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ASTM A720/A720M-02(2007)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Ductility of Nonoriented Electrical Steel

Standard Test Method for Ductility of Nonoriented Electrical Steel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This is a specialized bend test for nonoriented electrical steel not covered under the provisions of Test Methods E 290.  
This test is applicable to nonoriented silicon steel such as described in Specifications A 677/A 677M and A 683/A 683M in commercial thicknesses.
It is not intended to be applied to steels considered inherently ductile.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of ductility utilizing Epstein test strips and a bending device for bending the strip over a predetermined radius. It is intended for commercial silicon-bearing steel sheet or strip of nonoriented types in the thickness range from 0.010 to 0.031 in. [0.25 to 0.79 mm], inclusive.
1.2 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this test method, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this test method.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2007
ICS
77.140.50 - Flat steel products and semi-products
Technical Committee
A06 - Magnetic Properties
Drafting Committee
A06.01 - Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A720/A720M-02 - Standard Test Method for Ductility of Nonoriented Electrical Steel
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Replaced By
ASTM A720/A720M-02(2011) - Standard Test Method for Ductility of Nonoriented Electrical Steel
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM A345-19 - Standard Specification for Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels for Magnetic Applications
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM A683-16 - Standard Specification for Nonoriented Electrical Steel, Semiprocessed Types
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM A677-16 - Standard Specification for Nonoriented Electrical Steel Fully Processed Types
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007

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ASTM A720/A720M-02(2007) - Standard Test Method for Ductility of Nonoriented Electrical SteelASTM A720/A720M-02(2007) - Standard Test Method for Ductility of Nonoriented Electrical Steel
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ASTM A720/A720M-02(2007) - Standard Test Method for Ductility of Nonoriented Electrical Steel
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A720/A720M–02 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Ductility of Nonoriented Electrical Steel
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA720/A720M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope other end is free to move, but held in tension by a spring. The
specimen is repeatedly bent through 180° reversals until a
1.1 This test method covers determination of ductility uti-
crack appears at the bend or until sudden failure occurs by
lizing Epstein test strips and a bending device for bending the
complete rupture.The number of reversals until failure is taken
strip over a predetermined radius. It is intended for commercial
as a measure of the ductility.
silicon-bearing steel sheet or strip of nonoriented types in the
thickness range from 0.010 to 0.031 in. [0.25 to 0.79 mm],
4. Significance and Use
inclusive.
4.1 This is a specialized bend test for nonoriented electrical
1.2 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu
steel not covered under the provisions of Test Methods E290.
and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as
4.2 This test is applicable to nonoriented silicon steel such
standard. Within this test method, SI units are shown in
as described in Specifications A677 and A683/A683M in
brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact
commercial thicknesses.
equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently
4.3 It is not intended to be applied to steels considered
of the other. Combining values from the two systems may
inherently ductile.
result in nonconformance with this test method.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5. Apparatus
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5.1 The apparatus, Fig. 1, consists of a set of stationary jaws
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and a movable arm to which is attached another set of jaws and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
a spring.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1.1 The stationary jaws shall have working edges with
2. Referenced Documents radii of approximately 0.2 in. [5 mm] over which the test
2 specimen is bent. Stationary jaws shall be of the quick-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
clamping type.
A34/A34M Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing
5.1.2 The jaws attached to the movable arm shall allow the
of Magnetic Materials
specimen to move freely during bending.
A677 Specification for Nonoriented Electrical Steel Fully
5.1.3 The spring clamped to the free end of the specimen
Processed Types
shall provide sufficient tension in the specimen to localize the
A683/A683M Specification for Nonoriented Electrical
bend.
Steel, Semiprocessed Types
5.1.4 Design of the movable arm shall permit a rotation of
E290 Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Duc-
approximately 180°.
tility
6. Sampling
3. Summary of Test Method
6.1 Select samples from at least two well separated loca-
3.1 A test strip is placed in the special test apparatus
tions in each test lot or lift.
designed to clamp one end of the specimen securely while the
6.1.1 The test specimens may be cut from samples used for
the core loss or other tests in accordance with the practice in
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on
Practice A34/A34M.
