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ASTM C1709-11

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete

Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Common types of SCM include fly ash, slag cement, calcined clays, and silica fume. The introduction and widespread use of fly ash, slag cement, calcined clay, and silica fume have been characterized and supported by significant research and development programs, preconstruction testing, field testing and long term performance monitoring. As the technical and economic benefits of SCM have been recognized, and as sustainability and environmental awareness resulted in the need to develop new materials and new ways to use materials not previously utilized, new sources of potential SCM are being proposed for use in concrete as ASCM.
If an ASCM does not yet have a significant record of performance in concrete, a comprehensive evaluation based on this Guide should be undertaken, and it should be recognized that this ASCM might be introduced for a specific project or into a limited marketplace to initially demonstrate its performance. The user should bear in mind the intended end use of the ASCM and use appropriate test methods to establish its suitability. An ASCM that demonstrates good performance through a comprehensive evaluation as outlined in this guide could then be considered to have access to broader markets and could be considered for inclusion in an ASTM standard for SCM. For this reason, the test program to demonstrate acceptable performance should include concrete mixtures with a range of characteristics specific to the ASCM’s intended use.
In the absence of long-term durability or acceptable field performance, prospective users are advised to apply appropriate risk management and engineering practice in the use of an ASCM.
SCOPE
1.1 This Guide is intended to provide a technical approach to the evaluation of alternative supplementary cementitious materials such as pozzolans and hydraulic materials that fall outside the scope of Specifications C618, C989, and C1240. This Guide provides the initial steps for a comprehensive evaluation of an ASCM that provides due diligence for its specific intended uses in concrete; however, it does not evaluate conformance to all possible performance criteria for all types of concrete mixtures.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 Performing the tests or meeting the test limits in this guide should not imply that the material tested meets the requirements of Specifications C618, C989, and C1240. These materials should not be represented as such and each specific source is to be evaluated separately.
1.4 This guide does not purport to address all environmental and safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish the appropriate environmental, health, and safety issues, and identify appropriate risk management procedures.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jul-2011
ICS
91.100.10 - Cement. Gypsum. Lime. Mortar
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.24 - Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
ASTM C1897-20 - Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Reactivity of Supplementary Cementitious Materials by Isothermal Calorimetry and Bound Water Measurements
Effective Date
01-Aug-2011

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ASTM C1709-11 - Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in ConcreteASTM C1709-11 - Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete
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ASTM C1709-11 - Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1709 − 11
Standard Guide for
Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious
Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
Cement
1.1 This Guide is intended to provide a technical approach
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
to the evaluation of alternative supplementary cementitious
gregates
materials such as pozzolans and hydraulic materials that fall
C138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight),Yield,
outside the scope of Specifications C618, C989, and C1240.
and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
This Guide provides the initial steps for a comprehensive
C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement
evaluation of an ASCM that provides due diligence for its
Concrete
specific intended uses in concrete; however, it does not
C157/C157M Test Method for Length Change of Hardened
evaluate conformance to all possible performance criteria for
Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
all types of concrete mixtures.
C186 Test Method for Heat of Hydration of Hydraulic
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Cement
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
C204 Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by
standard.
Air-Permeability Apparatus
1.3 Performing the tests or meeting the test limits in this
C231/C231M Test Method forAir Content of Freshly Mixed
guide should not imply that the material tested meets the
Concrete by the Pressure Method
requirements of Specifications C618, C989, and C1240. These
C232/C232M Test Method for Bleeding of Concrete
materials should not be represented as such and each specific
C311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or
source is to be evaluated separately.
Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
1.4 This guide does not purport to address all environmen-
C403/C403M Test Method for Time of Setting of Concrete
tal and safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Mixtures by Penetration Resistance
responsibility of the user of this guide to establish the appro-
C430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the
priate environmental, health, and safety issues, and identify
45-µm (No. 325) Sieve
appropriate risk management procedures.
C457/C457M Test Method for Microscopical Determination
of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Con-
2. Referenced Documents
crete
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C469 Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and
C39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-
Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete in Compression
drical Concrete Specimens
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
C78 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using
Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)
C666/C666M Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
Rapid Freezing and Thawing
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube
C672/C672M Test Method for Scaling Resistance of Con-
Specimens)
crete Surfaces Exposed to Deicing Chemicals
C989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and
Mortars
Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.24 on
C1012/C1012M Test Method for Length Change of
Supplementary Cementitious Materials.
