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ASTM D7613-10

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Flexible Polypropylene Reinforced (fPP-R) and Nonreinforced (fPP) Geomembranes

Standard Specification for Flexible Polypropylene Reinforced (fPP-R) and Nonreinforced (fPP) Geomembranes

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1.1 This specification covers flexible polypropylene reinforced (fPP-R) and nonreinforced (fPP) geomembranes made from flexible polypropylene as the principal polymer prepared by the polymerization of propylene with or without other alpha olefin monomers.
1.2 The tests and property limits used to characterize the sheet are values intended to ensure minimum quality. In-place system design criteria, such as field-seaming strength and material compatibility among others, are factors that should be considered but are beyond the scope of this specification.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Sep-2010
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.10 - Geomembranes
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7613-17 - Standard Specification for Flexible Polypropylene Reinforced (fPP-R) and Nonreinforced (fPP) Geomembranes
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
Referred By
ASTM D6434-12(2018) - Standard Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes
Effective Date
15-Sep-2010

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ASTM D7613-10 - Standard Specification for Flexible Polypropylene Reinforced (fPP-R) and Nonreinforced (fPP) GeomembranesASTM D7613-10 - Standard Specification for Flexible Polypropylene Reinforced (fPP-R) and Nonreinforced (fPP) Geomembranes
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ASTM D7613-10 - Standard Specification for Flexible Polypropylene Reinforced (fPP-R) and Nonreinforced (fPP) Geomembranes
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D7613 −10
Standard Specification for
Flexible Polypropylene Reinforced (fPP-R) and
Nonreinforced (fPP) Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7613; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
D4833 Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of
1.1 This specification covers flexible polypropylene rein-
Geomembranes and Related Products
forced (fPP-R) and nonreinforced (fPP) geomembranes made
D5199Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness
from flexible polypropylene as the principal polymer prepared
of Geosynthetics
bythepolymerizationofpropylenewithorwithoutotheralpha
D5538 Practice for Thermoplastic Elastomers—
olefin monomers.
Terminology and Abbreviations
1.2 The tests and property limits used to characterize the
D5884Test Method for Determining Tearing Strength of
sheet are values intended to ensure minimum quality. In-place
Internally Reinforced Geomembranes
system design criteria, such as field-seaming strength and
D6636Test Method for Determination of Ply Adhesion
material compatibility among others, are factors that should be
Strength of Reinforced Geomembranes
considered but are beyond the scope of this specification.
D6693Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as Nonreinforced Polyethylene and Nonreinforced Flexible
Polypropylene Geomembranes
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. D7004Test Method for Grab Tensile Properties of Rein-
forced Geomembranes
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
G151PracticeforExposingNonmetallicMaterialsinAccel-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
G154PracticeforOperatingFluorescentLightApparatusfor
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
UV Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
G155Practice for Operating XenonArc LightApparatus for
2. Referenced Documents Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3. Terminology
D573Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air
Oven
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
D751Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
specification, refer to Terminologies D883 and D4439 and
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
Practice D5538.
D1004Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of
Plastic Film and Sheeting
4. Materials and Manufacture
D1204Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of
4.1 The sheet shall be capable of being heat welded, fused,
Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated
or adhesively bonded to itself for making watertight field
Temperature
splices and repairs.
D2136Test Method for Coated Fabrics—Low-Temperature
Bend Test
4.2 Geomembrane can be nonreinforced or reinforced with
fabric or scrim.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
GeosyntheticsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD35.10onGeomem-
5. Chemical Composition
branes.
5.1 The geomembrane shall be formulated from virgin
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2010. Published October 2010. DOI:
10.1520/D7613-10.
flexible polypropylene, in amounts greater than 85 %, by
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
weight of the total polymer content. The remaining 15 % shall
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
be comprised of compatible polymers or pigments or both,
Standardsvolumeinformation,refertothespecification’sDocumentSummarypage
on the ASTM website. stabilizers, and colorants that are suitably compounded to
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7613−10
satisfy the physical requirements in the specification (see nicks and cuts, voids, thin areas, delaminations, or other
Practice D5538 for definitions). manufacturing defects that might adversely affect serviceabil-
ity.
NOTE 1—The compound shall not contain postconsumer (PCR) com-
ponents containing bitumen or any other ingredients that could interfere
with the long-term stability of the geomembrane. No more than 10 % 9. Test Methods
rework resin is allowed for the production of the membrane and shall be
9.1 Dimensions—Test Methods , after permitting the sheet
fully compatible with the parent material.
to relax at 23°C for 1 h.
6. Physical Properties
9.2 Thickness—Test Method for reinforced and nonrein-
6.1 Each sheet specimen shall meet or exceed the physical
forced.
requirements prescribed in Table 1.
9.3 Thickness of Coating Over Scrim (Reinforcing
6.2 The tolerance for time conditions (aging, weathering,
Fabric)—Optical method described in Annex A1.
and so forth) is 615 min or 61 % of the period, whichever is
9.4 Breaking Strength—Test Method D7004.
greater, unless otherwise specified.
9.5 Tensile Strength—Test Method D66933.
6.3 The tolerance for temperature conditions (aging and so
9.6 Elongation at Break—Test Method D7004.
forth) is 62°C of the specified temperature, unless otherwise
specified.
9.7 Ultimate Elongation %—Test Method D6693.
9.8 Tearing Strength—Test Method D5884 for reinforced.
7. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations
9.9 Tear Resistance—Test Method D1004 for nonrein-
7.1 The width and length of the sheet shall be agreed upon
between the purchaser and the supplier. forced.
9.10 Low-TemperatureBend—TestMethodD2136at-40°C.
7.2 The tolerance for both width and length shall be +3 %,
-1 %.
9.11 Heat Aging—Test Method D573.Age sheet specimens
7.3 The thickness tolerance shall be +15 %, –10 % of for670hat116°C.Specimensarethencutfromtheagedsheet
thickness agreed upon by the purchaser and supplier, but in no for testing of breaking strength, elongation, and tearing
case shall the thickness be less than the minimum in Table 1. strength.Afterexposure,thesheetspecimensshallberemoved
fromtheoven;specimenscutfromtheagedsheetfortestingof
8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
breaking strength, elongation, and tearing strength; and
wrapped around a 75 mm diameter mandrel.
8.1 The sheet, including factory seams, if present, shall be
watertight and free of pinholes, particles of foreign matter, 9.11.1 Aspecimen is rated “pass” if no cracks or crazing is
protruding fibers or reinforcement, undispersed raw material, observed using a 10× magnification.
TABLE 1 Physical Requirements
Physical Requirements Method fPP-R fPP
Thickness, lowest individual reading, D5199 0.82 mm
Reinforced
Thickness over scrim Annex A1 0.305 mm
Thickness, lowest individual reading, D5199 0.68 mm
non-reinforced
Breaking strength, minimum 980 N
Tensile strength, kN/m 10.5 kN/m
Elongation at break, minimum % D7004 15 %
Ultimate elongation % D6693 700 %
Tearing strength, minimum D5884 244 N
Tear resistance, minimum D1004 45 N
Low-temperature bend -40°C -40°C
Properties after heat aging & Weather- D573, G151, G154, G155
ing
Retention of breaking strength, mini- 85 %
mum
Retention of tensile strength 85 %
Retention of elongation at break, mini- 85 %
mum
Retention of ultimate elongation, % 85 %
Retention of tearing strength, minimum 60 %
Retention of tear resistance, minimum 60 %
Visual inspection no cracks Pass Pass Pass Pass
or crazing (10×)
Linear dimensional change, maximum D1204 1.0% 3%
change
Puncture resistance reinforced D4833 330 N
Puncture resistance non- reinforced 110 N
Factory prepared, ply adhesion D6636 65 N NA
strength, min
D7613−10
9.12 Linear Dimensional Change—Test Method . Age 9.15.3 If the operational fluctuations are greater than the
specimen for6hat 70°C or1hat 100°C. maximumallowableaftertheequipmenthasstabilized,discon-
tinue the test and correct the cause of the problem before
9.13 Puncture Resistance—Test Method D4833
continuing.
9.14 Ply Adhesion Strength—Test Method D6636.
9.15.4 Perform the weathering tests on the intact, as-
fabricated, sheet with the weathering side, if applicable, facing
9.15 Weather Resistance—Accelerated weathering tests
the lamp(s). Mount specimens for exposure under no strain.
shallbeperformedusingexposuresdescribedineither9.15.1.1
After exposure, the specimens shall be removed,
...