Magnetic Properties and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA06.01 onTest
6.1.2 Cut test specimens from near each end of each sample
Methods.
coil and from the middle and the end of each sample sheet.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally
approved in 1975. Last prev
...

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ASTM A677-16(2023)(Specification)
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard requirements for flat-rolled nonoriented fully processed electrical steel intended primarily for commercial power frequency applications in magnetic devices. These electrical steels are low-carbon, silicon iron, or silicon-aluminum-iron alloys that may be made by basic-oxygen, electric-furnace, or other steelmaking practice. Desirable core-loss and permeability characteristics are developed during mill processing, so additional heat treatment is usually not required. The grades contained in this specification have thicknesses of 0.014 in. (0. 36 mm), 0.0185 in. (0.47 mm) and 0.0250 in. (0.64 mm). For a given thickness there are from 7 to 9 types based on the maximum value of core loss measured at 60 Hz and 15 kG (1.5 T) using the Epstein test method. Test methods to determine the required magnetic and mechanical properties are specified. Other typical magnetic and physical properties are listed for reference.
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1.1 This specification covers the detailed requirements to which flat-rolled nonoriented fully processed electrical steel shall conform.  
1.2 This steel is produced to specified maximum core-loss values and is intended primarily for commercial power frequency (50 Hz and 60 Hz) applications in magnetic devices. Desirable core-loss and permeability characteristics are developed during mill processing, so additional heat treatment by the user is usually not necessary.  
1.3 These nonoriented fully processed electrical steels are low-carbon, silicon-iron, or silicon-aluminum-iron alloys containing up to about 3.5 % silicon and a small amount of aluminum.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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Standard Specification for Nonoriented Electrical Steel, Semiprocessed Types

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This specification covers the standard requirements for flat-rolled, nonoriented semiprocessed electrical steel intended primarily for commercial power frequency applications in magnetic devices. These electrical steels are low carbon, silicon-iron, or silicon-aluminum-iron alloys, and are classified according to core-loss. Unlike the fully processed electrical steels covered by ASTM A 677, the electrical steels in this specification require heat treatment by the user to develop the specified magnetic properties. The steels covered by this specification have a thickness of either 0.0185 in. (0.47 mm) or 0.025 in. (0.64 mm). For each thickness there are four core loss types. The core loss shall be determined following the use of a quality evaluation anneal listed in the specification. The core loss is determined using the Epstein test method at a test frequency of 60 Hz and a maximum flux density of 15 kG (1.5 T). Test methods to determine other required physical and mechanical properties are listed. Other typical magnetic and physical properties are listed for reference.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the detailed requirements to which flat-rolled, nonoriented semiprocessed electrical steel shall conform.  
1.2 This steel is produced to specified maximum core-loss values and is intended primarily for commercial power frequency (50 Hz and 60 Hz) applications in magnetic devices. Desirable core-loss and permeability characteristics are developed through heat treatment by the user.  
1.3 These nonoriented, semiprocessed electrical steels are low carbon, silicon-iron or silicon-aluminum-iron alloys containing up to about 2.5 % silicon and less than 1 % aluminum.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Measuring Edge Taper and Crown of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steel Coils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Flat-rolled electrical steel master coils are usually slit into narrower coils. Usually these slit coils are punched or sheared into laminations of various shapes. The laminations are then uniformly stacked to become the cores of magnetic devices such as motors and transformers. Stacking of many laminations exhibiting excessive taper causes assembly problems and poor appearance. Nonuniform stack lengths in motors cause imbalance and noise. When the laminations are interleaved in transformers, taper causes air spaces within the core resulting in increased noise, increased exciting current, and higher core loss.
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1.1 This test method provides a procedure for measuring edge taper and crown of flat-rolled electrical steel coils as produced at the steel mill.  
1.2 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.  
