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ASTM C827-01a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Change in Height at Early Ages of Cylindrical Specimens of Cementitious Mixtures

Standard Test Method for Change in Height at Early Ages of Cylindrical Specimens of Cementitious Mixtures

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of change in height of cylindrical specimens from the time of molding until the mixture is hard.
1.2 This test method covers height change measurements at early ages for cementitious mixtures of paste, grout, mortar, and concrete.
1.3 This test method is intended for determination of changes in height that occur from the time of placement until the specimen is fully hard. These include shrinkage or expansion due to hydration, settlement, evaporation, and other physical and chemical effects.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes shall not be considered as requirements of the test method.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2001
ICS
91.100.10 - Cement. Gypsum. Lime. Mortar
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.68 - Volume Change
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C827-01 - Standard Test Method for Change in Height at Early Ages of Cylindrical Specimens of Cementitious Mixtures
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Replaced By
ASTM C827-01a(2005) - Standard Test Method for Change in Height at Early Ages of Cylindrical Specimens of Cementitious Mixtures
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005

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ASTM C827-01a - Standard Test Method for Change in Height at Early Ages of Cylindrical Specimens of Cementitious Mixtures
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C827–01a
Standard Test Method for
Change in Height at Early Ages of Cylindrical Specimens of
1
Cementitious Mixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C827; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
3
1. Scope* Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
C 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of change in
3
Cement Concrete
height of cylindrical specimens from the time of molding until
C185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement
the mixture is hard.
2
Mortar
1.2 This test method covers height change measurements at
C191 Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Ce-
early ages for cementitious mixtures of paste, grout, mortar,
2
ment by Vicat Needle
and concrete.
C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete
1.3 This test method is intended for determination of
3
Test Specimens in the Laboratory
changes in height that occur from the time of placement until
C305 PracticeforMechanicalMixingofHydraulicCement
the specimen is fully hard. These include shrinkage or expan-
2
Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
sion due to hydration, settlement, evaporation, and other
C403/C403M TestMethodforTimeofSettingofConcrete
physical and chemical effects.
3
Mixtures by Penetration Resistance
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
standard.
3
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
C807 Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Ce-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2
ment Mortar by Modified Vicat Needle
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
C939 Test Method for Flow of Grout for Preplaced-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3
Aggregate Concrete (Flow Cone Method)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
C953 Test Method for Time of Setting of Grouts for
1.6 The text of this test method references notes and
3
Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete in the Laboratory
footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes
2
C1437 TestMethodforFlowofHydraulicCementMortar
and footnotes shall not be considered as requirements of the
test method.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents 3.1 Definitions—The terms used in this test method are
defined in Terminology C125.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
3.2.1 early-age change in height, n—the measured increase
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube
2
or decrease in height of a laterally confined cylindrical test
Specimens)
specimen from the time of molding to when the mixture
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete
3
becomeshard.Theusermaywanttodefinethisageasthetime
Aggregates
whenacompanionspecimenofthesamebatchhasreachedthe
C138 Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and
time of final setting by Test Method C191 (paste), C953
(mortar or grout), C403/C403M (concrete), or establish a
1 predetermined age in minutes from the time the specimen is
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
cast as the defined age to record the final measurement.
Concrete and ConcreteAggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C09.68 on Volume Change.
Changes in height are measured and expressed as a positive or
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2001. Published December 2001. Originally
negative change in the height of a test specimen that is
published as C827–75T. Last previous edition C827–01.
2 restrained from lateral movement.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C827–01a
4. Significance and Use 5.3 Magnifying Lens System,amagnifyinglenssystemsuch
that the image of the indicator ball produced by the projected
4.1 This test method provides a means for comparing the
light source is cast on the indicating chart about 5 m (15 ft)
relative shrinkage or expansion of cementitious mixtures. It is
away at a magnification of 90–1103, mounted so as not to
particularly applicable to grouting, patching, and form-filling
touch the test specimen when a test is in progress (se
...