Hydraulic-Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published September 2011. DOI:
10.1520/C1709-11.
C1064/C1064M Test Method for Temperature of Freshly
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Mixed Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
C1202 Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1709 − 11
C1218/C1218M Test Method for Water-Soluble Chloride in technicalandeconomicbenefitsofSCMhavebeenrecognized,
Mortar and Concrete and as sustainability and environmental awareness resulted in
C1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious the need to develop new materials and new ways to use
Mixtures materials not previously utilized, new sources of potential
C1293 Test Method for Determination of Length Change of SCM are being proposed for use in concrete as ASCM.
Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction
4.2 If an ASCM does not yet have a significant record of
C1543 Test Method for Determining the Penetration of
performance in concrete, a comprehensive evaluation based on
Chloride Ion into Concrete by Ponding
this Guide should be undertaken, and it should be recognized
C1556 Test Method for Determining the Apparent Chloride
that this ASCM might be introduced for a specific project or
Diffusion Coefficient of Cementitious Mixtures by Bulk
into a limited marketplace to initially demonstrate its perfor-
Diffusion
mance. The user should bear in mind the intended end use of
C1567 Test Method for Determining the Potential Alkali-
the ASCM and use appropriate test methods to establish its
Silica Reactivity of Combinations of Cementitious Mate-
suitability. An ASCM that demonstrates good performance
rials and Aggregate (Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method)
through a comprehensive evaluation as outlined in this guide
C1585 Test Method for Measurement of Rate ofAbsorption
couldthenbeconsideredtohaveaccesstobroadermarketsand
of Water by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes
could be considered for inclusion in an ASTM standard for
C1679 Practice for Measuring Hydration Kinetics of Hy-
SCM. For this reason, the test program to demonstrate accept-
draulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Isothermal Calorim-
able performance should include concrete mixtures with a
etry
range of characteristics specific to the ASCM’s intended use.
C1702 Test Method for Measurement of Heat of Hydration
4.3 Intheabsenceoflong-termdurabilityoracceptablefield
of Hydraulic Cementitious Materials Using Isothermal
performance, prospective users are advised to apply appropri-
Conduction Calorimetry
ate risk management and engineering practice in the use of an
D3987 Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with
ASCM.
Water
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal
5. Evaluation Program
and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
2.2 ACI Standards:
5.1 Classification of Materials—The performance of the
ACI 211.1 Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for
evaluated ASCM should be compared to that of one of the
Normal, Heavyweight and Mass Concrete
existing types of SCM as listed in 1.1. The ASCM should not
ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Con-
be classified as being a variant of, or equivalent to, an existing
crete and Commentary
type of SCM. The material should be described as an “alter-
native supplementary cementitious material (ASCM).” The
3. Terminology
process that is responsible for generating theASCM should be
3.1 Definitions:
indicated on any reports such that any significant variations in
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to
that process would be noted when it occurs.
Terminology C125.
5.2 Evaluation of the Material:
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5.2.1 General—Evaluate the ASCM in a comprehensive
3.2.1 alternative supplementary cementitious materials
laboratorytestprogramfollowedbyfieldtrials.Asampleofthe
(ASCM), n—inorganic materials that react pozzolanically or
ASCM used for this evaluation should be representative of its
hydraulically, and beneficially contribute to the strength,
source. A phased program suitable for many types of ASCMs
durability, workability, or other characteristics of concrete, and
is as follows:
does not meet Specifications C618, C989, and C1240.
Stage I—Characterization of the Material
3.2.2 supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), n—a Stage II—Determination of Suitable Fineness
slag cement or pozzolan that contributes to the properties of
Stage III—Testing to Specification C618, C989,or C1240
concrete or mortar through hydraulic or pozzolanic activity or
Stage IV—Concrete Performance Tests
both; and meets one of the following: Specification C618,
Stage V—Field Trials and Long-Term Performance and
C989,or C1240.
