D19.08 - Membranes and Ion Exchange Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice will be used most frequently to sample materials as received from the manufacturer in the original shipping container and prior to any resin-conditioning procedure. Since certain ion-exchange materials are supplied by the manufacturer in the dry or free-flowing state whereas others are supplied moist, it is necessary to employ two different sampling devices. Therefore, this practice is divided into Sampling Procedure—Dry or Free-Flowing Material (Section 8), and Sampling Procedure—Moist Material (Section 9).  
5.2 Once the sample is obtained, it is necessary to protect the ion-exchange materials from changes. Samples should be placed in sealable, gasproof containers immediately.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices2 cover procedures for obtaining representative samples of ion-exchange materials. The following practices are included:    
Sections  
Practice A—Sampling from a Single Package and
Multiple Package Lots or Shipments  
4 to 11  
Practice B—Sampling from Fixed Bed Ion-Exchange
Equipment Having Unrestricted Head Room  
12 to 16  
Practice C—Sampling from Fixed Bed Ion-Exchange
Equipment Having Restricted Head Room  
17 to 21  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is an alternative for the silt density index (SDI) method (Test Method D4189) with the aim to overcome inaccuracies related to a nonlinear relation with the fouling potential due to particulate matter concentration, absence of temperature correction, support pad, and time.  
5.2 The MFI-0.45 can serve as a useful indication of the quantity of particulate matter.  
5.3 The MFI-0.45 can be used to determine effectiveness of various processes such as filtration or clarification used to remove particulate matter.  
5.4 The MFI-0.45 has empirically been correlated with fouling tendency of some water treatment equipment such as reverse osmosis (RO) devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the modified fouling index (MFI) of water measured at constant pressure. This test can be used to indicate the fouling potential of reverse osmosis/nanofiltration (RO/NF) feed water due particulate matter and is applicable to low and high turbidity waters. Since the size, shape, and nature of particulate matter in water may vary, this test method is not an absolute measurement of the quantity of particulate matter.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable for reagent-grade water Types I, II, and III of Specification D1193 or effluents from most reverse osmosis and ultra-filtration systems.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Proper operation and maintenance of RO and NF systems are key factors in obtaining successful performance. This guide provides the necessary input for the evaluation of the performance of the RO and NF systems, the pretreatment system, and the mechanical equipment in the plant.  
4.2 This guide is for general guidance only and must not be used in place of the operating manual for a particular plant.  
4.3 Site-dependent factors prevent specific recommendations for all recordkeeping. Thus, only the more general recordkeeping is covered by this guide.  
4.4 This guide can be used for both brackish and seawater systems which contain either spiral-wound or hollow-fiber devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for well-defined recordkeeping of reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) systems.  
1.2 This guide includes a start-up report, recordkeeping of RO and NF operating data, recordkeeping of pretreatment operating data, and a maintenance log.  
1.3 This guide is applicable to waters including brackish waters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to wastewaters.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The design of an electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal system is determined by the composition of the feedwater and the desired composition of the product water. The determinations and measurements performed in this guide will provide the necessary information for making design projections of staging and power consumption.  
5.2 The recovery at which an electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal system can be safely operated is dependent on the composition of the feed solution. The determinations measurements performed in this guide will provide data for the calculation of the maximum recovery of a system utilizing a specific feed water.  
5.3 The determinations and measurements performed in this guide will be valuable for determining needed pretreatment for meeting specific product water requirements with the specific feed water.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the determinations that should be performed on any given water if processing by electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal is being considered.  
1.2 This guide is applicable to all waters but is not necessarily complete for wastewaters.  
1.3 This is a guide only and should not be construed as a complete delineation of all analysis required for a specific application.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The SDI can serve as a useful indication of the quantity of particulate matter in water.  
5.2 The SDI can be used to determine effectiveness of various processes such as filtration or clarification used to remove particulate matter.  
5.3 The SDI has been empirically correlated with the fouling tendency of some water treatment equipment such as reverse osmosis devices.  
5.4 The SDI may vary as a function of water temperature, and values obtained at different temperatures may not necessarily be comparable.  
5.5 The SDI can vary with the membrane filter manufacturer. Thus, SDI values obtained with filters from different membrane manufacturers might not be comparable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the silt density index (SDI) of water. This test method can be used to indicate the quantity of particulate matter in water and is applicable to relatively low (  
1.2 This test method is not applicable for reagent grade water Types I, II, and III of Specification D1193, or effluents from most reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration systems.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Home reverse osmosis devices are typically used to remove salts and other impurities from drinking water at the point of use. They are usually operated at tap water line pressure, with water containing up to several hundred milligrams per litre of total dissolved solids. This practice permits measurement of the performance of home reverse osmosis devices using a standard set of conditions and is intended for short-term testing (less than 24 h). This practice can be used to determine changes that may have occurred in the operating characteristics of home reverse osmosis devices during use, but it is not intended to be used for system design. This practice does not necessarily determine the device’s performance when solutes other than sodium chloride are present. Use Practice D4516 and Test Methods D4194 to standardize actual field data to a standard set of conditions.  
5.2 This practice is applicable for spiral-wound devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers determination of the operating characteristics of home reverse osmosis devices using standard test conditions. It does not necessarily determine the characteristics of the devices operating on natural waters.  
1.2 This practice is applicable for spiral-wound devices.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Proper operation and maintenance of an ED/EDR system and any associated pretreatment system are key factors in obtaining optimum performance. This guide provides the necessary input data for the evaluation of the performance of the ED/EDR system, the pretreatment system, and the mechanical equipment in the plant.  
4.2 This guide is for general guidance only and must not be used in place of the operating manuals and manufacturer's recommendations for specific equipment or a specific application.  
4.3 Site dependent, equipment design and regulatory requirement factors prevent specific recommendations for all record keeping. Thus, only general record keeping relating to operation and maintenance is covered by this guide.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for well defined record keeping for electrodialysis (ED) and electrodialysis reversal (EDR) systems.  
1.2 This guide includes a start up report and record keeping for ED/EDR and pretreatment operating and maintenance data.  
1.3 This guide is applicable to all waters but is not necessarily complete for waste waters.  
1.4 This is a guide only and should not be construed as a complete delineation of all record keeping required for a specific application.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the design and operation of reverse osmosis installations, it is important to predict the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concentrate stream. Because of the increase in total dissolved solids in the concentrate stream and the differences in salt passages for calcium ion, bicarbonate ion, and free CO2, the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concentrate stream will generally be quite different from those of the feed solution. This practice permits the calculation of the S & DSI for the concentrate stream from the feed water analyses and the reverse osmosis operating parameters.  