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4.1 The results of mortar mixture tests can be suitable for comparing the relative performance of combinations of concrete-making materials such as fine aggregate, chemical admixtures, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), water, and hydraulic cement. Furthermore, this guide can be useful to identify unexpected performances due to combination of various materials. The relative trends in performance observed with the mortar method may suggest relative performance in concrete mixtures batched with the same materials and relative mixture proportions.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information on how to compare the relative performance and potential incompatibility of combinations of concrete-making materials. Performance tests on fresh and early-age properties of mortar mixtures can be useful indicators of concrete performance using similar materials. The performance tests described in this guide include mortar-slump, mortar spread, mortar-workability retention, early stiffening of mortar, time of setting, air entrainment, and hydration kinetics.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with this guide. Some values only have SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in guide.  
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Standard Test Method for Measuring Changes in Height of Cylindrical Specimens of Hydraulic-Cement Grout

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended to provide a means of assessing the ability of a hydraulic-cement grout to retain a stable volume during the stipulated testing period of 28 days, provided that the tendency to change height does not include the effects of drying caused by evaporation, uptake of moisture, carbonation, or exposure to temperatures outside the range 23.0 °C ± 2.0 °C [73 °F ± 3.5 °F] (Note 2). An exception is made when the options described in the section on test conditions are exercised.  
Note 2: This test method does not measure the change in height before setting (see Test Method C827/C827M).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the changes in height of hydraulic-cement grout by the use of 75 mm by 150 mm [3 in. by 6 in.] cylinders, when the cylinders are protected so that the tendency to change in height does not include evaporation so as to cause drying, uptake of moisture, carbonation, or exposure to temperatures outside the range 23 °C ± 2.0 °C [73 °F ± 3.5 °F] or, optionally, to another specified temperature controlled within ±2.0 °C [±3.5 °F].  
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ASTM C827/C827M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Change in Height at Early Ages of Cylindrical Specimens of Cementitious Mixtures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means for comparing the relative shrinkage or expansion of cementitious mixtures. It is particularly applicable to grouting, patching, and form-filling operations where the objective is to completely fill a cavity or other defined space with a freshly mixed cementitious mixture that will continue to fill the same space at time of hardening. It would be appropriate to use this test method as a basis for prescribing mixtures having restricted or specified volume change before the mixture becomes hard.  
4.2 This test method can be used for research purposes to provide information on volume changes taking place in cementitious mixtures between the time just after mixing and the time of hardening. However, the specimen used in this test method is not completely unrestrained so that the measurements are primarily useful for comparative purposes rather than as absolute values. Further, the degree of restraint to which the specimen is subjected varies with the viscosity and degree of hardening of the mixture.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of change in height of cylindrical specimens from the time of molding until the mixture is hard.  
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This specification covers the production, properties, packaging, and testing of packaged, dry, combined materials for concrete and mortars. Concrete mixtures covered by this specification includes high-early strength concrete, normal strength concrete, normal weight concrete, high-strength mortar, and mortars for unit masonry. The purchaser shall specify the material desired as concrete, high strength mortar, or mortar for use with unit masonry, and the respective physical requirements. Materials used as ingredients in packaged, dry, combined materials for mortar and concrete shall be composed of aggregates, air-entraining admixtures, blended cement, chemical admixtures, fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, hydrated lime, latex and powder polymer modifiers, masonry cement, mortar cement, Portland cement, and silica fume. All aggregates shall be dried, without disintegration, to specific moisture content The proportions of cementitious material and aggregate shall be such that the strength requirements will be met. Packaged, dry, combined materials for concrete, high strength mortar and mortar for use with unit masonry shall conform to the respective compressive strength requirements. Scales conforming to the standards will be used for sampling concretes from a single batch using a sufficient quantity. A slump test will be performed to check if additional water is required. In sampling mortar, the contents of an entire package of dry, combined material for mortar for unit masonry or for concrete mortar shall be used. Mortar mixing equipment, which must be provided with a bowl positioning adapter, shall be used to ensure clearance for the largest size aggregate in the mix being tested. The specification includes the following testing methods for mortar: compressive strength, density and yield, air content, and water retention.
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1.1 This specification covers the production, properties, packaging, and testing of packaged, dry, combined materials for concrete and high strength mortar. The classifications of concrete and mortar covered are defined in Section 3.