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4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.  
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) applicable to reinforced geomembranes.
FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes  
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than machine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges, generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this, testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749 or the 2 in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can be utilized. Testing of 1 in. and 2 in. specimens is Method A and Method B, respectively.  
4.4 The shear test outlined in this method correlates to strength of parent material measured according to Test Method D7003/D7003M only if reinforcement is parallel to TD. For other materials, seam strength and parent material strength can be compared through Test Methods D7749 and D7004/D7004M. Values obtained with the strip methods shall not be compared to values obtained with grab methods.
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1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams made with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using strip specimens.  
1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming techniques used to construct geomembrane seams include the following:  
1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature air between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.  
1.2.2 Hot Wedge—This technique melts the two geomembrane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge between them. Pressure is applied to the top and bottom geomembrane to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this kind are made with dual tracks separated by a non-bonded gap. These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge seams or double-track seams.  
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.  
1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or Dielectric—High-frequency dielectric equipment is used to generate heat and pressure to form an overlap seam in factory fabrication.  
1.2.5 Impulse—Clamping bars heated by wires or a ribbon melt the sheets clamped between them. A cooling period while still clamped allows the polymer to solidify before being released.  
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made from the following polymers:  
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).  
1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).  
1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).  
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).  
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap...

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ASTM
ASTM D7006-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice covers test arrangements, measurement techniques, sampling methods, and calculations to be used for nondestructive evaluation of geomembranes using ultrasonic testing.  
5.2 Wave velocity may be established for particular geomembranes (for specific polymer type, specific formulation, specific density). Relationships may be established between velocity and both density and tensile properties of geomembranes. An example of the use of ultrasound for determining density of polyethylene is presented in Test Method D4883. Velocity measurements may be used to determine thickness of geomembranes (1, 2).4 Travel time and amplitude of transmitted waves may be used to assess the condition of geomembranes and to identify defects in geomembranes including surface defects (for example, scratches, cuts), inner defects (for example, discontinuities within geomembranes), and defects that penetrate the entire thickness of geomembranes (for example, pinholes) (3, 4). Bonding between geomembrane sheets can be evaluated using travel time, velocity, or impedance measurements for seam assessment (5-10). Examples of the use of ultrasonic testing for determining the integrity of field and factory seams through travel time and velocity measurements (resulting in thickness measurements) are presented in Practices D4437 and D4545, respectively. An ultrasonic testing device is routinely used for evaluating seams in prefabricated bituminous geomembranes in the field (11). Integrity of geomembranes may be monitored in time using ultrasonic measurements.
Note 1: Differences may exist between ultrasonic measurements and measurements made using other methods due to differences in test conditions such as pressure applied and probe dimensions. An example is ultrasonic and mechanical thickness measurements.  
5.3 The method is applicable to testing both in the laboratory and in the field for parent material and seams. The test durations are very short as wave transmission through ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a summary of equipment and procedures for ultrasonic testing of geomembranes using the pulse echo method.  
1.2 Ultrasonic wave propagation in solid materials is correlated to physical and mechanical properties and condition of the materials. In ultrasonic testing, two wave propagation characteristics are commonly determined: velocity (based on wave travel time measurements) and attenuation (based on wave amplitude measurements). Velocity of wave propagation is used to determine thickness, density, and elastic properties of materials. Attenuation of waves in solid materials is used to determine microstructural properties of the materials. In addition, frequency characteristics of waves are analyzed to investigate the properties of a test material. Travel time, amplitude, and frequency distribution measurements are used to assess the condition of materials to identify damage and defects in solid materials. Ultrasonic measurements are used to determine the nature of materials/media in contact with a test specimen as well. Measurements are conducted in the time-domain (time versus amplitude) or frequency-domain (frequency versus amplitude).  
1.3 Measurements of one or more ultrasonic wave transmission characteristics are made based on the requirements of the specific testing program.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development ...