5.2 A positive S & DSI indicates the tendency to form a calcium carbonate scale, which can be damaging to reverse osmosis performance. This practice gives procedures for the adjustment of the S & DSI.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation and adjustment of the Stiff and Davis Stability Index (S & DSI) for the concentrate stream of a reverse osmosis device. This index is used to determine the need for calcium carbonate scale control in the operation and design of reverse osmosis installations. This practice is applicable for concentrate streams containing more than 10 000 mg/L of total dissolved solids. For concentrate streams containing less than 10 000 mg/L of total dissolved solids, refer to Practice D3739.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The performance of RO or NF membranes is strongly influenced by the composition of the feed solution. Overall salt rejection is dependent upon the ratio of monovalent to polyvalent ions as well as the sum total of ions present. The permeate flow rate of RO or NF devices is also dependent upon the sum total of the ions present and the operating temperature, pressure, and recovery rate. Analyses and measurements performed in this guide will provide vital data for salt rejection and permeate flow projections of RO or NF systems for specific feedwaters.  
5.2 The recovery at which a RO or NF system can be safely operated is dependent upon the composition of the feed solution. The analyses and measurements performed in this guide will provide data for the calculation of the maximum recovery of a RO or NF system for a given feed solution.  
5.3 The analyses and measurements performed in this guide will be of great assistance in determining the pretreatment requirements for a RO or NF system on a given feedwater.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the analyses that should be performed on any given water sample if reverse osmosis (RO) or nanofiltration (NF) application is being considered. (See also Test Methods D511, D512, D513, D516, D858, D859, D888, D1068, D1179, D1253, D1293, D1889, D3352, D3370, D3561, D3867, D4189, D4194, and D4382.)  
1.2 This guide is applicable to waters including brackish waters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to waste waters.  
1.3 This is a guide only and should not be construed as a delineation of all ions known to exist in waters.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These practices may be used to determine whether a RO or NF device is free of leaks if the mechanical integrity of the device is to be confirmed. They may also be used to detect leaks in RO or NF devices whose operating performance indicates a possible leak. These practices may be used for either new or used devices.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover detecting leaks in which there is a direct communication between the feed or concentrate, or both, and the permeate. Several types of leaks are possible with the various configurations of reverse-osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) devices.  
1.2 Types of Leaks:  
1.2.1 With hollow-fiber devices, feed or concentrate leakage, or both, into the permeate stream by leaks through the tube sheet and past the tube sheet O-ring are possible. “Leaks” caused by broken fibers are not covered by these practices.  
1.2.2 With spiral-wound devices, leaks may occur through damage of the membrane surface itself by punctures or scratches, by glue-line failure, and by O-ring leaks on product tube interconnectors.  
1.2.3 With tubular devices, leaks due to membrane damage, tube end seal leaks, and leaks from broken tubes or product headers are possible.  
1.3 Three leak test practices are given as follows:    
Sections  
Practice A—Tube Sheet and O-Ring Leak Test for Hollow
Fiber Devices  
8 to 9  
Practice B—Vacuum Test for Spiral Wound Devices  
10 to 12  
Practice C—Dye Test for Spiral Wound and Tubular Devices  
13 to 18  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration desalinating devices can be used to produce potable water from brackish supplies (
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the operating characteristics of reverse osmosis devices using standard test conditions and are not necessarily applicable to natural waters. Three test methods are given, as follows:    
Sections  
Test Method A—Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Devices  
8 – 14    
Test Method B—Nanofiltration Devices  
15 – 21    
Test Method B—Seawater Reverse Osmosis Devices  
22 – 28  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The presence of water-soluble extractables in membrane filters can create errors in test procedures employing membrane filters. However, these errors can be eliminated or significantly reduced if the quantity of water-soluble extractables of the specific membrane is previously determined. Certain membrane filter uses require specifications of maximum water-soluble extractable levels. This test method is intended to be a rapid test to determine the loss of water-soluble compounds such as plasticizers or wetting agents from filtration membranes. This test method is not designed to predetermine the performance of a filter, but is significant in determining the percent extractables of membranes from different sources and lot variations from a single source.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the gravimetric determination of the water-extractable material present in membrane filters and is applicable over the complete concentration range of extractables.  
1.2 The analyst should be aware that collaborative data for a bias statement as required by Practice D2777 is not provided. See Section 11 for details.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The CEDI devices can be used to produce deionized water from feeds of pretreated water. This test method permits the relatively rapid measurement of key performance capabilities of CEDI devices using standard sets of conditions. The data obtained can be analyzed to provide information on whether changes may have occurred in operating characteristics of the device independently of any variability in feed water characteristics or operating conditions. Under specific circumstances, this test method may also provide sufficient information for plant design.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the operating characteristics of continuous electrodeionization (CEDI) devices using synthetic feed solutions and is not necessarily applicable to natural waters. This test method is a procedure applicable to solutions with a conductivity range from approximately 50 μS/cm to 1000 μS/cm.  
1.2 This test method covers the determination of operating characteristics under standard test conditions of CEDI devices where the electrically active transfer media therein is predominantly unregenerated. This results in more rapid achievement of steady state and shorter test time than when performing a test which requires the active media be predominantly regenerated.  
1.3 This test method is not necessarily indicative of the following:  
1.3.1 Long-term performance on feed waters containing foulants or sparingly soluble solutes, or both,  
1.3.2 Performance on feeds of brackish water, sea water, or other high-salinity feeds,  
1.3.3 Performance on synthetic industrial feed solutions, pharmaceuticals, or process solutions of foods and beverages, or,  
1.3.4 Performance on feed waters less than 50 μS/cm, particularly performance relating to organic solutes, colloidal or particulate matter, or biological or microbial matter.  
1.4 This test method, subject to the limitations previously described, can be applied as either an aid to predict expected deionization performance for a given feed water quality, or as a test method to determine whether performance of a given device has changed over some period of time. It is ultimately, however, the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for their specific applications.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice has been developed to simulate the stress encountered by terminal point-of-use filters under a range of real-world use conditions with emphasis on thermal and pressure swings. Two parts, A and B, are intended to account for more frequent, less extreme use conditions and less frequent, more extreme use conditions, respectively. The purpose of pre-stressing the filters before testing by Test Method F838 is to demonstrate the ability of the filters to retain bacteria as determined by Test Method F838 after exposure to a series of temperature and pressure swings representative of those that may be encountered under actual use conditions.  