Note 1: The scope of this standard does not cover mortars for unit masonry. Dry preblended mortars for unit masonry are covered by Specification C1714/C1714M.  
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1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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5.1 This test method is of significance in making a final determination of the acceptability of fine aggregates with respect to the requirements of Specification C33/C33M concerning organic impurities.  
5.2 This test method is applicable to those samples which, when tested in accordance with Test MethodC40/C40M, have produced a supernatant liquid with a color darker than the standard listed in Table 1 of C40/C40M (Organic plate No. 3, Gardner Color Standard No. 14, Circular Disk No. 14 or prepared color solution).  
5.3 Many specifications provide for the acceptance of fine aggregate producing a darker color in the Test Method C40/C40M test, if testing by this test method indicates the strength of the mortar cubes prepared with the unwashed fine aggregate is comparable to the strength of mortar cubes made with the washed fine aggregate.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effect on mortar strength of the organic impurities in fine aggregate, whose presence is indicated using Test Method C40/C40M. Comparison is made between compressive strengths of mortar made with washed and unwashed fine aggregate.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in the practice.
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitous mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to exposed skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)2  
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Standard Practice for Measuring Hydration Kinetics of Hydraulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Isothermal Calorimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermal power curves are used to evaluate the isothermal hydration kinetics of the combined mixture of different materials during the early period after being mixed with water. These isothermal power curves, or hydration profiles, may provide indications relative to setting characteristics, compatibility of different materials, sulfate balance and early strength development. The isothermal hydration profiles can also be used to evaluate the effects of compositions, proportions, and time of addition of materials as well as curing temperature. Special care must be used in evaluating extended retardation with paste specimens, which have been shown to overestimate the retardation of some mixtures containing cement, SCM, and admixtures.  
5.2 This procedure can be used to measure the effect of chemical admixtures on the cement hydration profile. In many cases, the addition of chemical admixture changes the kinetics of cement hydration.  
5.3 Although this technique has been used historically to understand issues related to setting and slump loss, it must be emphasized that isothermal calorimetry results cannot predict concrete performance definitely, either positively or negatively. Extensive verification in concrete at planned dosages and temperatures, and at higher dosages, is needed. Isothermal calorimetry is an effective tool to identify sensitivities, so that concrete testing can be efficiently planned and performed.  
5.4 This practice provides a means of assessing the relative hydration performance of various test mixtures compared with control mixtures that are prepared in a similar manner.  
5.5 The procedure and apparatus can be used to monitor the thermal power from pastes and mortars alone or in combination with chemical admixtures.  
5.6 The isothermal calorimeter described here can be used to measure the thermal power and heat of hydration of mortars prepared independently or obtained by wet sieving from concrete in accordance with Practice C172/C1...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the apparatus and procedure for measuring relative differences in hydration kinetics of hydraulic cementitious mixtures, either in paste or mortar (see Note 1), including those containing admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), and other fine materials by measuring the thermal power using an isothermal calorimeter.
Note 1: Paste specimens are often preferred for mechanistic research when details of individual reaction peaks are important or for particular calorimetry configurations. Mortar specimens may give results that have better correlation with concrete setting and early strength development and are often preferred to evaluate different mixture proportions for concrete. Both paste and mortar studies have been found to be effective in evaluating concrete field problems due to incompatibility of materials used in concrete mixtures.  
1.2 This practice does not cover the measurement of heat of hydration. Heat of hydration can be determined according to Test Method C1702.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) covered under existing ASTM specifications are fly ash, slag cement, raw and calcined natural pozzolans including calcined clays, silica fume, and ground-glass pozzolan. The use of these materials, and limits established in existing specifications, are based on data obtained from research programs, field testing, and long term performance monitoring. Performance of SCM in specific concrete mixtures is commonly verified through preconstruction testing. This guide provides an approach to assessing the properties of materials that are not covered under existing specifications, and for assessing the performance of those materials in concrete.  
4.2 If an ASCM does not yet have a significant record of performance in concrete, a comprehensive evaluation based on this Guide should be undertaken, and it should be recognized that this ASCM might be introduced for a specific project or into a limited marketplace to initially demonstrate its performance. The user should bear in mind the intended end use of the ASCM and use appropriate test methods to establish its suitability. An ASCM that demonstrates good performance through a comprehensive evaluation as outlined in this guide could then be considered to have access to broader markets and could be considered for inclusion in an ASTM standard for SCM. For this reason, the test program to demonstrate acceptable performance should include concrete mixtures with a range of characteristics specific to the ASCM’s intended use.  
