ASTM D6574-00(2006)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-Plane) Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic by Radial Flow
Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-Plane) Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic by Radial Flow
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is an index test to estimate and compare the in-plane hydraulic transmissivity of one or several candidate geosynthetics under specific gradient and stress conditions.
This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2.1 are advisable.
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this procedure for acceptance of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should first confirm that the tests have been conducted using comparable test parameters including specimen conditioning, normal stress, hydraulic system gradient, etc. Comparative tests then should be conducted to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are formed from a lot of the material in question. The test specimens should be assigned randomly to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student’t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the in-plane transmissivity of geosynthetics under varying normal compressive stresses using a radial flow apparatus. The test is intended to be an index test used primarily for geotextiles, although other products composed of geotextiles and geotextile-type materials may be suitable for testing with this test method.
1.2 This test method is based on the assumption that the transmissivity of the geosynthetic is independent of orientation of the flow and is therefore limited to geosynthetics that have similar transmissivity in all directions and should not be used for materials with oriented flow behavior.
1.3 This test method has been developed specifically for geosynthetics that have transmissivity values on the order of or less than 2 104 m2/s. Consider using Test Method D 4716 for geosynthetics with transmissivity values higher than 2 104 m2/s.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:D6574–00 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Determining the (In-Plane) Hydraulic Transmissivity of a
Geosynthetic by Radial Flow
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6574; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4491 Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles
by Permittivity
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining
D4716 Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow
the in-plane transmissivity of geosynthetics under varying
Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a
normalcompressivestressesusingaradialflowapparatus.The
Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head
test is intended to be an index test used primarily for geotex-
D5092 PracticeforDesignandInstallationofGroundWater
tiles, although other products composed of geotextiles and
Monitoring Wells
geotextile-type materials may be suitable for testing with this
test method.
3. Terminology
1.2 This test method is based on the assumption that the
3.1 For definitions of terms relating to geosynthetics, refer
transmissivityofthegeosyntheticisindependentoforientation
to Terminology D4439.
of the flow and is therefore limited to geosynthetics that have
3.2 Definitions:
similar transmissivity in all directions and should not be used
3.2.1 geosynthetic, n—a planar product manufactured from
for materials with oriented flow behavior.
polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-
1.3 This test method has been developed specifically for
technical engineering related material as an integral part of a
geosyntheticsthathavetransmissivityvaluesontheorderofor
−4 2
man-made project, structure, or system. D4439
less than 2 3 10 m /s. Consider using Test Method D4716
3.2.2 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised
for geosynthetics with transmissivity values higher than 2 3
−4 2
solely of textiles. D4439
10 m /s.
3.2.3 gravity flow, n—flow in a direction parallel to the
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
planeofageosyntheticdrivenpredominantlybyadifferencein
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
elevation between the inlet and outflow points of a specimen.
only.
D4439
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.3.1 Discussion—The pressure at the outflow is consid-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ered to be atmospheric.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.4 head (static), n—theheightaboveastandarddatumof
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the surface of a column of water (or other liquid) that can be
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
supported by a static pressure at a given point. The static head
2. Referenced Documents is the sum of the elevation head and the pressure head.
D5092
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.5 hydraulic gradient, i, s (D), n—the loss of hydraulic
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
head per unit distance of flow, dH/dL. D4439
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
3.2.5.1 Discussion—Thegradientisnotconstantfrompoint
to point in the direction of flow in the radial flow test. The
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on gradient (mathematically) varies with the inverse of the radial
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Perme-
distance from the center.
ability and Filtration.
2 −1
3.2.6 hydraulic transmissivity, u (L T ), n—for a geosyn-
Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally
thetic, the volumetric flow rate per unit width of specimen per
approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D6574–00. DOI:
10.1520/D6574-00R06.
unit gradient in a direction parallel to the plane of the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
specimen. D4439
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.2.6.1 Discussion—Transmissivity is technically appli-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. cable only to saturated laminar flow hydraulic conditions.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6574–00 (2006)
3.2.7 index test, n—a test procedure, which may contain a sectional flow area and the hydraulic gradient vary from point
known bias but which may be used to establish an order for a to point along any radial flow line while remaining constant
set of specimens with respect to the property of interest. with time.
D4439
5. Significance and Use
3.2.8 in-plane flow, n—fluid flow confined to a direction
5.1 This test method is an index test to estimate and
parallel to the plane of a geosynthetic. D4439
comparethein-planehydraulictransmissivityofoneorseveral
3.2.9 laminar flow, n—flow in which the head loss is
candidate geosynthetics under specific gradient and stress
proportional to the first power of the velocity. D4439
−2
conditions.
