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ASTM D934-22

(Practice)

Standard Practices for Identification of Crystalline Compounds in Water-Formed Deposits By X-Ray Diffraction

Standard Practices for Identification of Crystalline Compounds in Water-Formed Deposits By X-Ray Diffraction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The identification of the crystalline structures in water-formed deposits assists in the determination of the deposit sources and mode of deposition. This information may lead to measures for the elimination or reduction of the water-formed deposits.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices provide for X-ray diffraction analysis of powdered crystalline compounds in water-formed deposits. Two are given as follows:    
Sections  
Practice A—Camera  
12 to 21  
Practice B—Diffractometer  
22 to 30  
1.2 Both practices yield qualitative identification of crystalline components of water-formed deposits for which X-ray diffraction data are available or can be obtained. Greater difficulty is encountered in identification when the number of crystalline components increases.  
1.3 Amorphous phases cannot be identified without special treatment. Oils, greases, and most organic decomposition products are not identifiable.  
1.4 The sensitivity for a given component varies with a combination of such factors as density, degree of crystallization, particle size, coincidence of strong lines of components and the kind and arrangement of the atoms of the components. Minimum percentages for identification may therefore range from 1 % to 40 %.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values listed in parenthesis are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8 and Note 20.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2022
ICS
13.060.30 - Sewage water
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.03 - Sampling Water and Water-Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use, On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D933-20 - Standard Practice for Reporting Results of Examination and Analysis of Water-Formed Deposits
Effective Date
01-May-2020

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ASTM D934-22 - Standard Practices for Identification of Crystalline Compounds in Water-Formed Deposits By X-Ray DiffractionASTM D934-22 - Standard Practices for Identification of Crystalline Compounds in Water-Formed Deposits By X-Ray Diffraction
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ASTM D934-22 - Standard Practices for Identification of Crystalline Compounds in Water-Formed Deposits By X-Ray Diffraction
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D934 −22
Standard Practices for
Identification of Crystalline Compounds in Water-Formed
1
Deposits By X-Ray Diffraction
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D934; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 These practices provide for X-ray diffraction analysis of
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
powdered crystalline compounds in water-formed deposits.
Two are given as follows:
2. Referenced Documents
Sections
2
Practice A—Camera 12 to 21 2.1 ASTM Standards:
Practice B—Diffractometer 22 to 30
D887 Practices for Sampling Water-Formed Deposits
1.2 Both practices yield qualitative identification of crystal- D933 Practice for Reporting Results of Examination and
line components of water-formed deposits for which X-ray
Analysis of Water-Formed Deposits
diffraction data are available or can be obtained. Greater D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
difficulty is encountered in identification when the number of
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
crystalline components increases. D2331 Practices for Preparation and Preliminary Testing of
Water-Formed Deposits
1.3 Amorphous phases cannot be identified without special
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
treatment. Oils, greases, and most organic decomposition
Sieves
products are not identifiable.
1.4 The sensitivity for a given component varies with a
3. Terminology
combination of such factors as density, degree of
3.1 For definitions of terms used in these practices, refer to
crystallization, particle size, coincidence of strong lines of
Terminology D1129.
components and the kind and arrangement of the atoms of the
components. Minimum percentages for identification may
4. Summary of Practices
therefore range from 1 % to 40 %.
4.1 Powdered samples are irradiated with a monochromatic
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
X-ray beam of short wavelength (from about 0.05 to 0.25 nm).
standard. The values listed in parenthesis are for information
The X rays interact with the atoms in the crystal and are
only.
scattered in a unique diffraction pattern which produces a
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
fingerprint of the crystal’s atomic or molecular structure. The
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
analytical instrumentation used in X-ray diffraction includes
3
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the powder camera and the diffractometer (1-5).
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Significance and Use
Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8 and
5.1 The identification of the crystalline structures in water-
Note 20.
formed deposits assists in the determination of the deposit
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
sources and mode of deposition. This information may lead to
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
measures for the elimination or reduction of the water-formed
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
deposits.
1
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water
2
and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.03 on Sampling Water and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Water-Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use, contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Currentedition approvedJuly 1,2022.PublishedJuly 2022.Originallyapproved the ASTM website.
3
in 1947. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D934 – 13, which was The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the references listed at the end of
withdrawn in January 2022 and reinstated in July 2022. DOI: 10.1520/D0934-22. these practices.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D934−22
6. Purity of Reagents 10.1.2 Sieves—A series of sieves from No. 100 mesh
(150-µm) to No. 325 mesh (45-µm) as specified in Specifica-
6.1 Reagent grade
...

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5.1 The goal of sampling is to obtain for analysis a portion of the whole that is representative. The most critical factors are the selection of sampling areas and number of samples, the method used for sampling, and the maintenance of the integrity of the sample prior to analysis. Analysis of water-formed deposits should give valuable information concerning cycle system chemistry, component corrosion, erosion, the failure mechanism, the need for chemical cleaning, the method of chemical cleaning, localized cycle corrosion, boiler carryover, flow patterns in a turbine, and the rate of radiation build-up. Some sources of water-formed deposits are cycle corrosion products, make-up water contaminants, and condenser cooling water contaminants.
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SCOPE
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Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Practice  
4  
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5  
Apparatus  
6  
Facilities  
6.1  
Container  
6.2  
Equipment  
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Hazards  
7  
Microcosm Components  
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Addition of Test Material  
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Measurements  
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5.1 Domestic wastewater headspace environments are corrosive due to the presence of sewer gases and sulfuric acid generated during the biogenic sulfide corrosion process.5 This operating procedure provides an accelerated exposure to sewer gases and concentration of sulfuric acid commonly produced by bacteria within these sewer environments.6  
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1.1 This practice covers the basic apparatus, procedures, and conditions required to create and maintain the severe wastewater analysis testing apparatus used for testing a protective coating or lining.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The principal characteristic of geomembranes is their intrinsically low permeability to a broad range of gases, vapors, and liquids, both as single-component fluids and as complex mixtures of many constituents. As low-permeable materials, geomembranes are being used in a wide range of engineering applications in geotechnical, environmental, and transportation areas as barriers to control the migration of mobile fluids and their constituents. The range of potential permeants is broad and the service conditions can differ greatly. This guide shows users test methods available for determining the permeability of geomembranes to various permeants.  
5.2 The transmission of various species through a geomembrane is subject to many factors that must be assessed in order to be able to predict its effectiveness for a specific service. Permeability measurements are affected by test conditions, and measurements made by one method cannot be translated from one application to another. A wide variety of permeability tests have been devised to measure the permeability of polymeric materials; however, only a limited number of these procedures have been applied to geomembranes. Test conditions and procedures should be selected to reflect actual service requirements as closely as possible. It should be noted that field conditions may be difficult to model or maintain in the laboratory. This may impact apparent performance of geomembrane samples.  
5.3 This guide discusses the mechanism of permeation of mobile chemical species through geomembranes and the permeability tests that are relevant to various types of applications and permeating species. Specific tests for the permeability of geomembranes to both single-component fluids and multicomponent fluids that contain a variety of permeants are described and discussed.
SCOPE
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1.1 This specification covers the minerology, specific gravity, and particle size distributions (PSDs) of silica-based sediments to be used in the laboratory performance testing of stormwater treatment devices as well as criteria defining acceptable error for the target PSDs.  
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