4.3 In the absence of long-term durability or acceptable field performance, prospective users are advised to apply appropriate risk management and engineering practice in the use of an ASCM.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a technical approach to the evaluation of alternative supplementary cementitious materials such as pozzolans and hydraulic materials that fall outside the scope of Specifications C618, C989/C989M, C1240, and C1866/C1866M. This guide provides the initial steps for a comprehensive evaluation of an ASCM that provides due diligence for its specific intended uses in concrete; however, it does not evaluate conformance to all possible performance criteria for all types of concrete mixtures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Performing the tests or meeting the test limits in this guide should not imply that the material tested meets the requirements of Specifications C618, C989/C989M, C1240, and C1866/C1866M. These materials should not be represented as such and each specific source is to be evaluated separately.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Evaluating Early Hydration of Hydraulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Thermal Measurements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a means of assessing the relative early hydration performance of various test mixtures compared with control mixtures that are prepared in a similar manner.  
5.2 Thermal profiles are used to evaluate the hydration behavior of hydraulic cementitious mixtures after the addition of water. They may provide indications concerning setting characteristics, compatibility of different materials, sulfate balance, relative heat of hydration, and early strength development. They can be used to evaluate the effects of compositions, proportions, and time of addition of materials as well as the initial mixture and test temperatures. Thermal profile testing is an effective tool for identifying performance sensitivities or trends, and may help to reduce the number of concrete test mixtures required to develop and qualify mixtures, especially those to be subject to variable ambient environments. It may be used by concrete producers, materials suppliers, and other practitioners to support mixture development, selection of material types or sources, optimization of proportions, or troubleshooting of field problems.  
5.3 This practice can be used to understand concrete problems related to slump loss, setting, and early strength, but results may not predict field concrete performance. Performance verification with concrete is needed to quantify the trends identified using thermal testing.  
5.4 This practice can be used to evaluate the effects of chemical admixtures on the thermal profiles of cementitious mixtures. This can be especially useful in selecting dosages appropriate for different ambient conditions.  
5.5 Thermal measurement testing as described in this practice may have similar significance and use as isothermal calorimetry described by Practice C1679 or some types of near-adiabatic calorimetry. The selection of which practice or methods to use may depend on specific applications and circumstances. The thermal profiles obtained by this practic...
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1.1 This practice describes the apparatus and procedure for evaluating relative differences in early hydration of hydraulic cementitious mixtures such as paste, mortar, or concrete, including those containing chemical admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and other finely divided materials, by measuring the temperature history of a specimen.  
1.2 Calorimetry is the measurement of heat lost or gained during a chemical reaction such as cement hydration; calorimetric measurements as a function of time can be used to describe and evaluate hydration and related early-age property development. Calorimetry may be performed under isothermal conditions (as described in Practice C1679) or under adiabatic or semi-adiabatic conditions. This practice cannot be described as calorimetry because no attempt is made to measure or compute the heat evolved from test specimens due to hydration, but it can in many cases be used for similar evaluations. Variables that should be considered in the application of this practice are discussed in the Appendix.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Warning: Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2  
1.5 This...

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ASTM
ASTM C1697-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementitious Materials

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1.1 This specification covers blended supplementary cementitious materials that result from the blending or intergrinding of two or three ASTM compliant supplementary cementitious materials, for use in concrete or mortar where hydraulic or pozzolanic action, or both, is desired. The supplementary cementitious materials include slag cement conforming to Specification C989/C989M, natural pozzolans and coal fly ash conforming to Specification C618 and silica fume conforming to Specification C1240.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials as separate additions or as a manufactured blend may significantly alter the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The user should be aware of these changes and is referred to the ACI Manual of Concrete Practice2 for information and guidelines. Specific reference is made to:    
ACI 232.1R  
Use of Natural Pozzolans in Concrete  
ACI 232.2R  
Use of Fly Ash in Concrete  
ACI 233R  
Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar  
ACI 234R  
Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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