1.3 The following material specifications include requirements for edge taper or crown: A677, A683, A726, A876, and A1086. Specification A840 also includes requirements for edge taper or crown, but it has been withdrawn and reference to it is included for historical purposes.  
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ASTM A720/A720M-02(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Ductility of Nonoriented Electrical Steel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This is a specialized bend test for nonoriented electrical steel not covered under the provisions of Test Methods E290.  
4.2 This test is applicable to nonoriented silicon steel such as described in Specifications A677 and A683 in commercial thicknesses.  
4.3 It is not intended to be applied to steels considered inherently ductile.
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1.1 This test method covers determination of ductility utilizing Epstein test strips and a bending device for bending the strip over a predetermined radius. It is intended for commercial silicon-bearing steel sheet or strip of nonoriented types in the thickness range from 0.010 to 0.031 in. [0.25 to 0.79 mm], inclusive.  
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Standard Test Method for Ductility of Oriented Electrical Steel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This is a specialized bend test for grain-oriented steel not covered under the provisions of Test Methods E290.  
4.2 This test is applicable to grain-oriented silicon steel such as covered in Specification A876 in commercial thicknesses and widths up to 36 in. [910 mm].
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1.1 This specification covers the detailed requirements to which flat-rolled thin-gauge nonoriented fully processed electrical steel shall conform. Nominal thicknesses included in this specification are 0.10 mm (0.004 in.) to 0.30 mm (0.012 in.).  
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This specification covers wrought iron-silicon (Fe-Si) relay steels that are generally used in the manufacture of electromechanical devices, such as relays and solenoids, requiring higher electrical resistivity, higher permeability, and lower coercivity and residual magnetism than provided by either carbon steels or soft magnetic low-carbon irons. Available forms and conditions are forging billet, hot-rolled product, cold-finished bars, strip, and wire. These steels are not the same as the flat-rolled non-oriented or grain oriented iron-silicon electrical steels covered by ASTM Specifications A 677, A 683 and A 876. The steels covered in this specification have nominal silicon contents of 1.1, 2.3 and 4.0 % Si. Both the 1.1 and 2.3 % Si types are also available in an enhanced machinability composition. Along with chemical composition, steels produced to this specification must meet a specified maximum value of coercive field strength when heat treated according to this specification. Appendices are given containing typical magnetic, physical and mechanical properties and heat treatment.
SCOPE
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2  
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4.0 % Si-Fe  
1.2 This specification covers steels in the form and condition required for fabrication into parts. The fabricated parts typically require a final heat treatment to obtain the desired magnetic performance. The term mill annealed as used in this specification applies to a heat treatment, typically applied by the producer, intended to improve formability. The mill anneal does not provide the optimum magnetic performance and is not intended to replace the need for the finish annealing of parts.  
1.3 This specification covers steels in the form of forging billets, hot-rolled bar and strip, cold-finished bar, wire, and cold-rolled strip in thicknesses up to 6.35 mm (0.250 in.).  
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1.5 This specification does not cover powder metallurgy materials capable of being processed into magnetic core components having similar silicon contents.  
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This specification concerns general procedures for specifying requirements of flat-rolled electrical steels for magnetic applications. This specification is to be used when the material in question is not covered by an ASTM material specification. The specification does not contain requirements but instead lists physical properties, ordering information and other attributes that should be considered when purchasing the material. All ASTM electrical steel specifications are in conformity to this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers general procedures for specifying requirements in the procurement and delivery of flat-rolled electrical steels for magnetic applications. When an applicable individual specification does not exist, this specification enables the user to order a suitable material to be supplied under controlled conditions with respect to magnetic quality, sampling, testing, packaging, and so forth, by specifying certain requirements on the purchase order and citing this specification.  
1.2 Individual ASTM electrical steel specifications that are in conformity with this specification are Specifications A677, A683, A726, A840, A876, and A1086.
Note 1: For more information on other standards associated with this specification, refer to the following: Test Methods A341/A341M, A343/A343M, A348/A348M, A596/A596M, A712, A717/A717M, A719/A719M, A720/A720M, A721/A721M, A773/A773M, A804/A804M, A889/A889M, A937/A937M, A971/A971M, and Practice A664.  
