
experienced by lading in rail switching of rail cars with standard draft gear, but not for those with long travel draft gear or
cushioned underframes. The test method can also be used for pallet marshalling tests.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 6.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration
D880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Containers and Systems
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments
D4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems
D4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—General terms and definitions used in this test method may be found in Terminology D996.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 programming material—a resilient elastomer with characteristics suitable to control the shock pulse generated, or any
other suitable means of control.
3.2.2 velocity change—the sum of the velocity at impact and the rebound velocity.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method is for use in evaluating the capability of a container or shipping system to withstand sudden shocks and
crushing forces, such as those generated from rail switching impacts or pallet marshalling, or to evaluate the capability of a
container and its inner packing, or shipping system, to protect its contents during the sudden shocks and crushing forces resulting
from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts. This test method may also be used to compare the performance of different
container designs or shipping systems. The test may also permit observation of the progressive failure of a container or shipping
system and damage to the contents. See Practice D4169 for additional guidance.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers and
Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.
Current edition approved April 1, 2008April 1, 2015. Published May 2008 May 2015. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20022008 as
D5277 – 92 (2002).(2008). DOI: 10.1520/D5277-92R08.10.1520/D5277-92R15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5277 − 92 (2015)
4.2 This test method is not suitable for reproducing impact resulting from the switching of rail cars using long-travel draft gear
or cushioned underframes. Refer to Method D4003 (revised) as a more suitable method for testing under these circumstances, or
when more precise control of shock inputs is required
...

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ASTM E1319-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for High-Temperature Static Strain Measurement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The use of this guide is voluntary and is intended for use as a procedures guide for selection and application of specific types of strain gages for high-temperature installations. No attempt is made to restrict the type of strain gage types or concepts to be chosen by the user. The provisions of this guide may be invoked in specifications and procedures by specifying those that shall be considered mandatory for the purpose of the specific application. When so invoked, the user shall include in the work statement a notation that provisions of this guide shown as recommendation shall be considered mandatory for the purposes of the specification or procedure concerned, and shall include a statement of any exceptions to or modifications of the affected provisions of this guide.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and application of strain gages for the measurement of static strain up to and including the temperature range from 425 °C to 650 °C (800 °F to 1200 °F). This guide reflects some state-of-the-art techniques in high-temperature strain measurement.  
1.2 This guide assumes that the user is familiar with the use of bonded strain gages and associated signal conditioning circuits and instrumentation as discussed in  (1)  and (2).2 The strain gage systems described are those that have proven effective in the temperature range of interest and were available at the time of issue of this guide. It is not the intent of this guide to limit the user to one of the strain gage types described nor is it the intent to specify the type of strain gage system to be used for a specific application. However, in using any strain gage system including those described, the proposer shall be able to demonstrate the capability of the proposed strain gage system to meet the selection criteria provided in Section 5 and the needs of the specific application.  
1.3 The devices and techniques described in this guide can sometimes be applicable at temperatures above and below the range noted, and for making dynamic strain measurements at high temperatures with proper precautions. The strain gage manufacturer should be consulted for recommendations and details of such applications.  
1.4 The references are a part of this guide to the extent specified in the text.  
1.5 The values stated in metric (SI) units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for informational purposes only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Guide
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ASTM
ASTM E739-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (ε-N) Fatigue Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Materials scientists and engineers are making increased use of statistical analyses in interpreting S-N  and ε-N  fatigue data. Statistical analysis applies when the given data can be reasonably assumed to be a random sample of (or representation of) some specific defined population or universe of material of interest (under specific test conditions), and it is desired either to characterize the material or to predict the performance of future random samples of the material (under similar test conditions), or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers only  S-N  and ε-N  relationships that may be reasonably approximated by a straight line (on appropriate coordinates) for a specific interval of stress or strain. It presents elementary procedures that presently reflect good practice in modeling and analysis. However, because the actual S-N  or ε-N  relationship is approximated by a straight line only within a specific interval of stress or strain, and because the actual fatigue life distribution is unknown, it is  not recommended  that (a) the S-N  or ε-N curve be extrapolated outside the interval of testing, or (b) the fatigue life at a specific stress or strain amplitude be estimated below approximately the fifth percentile (P ≃ 0.05). As alternative fatigue models and statistical analyses are continually being developed, later revisions of this guide may subsequently present analyses that permit more complete interpretation of  S-N  and ε-N  data.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Guide
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