5.2 This practice is not intended to account for effects on filter performance attributable to differences in the quality of the water being filtered that may be encountered under actual use conditions.  
5.3 This practice is not intended to simulate the very extreme stress associated with systemic remedial procedures, such as thermal or chemical shock, sometimes implemented in premise plumbing systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers terminal point-of-use (POU) filters intended for intermittent use on showers, faucets, and other water use end-point devices that deliver hot and cold potable water.  
1.2 This practice does not cover in-line filters.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are appropriate for qualifying absorbent pads used with membrane filters for bacteriological enumeration.  
5.1.1 The test methods described are applicable to quality control testing of absorbent pads by the suppliers and users of these pads and to specification testing of absorbent pads intended for use with membrane filters in bacteriological enumeration.  
5.2 Other pure culture organisms and their appropriate culture medium may be substituted for the E. coli and M-FC media for specification testing, as required.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the nutrient-holding capacity and the toxic or nutritive effect on bacterial growth of organisms retained on a membrane filter, when the absorbent pad being tested is used as a nutrient reservoir and medium supply source for the retained bacteria.  
1.2 The tests described are conducted on 47 mm diameter disks, although other size disks may be employed for bacterial culture techniques.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 During the operation of a UF system, conditions including pressure and temperature can vary, causing permeate flow to change (see Note 1). To effectively evaluate system performance, it is necessary to compare permeate flow data at the same conditions. Since data may not always be obtained at the same conditions, it is necessary to convert the UF data obtained at actual conditions to a set of constant conditions, thereby standardizing the data. The user of this practice determines the standard conditions. This practice gives the procedure to standardize UF data on pure water only.
Note 1: Feed concentration, crossflow velocity, and both device and total system recovery will also influence permeate rate, especially when operating on other than pure water. This practice does not address those system conditions.  
5.2 This practice can be used for systems which contain spiral-wound, tubular, plate and frame, and hollow fiber devices.  
5.3 This practice can be used for a single-element or a multi-element system. However, if the UF system is staged, standardize the permeate flow and salt passage for each stage separately. This requires pressure readings at the feed inlet and concentrate outlet of each stage.  
5.4 This practice is applicable for UF systems with no significant leaks between the feed/concentrate and permeate streams.  
5.5 This practice assumes no significant osmotic pressure differential (Δπ) exists in the UF system under the actual operating conditions. Differential osmotic pressure will reduce the permeate rate relative to operation on pure water.  
5.6 The user of this practice should be aware that fouled UF devices will produce less permeate flow than nonfouled devices, and may wish to perform flushing, chemical, or mechanical cleaning, or combination thereof, prior to determining the permeate flow performance of the device.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the standardization of permeate flow for ultrafiltration (UF) systems.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to natural waters including brackish waters, seawaters, and ultrapure waters including those used in power generation and microelectronics and pharmaceuticals production. It is not necessarily applicable to waste waters.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice can be used to evaluate unused oxygen removal ion exchange cartridges for conformance to specifications.  
5.2 This practice provides for the calculation of capacity in terms of the volume of water treated to an end point level of dissolved oxygen.  
5.3 The practice as written assumes that the oxygen removal ion exchange resins in the cartridge are either partially or fully regenerated. Regeneration of the resins is not part of this practice.  
5.4 This practice provides for the calculation of capacity on a cartridge basis.  
5.5 This practice may be used to test different size oxygen removal resin cartridges. The flow rate of test water and the frequency of sampling are varied to compensate for the approximate volume of resin in the test cartridge.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the performance of oxygen removal ion exchange resin cartridges in the regenerated form when used for removing dissolved oxygen from water. The test can be used to determine the initial capacity of unused cartridges or the remaining capacity of used cartridges. In this case, performance is defined as oxygen removal capacity (or throughput) to a defined endpoint.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 During the operation of an RO system, system conditions such as pressure, temperature, conversion, and feed concentration can vary, causing permeate flow and salt passage to change. To effectively evaluate system performance, it is necessary to compare permeate flow and salt passage data at the same conditions. Since data may not always be obtained at the same conditions, it is necessary to convert the RO data obtained at actual conditions to a set of selected constant conditions, thereby standardizing the data. This practice gives the procedure to standardize RO data.  
5.2 This practice can be used for both spiral wound and hollow fiber systems.  
5.3 This practice can be used for a single element or a multi-element system. However, if the RO system is brine staged, that is, the brine from one group of RO devices is the feed to a second group of RO devices, standardize the permeate flow and salt passage for each stage separately.  
5.4 This practice is applicable for RO systems with high rejections and with no significant leaks between the feed-brine and permeate streams.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the standardization of permeate flow, salt passage, and coefficient of performance data for reverse osmosis (RO) systems.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to waters including brackish waters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to waste waters.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is applicable to the analysis of new materials that are sold as mixtures and to samples taken from regenerable units containing mixtures of anion-exchanging and cation-exchanging materials. It is used to determine the ratio of the components without separating them from each other.  
5.2 This test method is intended for mixtures of ion-exchange materials that have salt-splitting capacity as measured by Test Method E of Test Methods and Practices D2187 for cation-exchange resins, and Test Method H for anion-exchange resins. In the case of cation-exchange resins, these are styrene-based polymers with sulfonic acid functional groups. The anion-exchanging materials in this class are styrene-based materials with quaternary ammonium functional groups. The test method will determine the amount of anion-exchange material of any functionality present in the mixture. However, when anionic groups that are not salt-splitting are present, the values for cationic groups will be high due to the acidic character of the anion effluent. Cationic groups that do not split salts are not measured.  
5.3 Samples are analyzed in this test method as received. It is not necessary that the cation-exchanging resin be in the hydrogen form and the anion-exchanging resin be in the hydroxide form for this test method.  
5.4 This test method may be used to determine if new materials are balanced to meet their specification values. In operating regenerable units, it may be used to determine if the components are separating properly or remixing properly. It may also be used to check for improper balance in bedding or for loss of a component during operation.  
5.5 This test method begins with the conversion to the hydrogen and chloride forms. However, it may be combined with the determination of the residual chloride and sulfate sites by elution with sodium nitrate as described in Test Methods J and L in Test Methods and Practices D2187. In such cases the hydrogen ion as well...
