ASTM D6496/D6496M-04A(2015)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Average Bonding Peel Strength Between Top and Bottom Layers of Needle-Punched Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Standard Test Method for Determining Average Bonding Peel Strength Between Top and Bottom Layers of Needle-Punched Geosynthetic Clay Liners
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The bonding strength test for the top and bottom layers of the geosynthetic clay liner is intended to be an index test. It is anticipated that the results of the test will be used to evaluate the quality of the bonding process.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the average bonding strength between the top and bottom layers of a sample of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL).
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D6496/D6496M − 04a (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Average Bonding Peel Strength Between Top
and Bottom Layers of Needle-Punched Geosynthetic Clay
Liners
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6496/D6496M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Units information and designation were corrected editorially in July 2015.
1. Scope 3.1.2 geosynthetic clay liner, n—a manufactured hydraulic
barrier consisting of clay bonded to a layer or layers of
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of
geosynthetic material(s). (Currently being balloted under D35
the average bonding strength between the top and bottom
Committee on Terminology.)
layers of a sample of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL).
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
4. Summary of Test Method
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
4.1 The top and bottom layers of a geosynthetic clay liner
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
aregrippedindividuallyintensilegripsandpulledataconstant
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
rate of extension by a tensile testing machine until the top and
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
bottom layers of the specimen separate. The average bonding
with the standard.
peel strength of the test specimen can be calculated from
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
machine scales, dials, recording charts, or an interface com-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
puter.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Significance and Use
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 The bonding strength test for the top and bottom layers
of the geosynthetic clay liner is intended to be an index test. It
2. Referenced Documents
isanticipatedthattheresultsofthetestwillbeusedtoevaluate
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the quality of the bonding process.
D76/D76MSpecification for Tensile Testing Machines for
Textiles
6. Apparatus
D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine—A constant rate of extension
(CRE) type of testing machine described in Specification
3. Terminology
D76/D76Mshallbeusedwithaminimumprecisionmeasuring
3.1 Definitions:
–4
capability of 0.1 N/m [5.71 × 10 lbf/in.].
3.1.1 geosynthetic, n—a product manufactured wholly or in
6.2 Clamps—The clamps shall be a minimum 25 by 100
part from polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or
mm [1 by 4 in.] and with appropriate clamping power to
other geotechnical engineering related material as an integral
prevent slipping or crushing (damage).
part of a project, structure, or system. D4439
6.3 Die or Template, 100 by 200 mm (61 mm) [4 by 8 in.].
6.4 Miscellaneous, knives, razor, and the like, as required.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosyn-
7. Test Specimen
thetic Clay Liners.
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2015.PublishedJuly2015.Originallyapproved
7.1 The sample received at the testing laboratory should be
in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D6496–04a(2009). DOI:
in satisfactory condition and representative of the product
10.1520/D6496_D6496M-04AR15E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or manufactured or delivered to a site, or both.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
7.2 The size of the die or template for cutting specimens is
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 100 by 200 mm [4 by 8 in.].
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D6496/D6496M − 04a (2015)
7.3 The loss of clay during the specimen cutting process and represents zero grip separation.Take readings of force and
should have no bearing on the results of the test. time starting from 50 mm [2 in.] of grip separation until
250mm [10 in.] of grip separation. The average recorded
7.4 A minimum of five test specimens should be cut from
peeling force of the GCL over 200 mm [8 in.] of grip
the laboratory sample such that they are representative of the
separation is required and will signify a complete test of the
entire roll width. All specimens should be parallel to the
specimen. (See Fig. 1).
machine direction.
NOTE 1—If significant elongation of the geotextile continues after
8. Conditioning 50mm [2 in.] additional grip peeling of the GCL, the recording interval
should be adjusted. The recording interval should correspond to 200 mm
8.1 The test specimen shall be tested as received.
[8 in.] of grip separation during the peeling of the GCL.
9.4.1 Readings of force and time shall be taken at a
9. Procedure
minimum rate of 20 readings per second.
9.1 Obtain Specimens—Usingthedie,ortemplateandrazor,
9.4.2 If a specimen slips in the jaws, or if for any reason
and other necessary apparatus, carefully cut from the labora-
attributable to faulty operation the results fall significantly
tory sample five test specimens. The five specimens should be
below the average for the set of specimens, discard the results
randomly selected from locations on the sample, but should be
and test another specimen. Continue until the required number
distributed across the sample. All specimens should be cut
of readings have been taken.
parallel to the machine direction. Using a knife or razor,
10. Calculation
separate the top and bottom layer of the GCL for the first
50 63mm[2 6 0.1 in.].
10.1 Bonding Peel Strength—Calculate the bond strength of
individual specimens, that is, the average force to cause a
9.2 Machine Set-Up Conditions—Adjust the distance be-
specimen to separate expressed in N [lbf] of width, using the
tween the clamps at the start of the test to 50 6 3mm
following equation:
[2 60.1in.]. Set the CRE at 300 mm/min. [12 in./min.].