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ASTM
ASTM D5887/D5887M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Index Flux Through Saturated Geosynthetic Clay Liner Specimens Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method yields the flux of water through a saturated GCL specimen that is consolidated, hydrated, and permeated under a prescribed set of conditions.  
5.2 This test method can be performed to determine if the flux of a GCL specimen exceeds the maximum value stated by the manufacturer.  
5.3 This test method can be used to determine the variation in flux within a sample of GCL by testing a number of different specimens.  
5.4 This test method does not provide a flux value to be used directly in design calculations.
Note 1: Flux for in-service conditions depends on a number of factors, including confining pressure, type of hydration fluid, degree of hydration, degree of saturation, type of permeating fluid, and hydraulic gradient. Correlation between flux values obtained with this test method and flux through GCLs subjected to in-service conditions has not been fully investigated.  
5.5 This test method does not provide a value of hydraulic conductivity. Although hydraulic conductivity can be determined in a manner similar to the method described in this test method, the thickness of the specimen is needed to calculate hydraulic conductivity. This test method does not include procedures for measuring the thickness of the GCL nor of the clay component within the GCL. Refer to Appendix X2 for calculation of hydraulic conductivity.  
5.6 The apparatus used in this test method is commonly used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of soil specimens. However, flux values measured in this test are typically much lower than those commonly measured for most natural soils. It is essential that the leakage rate of the apparatus used in this test be less than 10 % of the flux.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an index test that covers laboratory measurement of flux through saturated geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) specimens using a flexible wall permeameter.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to GCL products having geotextile backing(s). It is not applicable to GCL products with geomembrane backing(s), geofilm backing(s), or polymer coating backing(s).  
1.3 This test method provides a measurement of flux under a prescribed set of conditions that can be used for manufacturing quality control. The test method can also be used to check conformance. The flux value determined using this test method is not considered to be representative of the in-service flux of GCLs.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5820-95(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of Dual-Seamed Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The increased use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid or gas movement, and the common use of dual-track seams in joining these sheets, has created a need for a standard nondestructive test by which the quality of the seams can be assessed for continuity and watertightness. The test is not intended to provide any indication of the physical strength of the seam.  
5.2 This practice recommends an air pressure test within the channel created between dual-seamed tracks whereby the presence of unbonded sections or channels, voids, nonhomogenities, discontinuities, foreign objects, and the like, in the seamed region can be identified.  
5.3 This technique is intended for use on seams between geomembrane sheets formulated from the appropriate polymers and compounding ingredients to form a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets all specified requirements for the end use of the product.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a nondestructive evaluation of the continuity of parallel geomembrane seams separated by an unwelded air channel. The unwelded air channel between the two distinct seamed regions is sealed and inflated with air to a predetermined pressure. Long lengths of seam can be evaluated by this practice more quickly than by other common nondestructive tests.  
1.2 This practice should not be used as a substitute for destructive testing. Used in conjunction with destructive testing, this method can provide additional information regarding the seams undergoing testing.  
1.3 This practice supercedes Practice D4437/D4437M for geomembrane seams that include an air channel. Practice D4437/D4437M may continue to be used for other types of seams. The user is referred to the referenced standards or to EPA/530/SW-91/051 for additional information regarding geomembrane seaming techniques and construction quality assurance.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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