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1.1 This test method determines the ratio between the equivalents of anion-exchange capacity and the equivalents of cation-exchange capacity present in a physical mixture of salt-splitting anion-exchange material and salt-splitting cation-exchange material.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be employed to check the sterility of commercially procured sterile membrane filters. The test also confirms that sterilized filters have not been contaminated. Additionally, this test may be used to monitor the efficacy of in-house sterilization procedures. Filter packages that have obvious packaging defects should not be tested because sterility may have been compromised.
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1.1 This test method describes a test to confirm the sterility of either manufacturer presterilized or user-sterilized analytical membrane filters.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to:  
5.1.1 Determine the maximum pore size of a filter,  
5.1.2 Compare the maximum pore sizes of several filters, and  
5.1.3 Determine the effect of various processes such as filtration, coating, or autoclaving on the maximum pore size of a membrane.  
5.2 Membrane filters have discrete pores from one side to the other of the membrane, similar to capillary, tubes. The bubble point test is based on the principle that a wetting liquid is held in these capillary pores by capillary attraction and surface tension, and the minimum pressure required to force liquid from these pores is a function of pore diameter. The pressure at which a steady stream of bubbles appears in this test is the bubble point pressure. The bubble point test is significant not only for indicating maximum pore size, but may also indicate a damaged membrane, ineffective seals, or a system leak.  
5.3 The results of this test method should not be used as the sole factor to describe the limiting size for retention of particulate contaminants from fluids. The effective pore size calculated from this test method is based on the premise of capillary pores having circular cross sections, and does not refer to actual particle size retention. See Test Method E128 for additional information.
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of two of the pore size properties of membrane filters with maximum pore sizes from 0.1 to 15.0 μm.  
1.2 Test Method A presents a test method for measuring the maximum limiting pore diameter of nonfibrous membranes. The limiting diameter is the diameter of a circle having the same area as the smallest section of a given pore (Fig. 1).
FIG. 1 Examples of Limiting Diameters  
1.3 Test Method B measures the relative abundance of a specified pore size in a membrane, defined in terms of the limiting diameter.  
1.4 The analyst should be aware that adequate collaborative data for bias statements as required by Practice D2777 is not provided. See the precision and bias section for details.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be applied to determine the suitability of grid-marked membrane filters for use in bacteriological culture techniques for the detection and enumeration of bacterial organisms.  
5.2 A particularly sensitive organism and growth conditions have been selected for this test method in order to maximize sensitivity to toxic materials possibly present in the inks used for grid-marking membrane filters.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure whereby the user of ink-gridded membrane filters in water quality studies can ascertain whether or not the grid lines are toxic and inhibitory to bacterial growth when the membrane and its entrapped bacteria are incubated on a suitable media.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The need to understand the relationships found in membrane unit processes for water treatment increases with the continuing demand for these separation systems. Defining the terms common to microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis processes assist the manufacturer, consultant, and end-user in eliminating inter-process terminology confusion. This standard expands the definitions found in Terminology D1129.
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1.1 This terminology covers the use of microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis for membrane separation processes.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the design and operation of RO installations, it is important to predict the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concentrate stream. Because of the increase in total dissolved solids in the concentrate stream and the difference in passages for calcium ion, bicarbonate ion, and free carbon dioxide, the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concentrate stream will generally be quite different from those of the feed solution. This practice permits the calculation of the Langelier saturation index for the concentrate stream from the feed water analyses and the RO operating parameters.  
5.2 A positive Langelier saturation index indicates the tendency to form a calcium carbonate scale, which can be damaging to RO performance. This practice gives various procedures for the adjustment of the Langelier saturation index.  
5.3 The tendency to form calcium carbonate scale can be suppressed by the addition of antiscalents or crystal modifiers. Suppliers of antisealents and crystal modifiers can provide information on the scale inhibition peformance of these types of chemical. Their use may be appropriate for reducing scale formation in RO systems. The RO system supplier should be consulted prior to the use of antisealents and crystal modifiers to ensure they will not have a negative impact on the RO system.
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1.1 This practice covers the calculation and adjustment of the Langelier saturation index for the concentrate stream of a reverse osmosis (RO) device. This index is used to determine the need for calcium carbonate (CaCo3) scale control in the operation and design of RO installations. This practice is applicable for concentrate streams containing 10 to 10 000 mg/L of total dissolved solids. For concentrate containing over 10 000 mg/L, see Practice D4582.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Water treatment membrane devices can be used to produce potable water from brackish supplies and seawater as well as to upgrade the quality of industrial water. This standard permits the evaluation of the integrity and performance of membrane elements using visual observations and standard sets of conditions and are for short-term testing (
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1.1 This practice covers the inspection, performance testing, autopsy, and analytical work associated with evaluating pressure driven membrane separation elements (microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO)).  
1.2 This practice is applicable for elements when newly manufactured or at any time during their operation in a water treatment facility. The Analytical section (6.4) covers only membrane surface and foulant analyses.  
1.3 The data derived from these tests should be evaluated versus newly manufactured elements/bundles or against operating systems when they were initially brought on-stream, or both. Industry norms can also be used for comparative purposes.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to evaluate unused mixed bed ion exchange materials for conformance to specifications. When a representative sample of the mixed bed can be obtained from an operating unit, this test method can be used to evaluate the regeneration efficiency by comparison with the same data obtained with new material from the same manufactured lots, or retained samples of the in-place products.  
5.2 This test method provides for the calculation of capacity in terms of the volume of water treated to a conductivity end point.  
5.3 The test method as written assumes that the cation exchange material has been regenerated to the hydrogen form with acid and the anion exchange material has been regenerated with alkali to the hydroxide or free-base form. In certain applications a cation exchange material in the potassium, ammonium, or other monovalent form may be encountered. Such materials may be tested following this procedure using Test Water A (Test Methods D1782) as the influent and substituting the hardness end point (Test Methods D1782) for the end points prescribed herein.  