3.2.10 normal stress, (FL ), n—the component of applied
5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of
stress that is perpendicular to the surface on which the force
commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised
acts. D4439
since information about between-laboratory precision is in-
3.2.11 turbulent flow, n—that type of flow in which any
complete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2.1 are advisable.
water particle may move in any direction with respect to any
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
other particle and in which the head loss is approximately
reported test results when using this procedure for acceptance
proportional to the second power of the velocity. D4439
of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
should first confirm that the tests have been conducted using
3.3.1 steady flow, n—hydraulic flow conditions that do not
comparable test parameters including specimen conditioning,
vary with time at any given point.
normal stress, hydraulic system gradient, etc. Comparative
3.3.2 uniform flow, n—hydraulic flow conditions where the
tests then should be conducted to determine if there is a
cross-sectional area and the mean velocity in the direction of
statisticalbiasbetweentheirlaboratories.Competentstatistical
flow are constant from point to point.
assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a
minimum, the two parties should take a group of test speci-
4. Summary of Test Method
mens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are formed
4.1 The transmissivity is determined using a device which
from a lot of the material in question. The test specimens
transmits the flow of water radially outward from the center of
should be assigned randomly to each laboratory for testing.
a torus-shaped test specimen. The test method is performed
The average results from the two laboratories should be
with a constant head under a specific normal stress selected by
compared using the Student’s t-test for unpaired data and an
theuserandmayberepeatedusingseveralgradientsandunder
acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before
increasing normal stresses.
testingisbegun.Ifbiasisfound,eitheritscausemustbefound
4.2 Thematerialproperty“hydraulictransmissivity”istech-
and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to
nically applicable only to the regions of tests where the flow
interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
rate is constant with gradient, that is, the laminar region of the
6. Apparatus
tests.
4.3 In the constant head radial flow test, the flow regime is 6.1 A schematic drawing of a typical constant head assem-
characterized as nonuniform steady flow since the cross- bly is shown in Fig. 1. The individual components and
FIG. 1 A Radial Transmissivity Constant Head Testing Device
D6574–00 (2006)
accessories are as follows: checked by performing a test in accordance with this test
6.1.1 Base—The bottom section of the apparatus should be method, then ramping the gradient back up to the maximum
constructedofasturdymetalorplasticplatewithasmooth,flat value (see 10.8 and 10.9). The resulting degree of hyteresis in
contact surface. The center inlet hole shall be 50 mm (2 in). the plot of flow rate versus gradient provides a measure of the
The outside dimension of the base must match or exceed the sight tube accuracy. If the meniscus effect results in a differ-
outside diameter of the test specimen.Amanometer tap should ence in flow rate values at a given gradient of more than 5%,
be located in the sidewall of the inlet opening. the sight tube accuracy should be improved by increasing the
6.1.2 Perimeter Containment/Outlet Weir—A perimeter inside diameter of the sight tubes, or by using tubes made of
ring concentric with the outside diameter of the test specimen glass instead of plastic, or both.
with sufficient height to contain the tail water, such that the 6.1.8 Flowrate Measuring Equipment—Equipment that re-
specimen remains submerged under water at all times during sults in a measurement event accuracy of 62% of the
the test. The containment ring should double as the overflow associated flowrate. Typically, the outflow is timed with a
wier, with a beveled edge around the perimeter, with an outer stopwatch accurate to 0.1s while being collected in a conve-
concentric collection trough for collection of the overflow. nient container and is then transferred to a 1000 mL Class A
Alternatively, the containment ring may include a rectangular graduated cylinder.
overflow weir at one location in the ring that is at least 2.5 cm 6.1.9 Die—for cutting the test specimens, consisting of two
wide with a beveled overflow plate. concentric circular dies, the outer with a diameter of 300 mm
6.1.3 Loading Platen—A sturdy circular metal or plastic (12 in.) and the inner with a diameter of 50 mm (2 in.).
disc with a smooth, flat contact surface. The outside diameter 6.1.10 Thickness Monitoring Device (Optional)—In the
of the platen should be 300 mm (12 in). The platen/specimen form of a dial gauge and the like, accurate to 0.2 mm
diameterestablishestheoutsidediameter,Ro.Theupperplaten (0.005in.),maybe
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