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ASTM D7601-19

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Pressure Driven Membrane Separation Element/Bundle Evaluation

Standard Practice for Pressure Driven Membrane Separation Element/Bundle Evaluation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Water treatment membrane devices can be used to produce potable water from brackish supplies and seawater as well as to upgrade the quality of industrial water. This standard permits the evaluation of the integrity and performance of membrane elements using visual observations and standard sets of conditions and are for short-term testing (
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the inspection, performance testing, autopsy, and analytical work associated with evaluating pressure driven membrane separation elements (microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO)).  
1.2 This practice is applicable for elements when newly manufactured or at any time during their operation in a water treatment facility. The Analytical section (6.4) covers only membrane surface and foulant analyses.  
1.3 The data derived from these tests should be evaluated versus newly manufactured elements/bundles or against operating systems when they were initially brought on-stream, or both. Industry norms can also be used for comparative purposes.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2019
ICS
13.060.30 - Sewage water
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.08 - Membranes and Ion Exchange Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D6908-06(2017) - Standard Practice for Integrity Testing of Water Filtration Membrane Systems
Effective Date
01-Dec-2017
Refers
ASTM D7285-06(2017) - Standard Guide for Recordkeeping Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Systems
Effective Date
01-Dec-2017

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ASTM D7601-19 - Standard Practice for Pressure Driven Membrane Separation Element/Bundle EvaluationASTM D7601-19 - Standard Practice for Pressure Driven Membrane Separation Element/Bundle Evaluation
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ASTM D7601-19 - Standard Practice for Pressure Driven Membrane Separation Element/Bundle Evaluation
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7601 − 19
Standard Practice for
Pressure Driven Membrane Separation Element/Bundle
1
Evaluation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice covers the inspection, performance testing,
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
autopsy, and analytical work associated with evaluating pres-
D3923 Practices for Detecting Leaks in Reverse Osmosis
sure driven membrane separation elements (microfiltration
and Nanofiltration Devices
(MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse
D4194 Test Methods for Operating Characteristics of Re-
osmosis (RO)).
verse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Devices
1.2 This practice is applicable for elements when newly
D4472 Guide for Recordkeeping for Reverse Osmosis and
manufactured or at any time during their operation in a water
Nanofiltration Systems
treatment facility. The Analytical section (6.4) covers only D4516 Practice for Standardizing Reverse Osmosis Perfor-
membrane surface and foulant analyses. mance Data
D5090 Practice for Standardizing Ultrafiltration Permeate
1.3 The data derived from these tests should be evaluated 3
Flow Performance Data (Withdrawn 2016)
versus newly manufactured elements/bundles or against oper-
D6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration,
ating systems when they were initially brought on-stream, or
Nanofiltration,andReverseOsmosisMembraneProcesses
both. Industry norms can also be used for comparative pur-
D6908 Practice for Integrity Testing of Water Filtration
poses.
Membrane Systems
D7285 Guide for Recordkeeping Microfiltration and Ultra-
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
filtration Systems
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3. Terminology
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Terminologies D1129 and D6161.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Practice
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.1 This practice discusses the inspection of the pressure
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
driven membrane separation elements required for individual
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
unitstobereadiedforavisualinspectionoranautopsythatcan
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
be performed to ascertain structural integrity (Practice D6908)
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
and cleanliness. Visual inspection is non-destructive testing;
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
autopsy requires the dismantlement of the element.
4.2 Performancetestingofanelementarediscussedthatcan
be accomplished on or off line, in a single or multi-element
housing under conditions proscribed by the user or element
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Exchange Materials. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2019. Published July 2019. Originally approved the ASTM website.
3
in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D7601 – 10, which was The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
withdrawn January 2019 and reinstated in July 2019. DOI: 10.1520/D7601-19. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7601 − 19
manufacturer or Test Methods D4194. The data collected (5) If element is to be reinserted into operating system or
(GuidesD4472andD7285)mustthenbenormalized(Practices other flow tests are to be performed at a later time, visual
D4516 and D5090) to a set of conditions that permit the testing should not be too long as to dry out the element,
element’s performance to
...