5.4 In most cases the product tested will be properly mixed and will contain the correct proportions of anion and cation exchange materials. However, if the pH as well as the conductivity of the effluent is measured, the test method will indicate which of the components is present in excess; an acid effluent at breakthrough indicating an excess of regenerated cation exchange groups and an alkaline effluent an excess of regenerated anion exchange groups. In such cases the volumes of the two components obtained in the final backwash will indicate whether this imbalance arises from improper regeneration or from an improper ratio of the two components. It should be noted, however, that not all units are charged with a balanced ratio of anion-exchanging and cation-exchanging groups. Hence, wherever possible, a field sample should be evaluated in comparison with a retained sample ...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the performance of particulate mixed bed ion exchange materials in the regenerated form when used for deionization. It is intended for use in testing unused mixed bed materials and samples of regenerated mixed beds from operating units.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 CEDI devices can be used to produce deionized water from feeds of pretreated water. This test method permits the measurement of key performance capabilities of CEDI devices using a standard set of conditions. The data obtained can be analyzed to provide information on whether changes may have occurred in operating characteristics of the device independently of any variability in feed water characteristics or operating conditions. Under specific circumstances, this test method may also provide sufficient information for plant design.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the operating characteristics of continuous electrodeionization (CEDI) devices, indicative of deionization performance when a device is applied to production of highly deionized water from the product water of a reverse osmosis system. This test method is a procedure applicable to feed waters containing carbonic acid or dissolved silica, or both, and other solutes, with a conductivity range of approximately 2 to 100 microsiemens-cm-1.  
1.2 This test method covers the determination of operating characteristics under standard test conditions of CEDI devices where the electrically active transfer media therein is predominantly regenerated.  
1.3 This test method is not necessarily indicative of:  
1.3.1 Long term performance on feed waters containing foulants or sparingly soluble solutes, or both;  
1.3.2 Performance on feeds of brackish water, sea water, or other high salinity feeds;  
1.3.3 Performance on synthetic industrial feed solutions, pharmaceuticals, or process solutions of foods and beverages; or  
1.3.4 Performance on feed waters less than 2 μS/cm, particularly performance relating to organic solutes, colloidal or particulate matter, or biological or microbial matter.  
1.4 This test method, subject to the limitations described, can be applied as either an aid to predict expected deionization performance for a given feed water quality, or as a method to determine whether performance of a given device has changed over some period of time. It is ultimately, however, the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for their specific applications.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The integrity test methods described are used to determine the integrity of membrane systems, and are applicable to systems containing membrane module configurations of both hollow fiber and flat sheet; such as, spiral-wound configuration. In all cases the practices apply to membranes in the RO, NF, and UF membrane classes. However, the TOC and Dye Test practices do not apply to membranes in the MF range or the upper end of the UF pore size range (0.01 μm and larger pore sizes) due to insignificant or inconsistent removal of TOC material by these membranes.  
4.2 These methods may be used to identify relative changes in the integrity of a system, or used in conjunction with the equations described in 9.4, to provide a means of estimating the integrity in terms of log reduction value. For critical applications, estimated log reductions using these equations should be confirmed by experiment for the particular membrane and system configuration used.  
4.3 The ability of the methods to detect any given defect is affected by the size of the system or portion of the system tested. Selecting smaller portions of the system to test will increase the sensitivity of the test to defects. When determining the size that can be tested as a discrete unit, use the guidelines supplied by the system manufacturer or the general guidelines provided in this practice.  
4.4 The applicability of the tests is largely independent of system size when measured in terms of the impact of defects on the treated water quality (that is, the system LRV). This is because the bypass flow from any given defect is diluted in proportion to the systems total flowrate. For example, a 10-module system with a single defect will produce the same water quality as a 100-module system with ten of the same size defects.
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1.1 This practice covers the determination of the integrity of water filtration membrane elements and systems using air based tests (pressure decay and vacuum hold), soluble dye, continuous monitoring particulate light scatter techniques, and TOC monitoring tests for the purpose of rejecting particles and microbes. The tests are applicable to systems with membranes that have a nominal pore size less than about 1 µm. The TOC, and Dye, tests are generally applicable to NF and RO class membranes only.  
1.2 This practice does not purport to cover all available methods of integrity testing.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Proper operation and maintenance of an MF or UF system are key factors in obtaining successful performance. This guide provides the necessary input for the evaluation of the performance of the MF/UF system, the pretreatment system, and the mechanical equipment in the plant.  
4.2 This guide is for general guidance only and must not be used in place of the operating manual for a particular plant.  
4.3 Site-dependent factors prevent specific recommendations for all recordkeeping. Thus, only the more general recordkeeping is covered by this guide.  
4.4 This guide can be used for both surface and ground water and systems which contain either spiral-wound or hollow-fiber devices.
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1.1 This guide covers procedures for well-defined recordkeeping of microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) systems.  
1.2 This guide includes a start-up report, recordkeeping of MF/UF operating data, recordkeeping of pretreatment operating data, and a maintenance log.  
1.3 This guide is applicable to waters including surface water, ground water and some wastewater (secondary effluent) but is not applicable to membrane bioreactors or process streams.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the design and operation of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration installations, it is important to predict the CaSO4, SrSO4, and BaSO4 scaling properties of the concentrate stream. Because of the increase in total dissolved solids and the increase in concentration of the scaling salts, the scaling properties of the concentrate stream will be quite different from those of the feed solution. This practice permits the calculation of the scaling potential for the concentrate stream from the feed water analyses and the reverse osmosis or nanofiltration operating parameters.  
5.2 Scaling by CaSO4, SrSO4, and BaSO4 will adversely affect the reverse osmosis or nanofiltration performance. This practice gives various procedures for the prevention of scaling.
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1.1 This practice covers the calculation and adjustment of calcium, strontium, and barium sulfates for the concentrate stream of a reverse osmosis or nanofiltration system. The calculations are used to determine the need for scale control in the operation and design of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration installations. This practice is applicable for all types of reverse osmosis devices (tubular, spiral wound, and hollow fiber) and nanofiltration devices.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to both brackish waters and seawaters.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Resins used in demineralization systems may deteriorate due to many factors including chemical attack, fouling by organic and inorganic materials, mishandling, or the effects of aging. Detection of degradation or fouling may be important in determining the cause of poor demineralizer performance.
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1.1 This guide presents a series of tests and evaluations intended to detect fouling and degradation of particulate ion exchange materials. Suggestions on reducing fouling and on cleaning resins are given.  
1.2 This guide is to be used only as an aid in the evaluation of particulate ion exchange material performance and does not purport to address all possible causes of unsatisfactory performance. The evaluations of mechanical and operational problems are not addressed.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The presence of water extractables in ion-exchange resins can cause fouling of other materials downstream and contamination of process water. The quantity of water extractables is sometimes used as a specification to indicate resin quality, and typical values are 0.01 to 0.1 %.  