α 5 F /W (1)
9.3 Insertion of Specimen in Clamps—Mount the specimen f
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D6496 − 04a (Reapproved 2009) D6496/D6496M − 04a (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Average Bonding Peel Strength Between Top
and Bottom Layers of Needle-Punched Geosynthetic Clay
Liners
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6496;D6496/D6496M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Units information and designation were corrected editorially in July 2015.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the average bonding strength between the top and bottom layers of
a sample of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL).
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values in
inch-pound units are in parentheses for information.stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 geosynthetic, n—a product manufactured wholly or in part from polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other
geotechnical engineering related material as an integral part of a project, structure, or system. D4439
3.1.2 geosynthetic clay liner, n—a manufactured hydraulic barrier consisting of clay bonded to a layer or layers of geosynthetic
material(s). (Currently being balloted under D35 Committee on Terminology)Terminology.)
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The top and bottom layers of a geosynthetic clay liner are gripped individually in tensile grips and pulled at a constant rate
of extension by a tensile testing machine until the top and bottom layers of the specimen separate. The average bonding peel
strength of the test specimen can be calculated from machine scales, dials, recording charts, or an interface computer.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The bonding strength test for the top and bottom layers of the geosynthetic clay liner is intended to be an index test. It is
anticipated that the results of the test will be used to evaluate the quality of the bonding process.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine—A constant rate of extension (CRE) type of testing machine described in Specification
–4
D76D76/D76M shall be used with a minimum precision measuring capability of 0.1 N/m (5.71[5.71 × 10 lbf/in). lbf/in.].
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosynthetic Clay
Liners.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009July 1, 2015. Published January 2010July 2015. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 as
D6496 – 04a.D6496 – 04a(2009). DOI: 10.1520/D6496-04AR09.10.1520/D6496_D6496M-04AR15E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D6496/D6496M − 04a (2015)
6.2 Clamps—The clamps shall be a minimum 25 by 100 mm (1[1 by 4 in.)in.] and with appropriate clamping power to prevent
slipping or crushing (damage).
6.3 Die or Template, 100 by 200 mm (61 mm) (4[4 by 8 in.).in.].
6.4 Miscellaneous, knives, razor, and the like, as required.
7. Test Specimen
7.1 The sample received at the testing laboratory should be in satisfactory condition and representative of the product
manufactured or delivered to a site, or both.
7.2 The size of the die or template for cutting specimens is 100 by 200 mm (4[4 by 8 in.).in.].
7.3 The loss of clay during the specimen cutting process should have no bearing on the results of the test.
7.4 A minimum of five test specimens should be cut from the laboratory sample such that they are representative of the entire
roll width. All specimens should be parallel to the machine direction.
8. Conditioning
8.1 The test specimen shall be tested as received.
9. Procedure
9.1 Obtain Specimens—Using the die, or template and razor, and other necessary apparatus, carefully cut from the laboratory
sample five test specimens. The five specimens should be randomly selected from locations on the sample, but should be distributed
across the sample. All specimens should be cut parallel to the machine direction. Using a knife or razor, separate the top and bottom
layer of the GCL for the first 50 6 3 mm (2 6 0.1 in.).50 6 3 mm [2 6 0.1 in.].
9.2 Machine Set-Up Conditions—Adjust the distance between the clamps at the start of the test to 50 6 3 mm (2 6 0.1 in.).
[2 6 0.1 in.]. Set the CRE at 300 mm/min. (12 in./min.).[12 in./min.].
9.3 Insertion of Specimen in Clamps—Mount the specimen centrally in the clamps. The specimen must be visually observed
above the clamp. The specimen length in the machine direction must be parallel to the direction of application of force.
9.4 Measurement of Bonding Peel Strength—Start the tensile testing machine. This is considered the start of the peel test and
represents zero grip separation. Take readings of force and time starting from 50 mm (2 in.)[2 in.] of grip separation until 250 mm
(10 in.) 250 mm [10 in.] of grip separation. The average recorded peeling force of the GCL over 200 mm (8 in.)[8 in.] of grip
separation is required and will signify a complete test of the specimen. (See Fig. 1).
NOTE 1—If significant elongation of the geotextile continues after 50 mm (2 in.) 50 mm [2 in.] additional grip peeling of the GCL, the recording interval
should be adjusted. The recording interval should correspond to 200 mm (8 in.)[8 in.] of grip separation during the peeling of the GCL.
FIG. 1 Measurement of Bonding Peel Strength
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D6496/D6496M − 04a (2015)
9.4.1 Readings of force and time shall be taken at a minimum rate of 20 readings per second.
9.4.2 If a specimen slips in the jaws, or if for any reason attributable to faulty operation the results fall significantly below the
average for the set of specimens, discard the results and test ano
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