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5.1 The goal of sampling is to obtain for analysis a portion of the whole that is representative. The most critical factors are the selection of sampling areas and number of samples, the method used for sampling, and the maintenance of the integrity of the sample prior to analysis. Analysis of water-formed deposits should give valuable information concerning cycle system chemistry, component corrosion, erosion, the failure mechanism, the need for chemical cleaning, the method of chemical cleaning, localized cycle corrosion, boiler carryover, flow patterns in a turbine, and the rate of radiation build-up. Some sources of water-formed deposits are cycle corrosion products, make-up water contaminants, and condenser cooling water contaminants.
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1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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5.1 The identification of the crystalline structures in water-formed deposits assists in the determination of the deposit sources and mode of deposition. This information may lead to measures for the elimination or reduction of the water-formed deposits.
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Sections  
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Practice B—Diffractometer  
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ASTM D1941-21(Test Method)
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5.1 Flume designs are available for throat sizes of 1 in. (2.54 cm) to 50 ft (15.2 m) which cover maximum flows of 0.2 to 3000 ft3/s (0.0057 to 85 m3/s) (1) and (2).4 They can therefore be applied to a wide range of flows, with head losses that are moderate.  
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ASTM D2332-13(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Analysis of Water-Formed Deposits by Wavelength-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Certain elements present in water-formed deposits are identified. Concentration levels of the elements are estimated.  
5.2 Deposit analysis assists in providing proper water conditioning.  
5.3 Deposits formed from or by water in all its phases may be further classified as scale, sludge, corrosion products, or biological deposits. The overall composition of a deposit or some part of a deposit may be determined by chemical or spectrographic analysis; the constituents actually present as chemical substances may be identified by microscope or X-ray diffraction studies. Organisms may be identified by microscopical or biological methods.
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5.1 These test methods are appropriate for qualifying absorbent pads used with membrane filters for bacteriological enumeration.  
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This guide covers core-sampling submerged, unconsolidated sediments. It also covers terminology, advantages and disadvantages of different types of core samplers, core-distortions that may occur during sampling, techniques for detecting and minimizing core distortions, and methods for dissecting and preserving sediment cores. Sampling procedures and equipment are divided into categories based on water depth. Critical dimensions and properties of open-barrel and piston samplers like the cutting-bit angle, core-liner diameter, inside friction factor, outside friction factor, area factor, core-barrel length, barrel surfaces, and chemical composition of sampler parts shall conform to this standard guide. The following factors shall be considered for decisions in choosing between an open-barrel sampler and a piston sampler: depth of penetration, core compaction, flow-in distortion, surface disturbance, and repenetration. Driving techniques included in this guide are free core samplers, implosive and explosive samplers, punch-corer samplers, vibratory-driven samplers and impact-driven samplers. Guides are also included for collecting short cores in shallow water, collecting long cores in shallow water, and collecting short and long cores for a range of water depth. Field record shall be provided for every sampling operation. Guides are also provided for core extrusion for samplers with no liners, slitting core and core liners, sectioning cores, sampling through liner walls, preserving cores, and displaying cores.
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ASTM D3977-97(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining Sediment Concentration in Water Samples

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4.1 Suspended-sediment samples contain particles with a wide variety of physical characteristics. By presenting alternate approaches, these test methods allow latitude in selecting analysis methods that work best with the particular samples under study.  
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1.2 The procedures given in these test methods are used by the Agricultural Research Service, Geological Survey, National Resources Conservation Service, Bureau of Reclamation, and other agencies responsible for studying water bodies. These test methods are adapted from a laboratory-procedure manual2 and a quality-assurance plan.3  
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Sections  
Test Method A—Evaporation  
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Test Method B—Filtration  
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Test Method C—Wet-Sieving-Filtration  
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1.4 Test Method A can be used only on sediments that settle within the allotted storage time of the samples which usually ranges from a few days to a few weeks. A correction factor must be applied if dissolved-solids concentration exceeds about 10 % of the sediment concentration.  
1.5 Test Method B can be used only on samples containing sand concentrations less than about 10 000 ppm and clay concentrations less than about 200 ppm. The sediment need not be settleable because filters are used to separate water from the sediment. Correction factors for dissolved solids are not required.  
1.6 Test Method C can be used if two concentration values are required: one for sand-size particles and one for the combination of silt and clay-size particles. The silt-clay fraction need not be settleable.  
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1.8 These test methods contain some procedures similar to those in Methods of Test D1888 which pertains to measuring particulate and dissolved matter in water.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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Standard Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment in Motion