5.2 It is recognized that this test method may not remove all potential sloughage products and does not measure volatile compounds. More extensive extraction and identification of compounds may be needed in specific cases.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of water soluble extractable residue from particulate ion-exchange resins based on elevated temperature extraction and gravimetric determination of residue.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
9.1 Cation exchange materials are frequently used in the sodium form to exchange divalent and trivalent ions in the influent water for sodium ions on the resin sites. This process is commonly referred to as softening water since it removes those ions that form a “hard” curd of insoluble salts with the fatty acids used in some soaps and that also precipitate when water is boiled. In such a process, sodium chloride is used as the regenerant to return the cation-exchanging groups to the sodium form.  
9.2 This test method is intended to simulate the performance of such materials in actual usage. It may be used either to compare the performance of new materials or to compare the performance of a material that has been used with its original performance.  
9.3 Regenerant concentrations and dosages used herein are typical for the types of materials used in this application. If different concentrations or amounts of regenerant are agreed upon by parties using this test method, this fact should be stated when the results are reported. Similarly, the test water specified is the agreed upon standard. Where other test waters or the water to be treated are used in the test, the analysis of the water in terms of total solids, sodium, calcium, magnesium, other di- or trivalent metals as well as the major anions present should be reported with the test results.
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the operating capacity of particulate cation-exchange materials when used for the removal of calcium, magnesium, and sodium ions from water. It is intended for use in testing both new and used materials. The following two test methods are included:    
Sections  
Test Method A—Sodium Cycle  
8 to 14  
Test Method B—Hydrogen Cycle  
15 to 21  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
7.1 The ionic form of an ion-exchange material affects both its equivalent mass and its equilibrium water content. These in turn influence the numerical values obtained in exchange capacity determinations, in density measurements, and in the size of the particles. To provide a uniform basis for comparison, therefore, the sample should be converted to a known ionic form before analysis. This procedure provides for the conversion of cation-exchange materials to the sodium form and anion-exchange materials to the chloride form prior to analysis. These forms are chosen since they permit samples to be weighed and dried without concern for air contamination or decomposition. If other ionic forms are used this fact should be noted in reporting the results.
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the physical and chemical properties of ion-exchange resins when used for the treatment of water. They are intended for use in testing both new and used materials. The following thirteen test methods are included:
Sections  
Test Practice A—Pretreatment  
6 – 10  
Test Method B—Water Retention Capacity  
11 – 18  
Test Method C—Backwashed and Settled Density  
19 – 26  
Test Method D—Particle Size Distribution  
27 – 35  
Test Method E—Salt-Splitting Capacity of Cation-Exchange Resins  
36 – 45    
Test Method F—Total Capacity of Cation-Exchange Resins  
46 – 55    
Test Method G—Percent Regeneration of Hydrogen-Form Cation-Exchange Resins  
56 – 64    
Test Method H—Total and Salt-Splitting Capacity of Anion-Exchange Resins  
65 – 73  
Test Practice I—Percent Regeneration of Anion Exchange Resins  
74 – 82    
Test Practice J—Ionic Chloride Content of Anion-Exchange Resins  
83 – 90  
Test Method K—Carbonate Content of Anion-Exchange Resins  
91 – 99  
Test Method L—Sulfate Content of Anion Exchange Resins  
100 – 108    
Test Practice M—Total Anion Capacity of Anion-Exchange Resins  
109 – 117  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 10.8.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
7.1 The particle size distribution of powdered ion exchange resins and, more importantly, the derived parameters of mean particle size and percent above and below specified size limits are useful for determining batch to batch variations and, in some cases, can be related to certain aspects of product performance.  
7.2 Although automatic multichannel particle size analyzers, of the type described in Section 9, yield information on the entire distribution of sizes present in a given sample, it has been found that, for this application, the numerical value of three derived parameters may adequately describe the particle size characteristics of the samples: the mean particle diameter (in micrometres), the percent of the sample that falls below some size limit, and the percent of the sample that falls above some size limit.
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the physical and chemical properties of powdered ion exchange resins and are intended for use in testing new materials. The following test methods are included:  
Sections  
Test Method A—Particle Size Distribution  
5 to 15  
Test Method B—Solids Content  
16 to 23  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The salt removal capacity of a powdered resin precoat is limited by the capacity of either the anion-exchange resin or the cation-exchange resin contained in it. Applications include condensate polishing in fossil-fueled electric generating plants, as well as condensate polishing, spent fuel pool water treatment, reactor water treatment, and low-level radioactive liquid waste treatment in nuclear-powered electric generating plants.  
4.2 By determining the ion-exchange capacity profile of either a cation exchange resin or an anion-exchange resin (capacity expended per unit of time under specific conditions), it is possible to estimate runlength and remaining capacity when treating a liquid of the same makeup. Although they cannot accurately predict performance during condenser leaks, these test methods are useful for determining operating capacities as measured under the test conditions used.  
4.3 These test methods may be used to monitor the performance of either powdered anion-exchange resin or powdered cation-exchange resin. The total capacity of either resin depends primarily upon the number density of ion-exchange sites within the resin. The operating capacity is a function of the total capacity, degree of conversion to the desired ionic form when received, and properties of the resin and the system that affect ion exchange kinetics.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the operating ion-exchange capacity of both powdered cation-exchange resins (hydrogen form) and powdered anion-exchange resins (hydroxide form). These test methods are intended for use in testing new powdered ion-exchange resins when used for the treatment of water. The following two test methods are included:    
Sections  
Test Method A—Operating Capacity, Anion-Exchange
Resin, Hydroxide Form  
7 to 15    
Test Method B—Operating Capacity, Cation-Exchange
Resin, Hydrogen Form  
16 to 24  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to evaluate changes in the performance of ion exchange resins used in mixed beds operating as polishing systems for solutions of low ionic strength, typically,  
5.2 The conditions of this test must be limiting kinetically, such that kinetic leakage, and not equilibrium leakage, is tested. This leakage is influenced by a combination of influent flow velocity and concentration, as well as bed depth.  
5.3 It is recommended that the practice be followed with the resin ratio, flow rate, and influent quality as indicated. The design of the apparatus permits other variations to be used that may be more appropriate to the chemicals used in a specific plant and the nature of its cooling water, but the cautions and limitations noted in the practice must be accommodated.  
5.4 It is possible that the cation resin could experience kinetics problems. In many cases, however, the anion resins are more likely to experience the types of degradation or fouling that could lead to impaired kinetics. Testing of field anion and cation resins together is an option, especially when historic data on the mixed bed will be compiled. Recognize, however, that many variables can be introduced, making it difficult to interpret results or to compare to historical or new resin data on separate components.  