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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A876-17e1(Specification)
Standard Specification for Flat-Rolled, Grain-Oriented, Silicon-Iron, Electrical Steel, Fully Processed Types

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the detailed requirements for specified grades of flat-rolled, grain-oriented, fully processed low-carbon silicon-iron electrical steels, whose low core loss and high permeability in the direction of rolling have been achieved by appropriate metallurgical processing. These steels are primarily used in transformer cores operating at moderate to high magnetic flux densities at commercial power frequencies. These steels may be acquired in any of four conditions a.) conventional grain-oriented tested at 15 kG (1.5 T), b.) conventional grain-oriented tested at 17 kG (1.7 T), c.) high-permeability grain-oriented tested at 17 kG (1.7 T) and d.) laser-scribed high-permeability grain-oriented tested at 17 kG (1.7 T). These steels can be purchased in a number of combinations of material form and surface type or treatment. This specification explains in detail, the available forms, thicknesses and magnetic performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the detailed requirements to which the specified grades of flat-rolled, grain-oriented, fully processed electrical steels shall conform. These steels are used primarily in transformer cores operating at moderate to high magnetic flux densities at commercial power frequencies (50 and 60 Hz).  
1.2 These grain-oriented electrical steels are low-carbon, silicon-iron alloys with a silicon content of approximately 3.2 % in which low core loss and high permeability in the direction of rolling have been achieved by appropriate metallurgical processing.  
1.3 The electrical-steel grades described in this specification include (1) conventional grain-oriented electrical steel tested at 1.5 T (15 kG) in accordance with Test Method A343/A343M, (2) conventional grain-oriented electrical steel tested at 1.7 T (17 kG) in accordance with Test Method A343/A343M, (3) high-permeability grain-oriented electrical steel tested at 1.7 T (17 kG) in accordance with Test Method A343/A343M, and (4) laser-scribed high-permeability grain-oriented electrical steel tested at 1.7 T (17 kG) in accordance with Test Methods A804/A804M.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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ASTM A109/A109M-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Steel, Strip, Carbon (0.25 Maximum Percent), Cold-Rolled

ABSTRACT
This specification covers cold-rolled carbon steel strip in cut lengths or coils, furnished to closer tolerances than cold-rolled carbon steel sheet. The steel shall be made by the open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnace process. Cold-rolled carbon strip specified to temper numbers shall conform to the Rockwell hardness requirements. Bend tests shall be conducted in accordance with requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cold-rolled carbon steel strip in cut lengths or coils, furnished to closer tolerances than cold-rolled carbon steel sheet, with specific temper, with specific edge or specific finish, and in sizes as follows:    
Width, in.  
Thickness, in.    
Over 1/2 to 23 15/16  
0.300 and under    
Over 12.5 to 600 mm  
7.6 mm and under  
1.2 Cold-rolled strip is produced with a maximum specified carbon not exceeding 0.25 percent.  
1.3 Strip tolerance products may be available in widths wider than 23 15/16 in. [600 mm] by agreement between purchaser and supplier. However, such products are technically classified as cold rolled sheet. The tolerances, finishes, tempers, edges, and available widths and thicknesses differentiate cold rolled strip from the product known as cold rolled sheet which is defined by Specification A568/A568M and from cold rolled high carbon strip which is defined by Specification A682/A682M.  
1.4 For the purpose of determining conformance with this specification, values shall be rounded to the nearest unit in the right hand place of figures used in expressing the limiting values in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.  
1.5 The SI portions of the tables contained herein list permissible variations in dimensions and mass (see Note 1) in SI (metric) units. The values listed are not exact conversions of the values listed in the inch-pound tables, but instead are rounded or rationalized values. Conformance to SI tolerances is mandatory when the “M” specification is used.
Note 1: The term weight is used when inch-pound units are the standard. However, under SI the preferred term is  mass.  
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1.7 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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