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4.1 This guide is general and is intended as a planning guide. To satisfactorily sample a specific site, an investigator must sometimes design new sampling equipment or modify existing equipment. Because of the dynamic nature of the transport process, the extent to which characteristics such as mass concentration and particle-size distribution are accurately represented in samples depends upon the method of collection. Sediment discharge is highly variable both in time and space so numerous samples properly collected with correctly designed equipment are necessary to provide data for discharge calculations. General properties of both temporal and spatial variations are discussed.
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1.1 This guide covers the equipment and basic procedures for sampling to determine discharge of sediment transported by moving liquids. Equipment and procedures were originally developed to sample mineral sediments transported by rivers but they are applicable to sampling a variety of sediments transported in open channels or closed conduits. Procedures do not apply to sediments transported by flotation.  
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1.3 The cited references are not compiled as standards; however they do contain information that helps ensure standard design of equipment and procedures.  
1.4 Information given in this guide on sampling to determine bedload discharge is solely descriptive because no specific sampling equipment or procedures are presently accepted as representative of the state-of-the-art. As this situation changes, details will be added to this guide.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 12.  
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ASTM E1201-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Zooplankton with Conical Tow Nets

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The advantages of using conical tow nets are as follows:  
3.1.1 They are relatively inexpensive and highly versatile in a variety of inland, estuarine, coastal, and marine waters.  
3.1.2 They can be used from a small or large powered boat with a minimum of auxiliary equipment.  
3.1.3 They can be used to collect qualitative samples and semiquantitative samples when fitted with a flowmeter and even better samples when fitted with a companion meter on the outside of the hoop to monitor filtering efficiency.  
3.2 The disadvantages of conical tow nets are as follows:  
3.2.1 When equipped with a flowmeter they require frequent maintenance including calibration and, in some types, lubrication.  
3.2.2 They are effective only where drawn through a stream of water having considerable thickness. They are not suitable for collecting samples from a small or restricted region.  
3.2.3 They are not suitable for collecting in very shallow water.  
3.2.4 They are clogged by grass beds, coelenterates, and filamentous algae.  
3.2.5 When used with a flowmeter, they collect only qualitative samples, or semiquantitative samples.  
3.2.6 When sampling discrete depths using a horizontal tow, the sample can be contaminated from other depths during the deployment and retrieval of the samples if opening and closing devices are not used.  
3.3 There are several special considerations that shall be observed when using conical tow nets. They are:  
3.3.1 Conical tow net samplers are designed to be towed at speeds less than three knots; however, greater speeds have been used for the larger nets with a concomitant increase in capture.2  
3.3.2 A conical tow net 0.5 m in diameter or larger shall be used to reduce avoidance by organisms.2  
3.3.3 The nets shall be washed frequently and inspected for pin-size holes, tears, net deterioration, and other anomalies.  
3.3.4 Nets should be allowed to dry while suspended full length in air and in subdued light prior to storage.  
...
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1.1 This practice covers the procedure for obtaining qualitative samples of a zooplankton community by use of conical tow nets. Nets will collect most zooplankton, but some forms will avoid nets.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1199-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Zooplankton with a Clarke-Bumpus Plankton Sampler

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The advantages of the Clarke-Bumpus plankton sampler are as follows:  
4.1.1 It will sample a discrete depth or multiple depths, depending upon the sampling design.  
4.1.2 It is a slow to medium speed sampler requiring a towing speed of three to five knots.  
4.1.3 The sample size can be easily controlled.  
4.1.4 The sampler is lightweight and can be used without auxiliary equipment.  
4.1.5 It has a relatively high filtration efficiency factor of 0.88.  
4.1.6 It is a versatile sampler and can be used in all but the shallowest waters.  
4.1.7 The flowmeter records the amount of water that passes into the net.  
4.1.8 Overspill of water at the mouth of the net due to excess speed of towing is of minimal consequence.  
4.2 The disadvantages of the Clarke-Bumpus plankton sampler are as follows:  
4.2.1 The flowmeter requires frequent maintenance including calibration and lubrication.  
4.2.2 It is not suitable for use in very small areas or shallow waters.  
4.3 There are several special considerations that shall be observed when using a Clarke-Bumpus plankton sampler. They are:  
4.3.1 The flowmeter should be calibrated and serviced frequently to ensure efficient and accurate operation.  
4.3.2 The sampler is relatively fragile, particularly the closing device and flowmeter. This necessitates careful deployment and recovery procedures.  
4.3.3 Following each collection, the net must be thoroughly washed.  
4.3.4 Special attention must be given to the strength of the cable and its attachment to avoid loss of the sampler.  
4.3.5 The sampler should not be used in beds of macrophytes, in waters containing submerged objects, or close to the bottom.  
4.3.6 The net should be inspected frequently for pin-size holes, tears, net deterioration, and other anomalies.  
4.3.7 Following use, the wet net should be suspended full length in the air in subdued light and allowed to dry.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for obtaining quantitative samples of a zooplankton community by use of a Clarke-Bumpus plankton sampler.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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