5.5 Provision is made for calculation of the mass transfer coefficient in the Appendix X1. When such calculation is to be made, a full wet sieve analysis, as described in Test Methods D2187, also is required. Electronic particle sizing may be substituted if it is referenced back to the wet sieve method.  
5.6 This practice is intended to supplement, not displace, other indicators of resin performance, such as exchange capacity, percent regeneration, and service experience records.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to evaluate changes in kinetic performance of ion exchange resins used in mixed beds to produce high purity water. Within strict limitations, it also may be used for comparing resin of different types. This standard does not seek to mimic actual operating conditions. Specific challenge solutions and conditions are specified. At the option of the user, other conditions may be tested.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used for evaluating performance of commercially available anion-exchange materials regardless of the basic strength of the ion exchange groups. When previous operating history is known, a good interpretation of resin fouling or malfunction can be obtained by comparison against a reference sample of unused ion-exchange material evaluated in the same way.  
5.2 While resistivity has been chosen as the preferred analytical method for defining the exhaustion end point, with titration as the alternative, it is understood that observation of pH during rinse and the service run can yield useful information. The variations in pH observed with an ion exchange material suspected of having degraded, can be helpful in interpretation of performance when compared with similar data for a reference sample of unused material exhausted in the same way.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the operating capacity of anion-exchange materials when used for the removal of hydrochloric and sulfuric acid from water. It is designed to simulate operating conditions for strong acid removal and is intended for use in testing both new and used materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to evaluate unused mixed bed ion exchange cartridges for conformance to specifications.  
5.2 This test method provides for the calculation of capacity in terms of the volume of water treated to a conductivity end point.  
5.3 The test method as written assumes that the ion exchange resins in the cartridge are either partially or fully converted to the H+ or OH– form. Regeneration of the resins is not part of this method.  
5.4 This test method provides for the calculation of capacity on a cartridge basis.  
5.5 This test method may be used to test different size mixed bed resin cartridges. The flow rate of test water and the frequency of sampling are varied to compensate for the approximate volume of resin in the test cartridge.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the performance of mixed bed ion exchange resin cartridges in the active form when used for deionization. The test can be used to determine the initial capacity of unused cartridges or the remaining capacity of used cartridges. In this case performance is defined as ion exchange capacity (or throughput) to two defined endpoints. The method does not measure organics and does not attempt to determine the ultimate water quality attainable by the cartridge.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is an alternative for the silt density index (SDI) method (Test Method D4189) with the aim to overcome inaccuracies related to a nonlinear relation with the fouling potential due to particulate matter concentration, absence of temperature correction, support pad, and time.  
5.2 The MFI-0.45 can serve as a useful indication of the quantity of particulate matter.  
5.3 The MFI-0.45 can be used to determine effectiveness of various processes such as filtration or clarification used to remove particulate matter.  
5.4 The MFI-0.45 has empirically been correlated with fouling tendency of some water treatment equipment such as reverse osmosis (RO) devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the modified fouling index (MFI) of water measured at constant pressure. This test can be used to indicate the fouling potential of reverse osmosis/nanofiltration (RO/NF) feed water due particulate matter and is applicable to low and high turbidity waters. Since the size, shape, and nature of particulate matter in water may vary, this test method is not an absolute measurement of the quantity of particulate matter.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable for reagent-grade water Types I, II, and III of Specification D1193 or effluents from most reverse osmosis and ultra-filtration systems.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The SDI can serve as a useful indication of the quantity of particulate matter in water.  
5.2 The SDI can be used to determine effectiveness of various processes such as filtration or clarification used to remove particulate matter.  
5.3 The SDI has been empirically correlated with the fouling tendency of some water treatment equipment such as reverse osmosis devices.  
5.4 The SDI may vary as a function of water temperature, and values obtained at different temperatures may not necessarily be comparable.  
5.5 The SDI will vary with the membrane filter manufacturer. Thus, SDI values obtained with filters from different membrane manufacturers cannot be comparable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the silt density index (SDI) of water. This test method can be used to indicate the quantity of particulate matter in water and is applicable to relatively low (  
1.2 This test method is not applicable for reagent grade water Types I, II, and III of Specification D1193, or effluents from most reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration systems.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Proper operation and maintenance of an ED/EDR system and any associated pretreatment system are key factors in obtaining optimum performance. This guide provides the necessary input data for the evaluation of the performance of the ED/EDR system, the pretreatment system, and the mechanical equipment in the plant.  
4.2 This guide is for general guidance only and must not be used in place of the operating manuals and manufacturer's recommendations for specific equipment or a specific application.  
4.3 Site dependent, equipment design and regulatory requirement factors prevent specific recommendations for all record keeping. Thus, only general record keeping relating to operation and maintenance is covered by this guide.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for well defined record keeping for electrodialysis (ED) and electrodialysis reversal (EDR) systems.  
1.2 This guide includes a start up report and record keeping for ED/EDR and pretreatment operating and maintenance data.  
1.3 This guide is applicable to all waters but is not necessarily complete for waste waters.  
1.4 This is a guide only and should not be construed as a complete delineation of all record keeping required for a specific application.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The design of an electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal system is determined by the composition of the feedwater and the desired composition of the product water. The determinations and measurements performed in this guide will provide the necessary information for making design projections of staging and power consumption.  
5.2 The recovery at which an electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal system can be safely operated is dependent on the composition of the feed solution. The determinations measurements performed in this guide will provide data for the calculation of the maximum recovery of a system utilizing a specific feed water.  
5.3 The determinations and measurements performed in this guide will be valuable for determining needed pretreatment for meeting specific product water requirements with the specific feed water.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the determinations that should be performed on any given water if processing by electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal is being considered.  
1.2 This guide is applicable to all waters but is not necessarily complete for wastewaters.  
1.3 This is a guide only and should not be construed as a complete delineation of all analysis required for a specific application.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Proper operation and maintenance of RO and NF systems are key factors in obtaining successful performance. This guide provides the necessary input for the evaluation of the performance of the RO and NF systems, the pretreatment system, and the mechanical equipment in the plant.  
4.2 This guide is for general guidance only and must not be used in place of the operating manual for a particular plant.  
4.3 Site-dependent factors prevent specific recommendations for all recordkeeping. Thus, only the more general recordkeeping is covered by this guide.  
4.4 This guide can be used for both brackish and seawater systems which contain either spiral-wound or hollow-fiber devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for well-defined recordkeeping of reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) systems.  
1.2 This guide includes a start-up report, recordkeeping of RO and NF operating data, recordkeeping of pretreatment operating data, and a maintenance log.  
1.3 This guide is applicable to waters including brackish waters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to wastewaters.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Home reverse osmosis devices are typically used to remove salts and other impurities from drinking water at the point of use. They are usually operated at tap water line pressure, with water containing up to several hundred milligrams per litre of total dissolved solids. This practice permits measurement of the performance of home reverse osmosis devices using a standard set of conditions and is intended for short-term testing (less than 24 h). This practice can be used to determine changes that may have occurred in the operating characteristics of home reverse osmosis devices during use, but it is not intended to be used for system design. This practice does not necessarily determine the device’s performance when solutes other than sodium chloride are present. Use Practice D4516 and Test Methods D4194 to standardize actual field data to a standard set of conditions.  
5.2 This practice is applicable for spiral-wound devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers determination of the operating characteristics of home reverse osmosis devices using standard test conditions. It does not necessarily determine the characteristics of the devices operating on natural waters.  
1.2 This practice is applicable for spiral-wound devices.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Home reverse osmosis devices are typically used to remove salts and other impurities from drinking water at the point of use. They are usually operated at tap water line pressure, with water containing up to several hundred milligrams per litre of total dissolved solids. This test method permits measurement of the performance of home reverse osmosis devices using a standard set of conditions and is intended for short-term testing (less than 24 h). This test method can be used to determine changes that may have occurred in the operating characteristics of home reverse osmosis devices during use, but it is not intended to be used for system design. This test method does not necessarily determine the device’s performance when solutes other than sodium chloride are present. Use Practice D4516 and Test Methods D4194 to standardize actual field data to a standard set of conditions.  
5.2 This test method is applicable for spiral-wound devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the operating characteristics of home reverse osmosis devices using standard test conditions. It does not necessarily determine the characteristics of the devices operating on natural waters.  
1.2 This test method is applicable for spiral-wound devices.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 During the operation of an RO system, system conditions such as pressure, temperature, conversion, and feed concentration can vary, causing permeate flow and salt passage to change. To effectively evaluate system performance, it is necessary to compare permeate flow and salt passage data at the same conditions. Since data may not always be obtained at the same conditions, it is necessary to convert the RO data obtained at actual conditions to a set of selected constant conditions, thereby standardizing the data. This practice gives the procedure to standardize RO data.  
5.2 This practice can be used for both spiral wound and hollow fiber systems.  
5.3 This practice can be used for a single element or a multi-element system. However, if the RO system is brine staged, that is, the brine from one group of RO devices is the feed to a second group of RO devices, standardize the permeate flow and salt passage for each stage separately.  
5.4 This practice is applicable for RO systems with high rejections and with no significant leaks between the feed-brine and permeate streams.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the standardization of permeate flow and salt passage data for reverse osmosis (RO) systems.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to waters including brackish waters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to waste waters.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
During the operation of an RO system, system conditions such as pressure, temperature, conversion, and feed concentration can vary, causing permeate flow and salt passage to change. To effectively evaluate system performance, it is necessary to compare permeate flow and salt passage data at the same conditions. Since data may not always be obtained at the same conditions, it is necessary to convert the RO data obtained at actual conditions to a set of selected constant conditions, thereby standardizing the data. This practice gives the procedure to standardize RO data.
This practice can be used for both spiral wound and hollow fiber systems.
This practice can be used for a single element or a multi-element system. However, if the RO system is brine staged, that is, the brine from one group of RO devices is the feed to a second group of RO devices, standardize the permeate flow and salt passage for each stage separately.
This practice is applicable for reverse osmosis systems with high rejections and with no significant leaks between the feed-brine and permeate streams.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the standardization of permeate flow and salt passage data for reverse osmosis (RO) systems.
1.2 This practice is applicable to waters including brackish waters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to waste waters.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice covers the standardization of permeate flow and salt passage data for reverse osmosis (RO) systems.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D19 on Water, this practice was withdrawn in January 2019 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In the design and operation of reverse osmosis installations, it is important to predict the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concentrate stream. Because of the increase in total dissolved solids in the concentrate stream and the difference in passages for calcium ion, bicarbonate ion, and free CO2, the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concentrate stream will generally be quite different from those of the feed solution. This practice permits the calculation of the Langelier Saturation Index for the concentrate stream from the feed water analyses and the reverse osmosis operating parameters.
A positive Langelier Saturation Index indicates the tendency to form a calcium carbonate scale, which can be damaging to reverse osmosis performance. This practice gives various procedures for the adjustment of the Langelier saturation index.
The tendency to form CaCo3 scale can be suppressed by the addition of antiscalents or crystal modifiers. Suppliers of antisealents and crystal modifiers can provide information on the scale inhibition peformance of these types of chemical. Their use may be appropriate for reducing scale formation in RO systems. The RO system supplier should be consulted prior to the use of antisealents and crystal modifiers to ensure they will not have a negative impact on the RO system.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation and adjustment of the Langelier saturation index for the concentrate stream of a reverse osmosis device. This index is used to determine the need for calcium carbonate scale control in the operation and design of reverse osmosis installations. This practice is applicable for concentrate streams containing xx 10 to 10 000 mg/L of total dissolved solids. For concentrate containing over 10 000 mg/L see Practice D4582.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice covers the calculation and adjustment of the Langelier saturation index for the concentrate stream of a reverse osmosis device.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D19 on Water, this practice was withdrawn in January 2019 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Water treatment membrane devices can be used to produce potable water from brackish supplies and seawater as well as to upgrade the quality of industrial water. This standard permits the evaluation of the integrity and performance of membrane elements using visual observations and standard sets of conditions and are for short-term testing ( 24 h). This standard can be used to determine changes that may have occurred in the operating characteristics of elements but are not intended to be used for plant design.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the inspection, performance testing, autopsy and analytical work associated with evaluating pressure driven membrane separation elements (MF, UF, NF and RO).
1.2 This practice is applicable for elements when newly manufactured or at any time during their operation in a water treatment facility. The Analytical section covers only membrane surface and foulant analyses.
1.3 The data derived from these tests should be evaluated versus newly manufactured elements/bundles or against operating systems when they were initially brought on-stream, or both. Industry norms can also be used for comparative purposes.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice covers the inspection, performance testing, autopsy and analytical work associated with evaluating pressure driven membrane separation elements (MF, UF, NF and RO).
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D19 on Water, this practice was withdrawn in January 2019 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.