Durability
5.2.2 Stage I: Characterization of the Material—Conduct a
4. Significance and Use
chemical analysis of the material. The chemical analysis
4.1 Common types of SCM include fly ash, slag cement,
should include the quantity of major, minor, and trace element
calcined clays, and silica fume. The introduction and wide-
constituents using any relevant method including x-ray
spread use of fly ash, slag cement, calcined clay, and silica
fluorescence, atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively
fume have been characterized and supported by significant
coupled plasma spectroscopy, and any appropriate standard
research and development programs, preconstruction testing,
methods in Test Methods C114, C311, and D4326. When
field testing and long term performance monitoring. As the
interpreting the data, consideration should be given to the
potential for the compounds present to be injurious to the
hydration of cement or properties of the concrete. If such
Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.concrete.org. compoundsarepresent,thensuitabletestsshouldbeconducted
C1709 − 11
to determine the “availability” of these compounds to partici- should be evaluated in a broad range of concr
...

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5.1 The electrical resistivity of a concrete is the opposition to the movement of ions under an applied electric field. The electrical conductivity of a concrete is a measure of how readily the ions in the pore solution can be transported through the concrete under an applied electric field (the higher the conductivity, the greater the rate of transport). The electrical resistivity or conductivity is a material property that depends upon the pore volume, the pore structure (size and connectivity), the pore solution composition, the degree of saturation of the concrete specimen, and the specimen’s temperature. Concrete mixture characteristics that are known to affect concrete electrical resistivity, as well as resistance to chloride ion penetration, include water-cementitious materials ratio, pozzolans, slag cement, the presence of polymeric admixtures, air-entrainment, aggregate type, aggregate volume fraction, degree of consolidation, curing method, and age.  
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4.1 The test methods in this standard are used to evaluate freshly mixed properties such as the initial flow, flow retention, and healing time as well as hardened properties such as compressive strength, setting time, and flexural strength, of self-leveling mortars.  
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ASTM C1803/C1803M-23(Guide)
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5.1 Wear on mortar surfaces can be generated by a number of factors including skidding, scraping or sliding of objects on the surface, foot and tire traffic. This guide provides a means to quantify the abrasion resistance of treated or untreated mortars and other similar products.
FIG. 1 Rotary Platform Abraser
FIG. 2 Arrangement of Rotary Platform Abraser Test Set-up  
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1.1 This guide is intended to assist in establishing procedures for determining the relative abrasion resistance of treated or untreated mortar surfaces.  
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Note 1: Other procedures used to measure abrasion resistance of concrete surfaces include Test Methods C418, C779/C779M, C944/C944M, and C1138M. Other methods that reference the rotary platform abraser and may be of interest include Specification C744 and Test Methods C1353, D4060 and F510.  
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4.1 This test method provides a means for measuring the temperature of freshly mixed concrete. The measured temperature represents the temperature at the time of testing and may not be an indication of the temperature of the freshly mixed concrete at a later time. It may be used to verify conformance to a specified requirement for temperature of concrete.  
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4.1 This test method provides a means of detecting the potential of an aggregate intended for use in concrete for undergoing alkali-silica reaction resulting in potentially deleterious internal expansion. It is based on the NBRI Accelerated Test Method (1-4).3 It is especially useful for aggregates that react slowly or produce expansion late in the reaction. However, it does not evaluate combinations of aggregates with cementitious materials nor are the test conditions representative of those encountered by concrete in service.  
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4.1 The results of mortar mixture tests can be suitable for comparing the relative performance of combinations of concrete-making materials such as fine aggregate, chemical admixtures, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), water, and hydraulic cement. Furthermore, this guide can be useful to identify unexpected performances due to combination of various materials. The relative trends in performance observed with the mortar method may suggest relative performance in concrete mixtures batched with the same materials and relative mixture proportions.  
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1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with this guide. Some values only have SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in guide.  
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4.1 This test method is intended to provide a means of assessing the ability of a hydraulic-cement grout to retain a stable volume during the stipulated testing period of 28 days, provided that the tendency to change height does not include the effects of drying caused by evaporation, uptake of moisture, carbonation, or exposure to temperatures outside the range 23.0 °C ± 2.0 °C [73 °F ± 3.5 °F] (Note 2). An exception is made when the options described in the section on test conditions are exercised.  
Note 2: This test method does not measure the change in height before setting (see Test Method C827/C827M).
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1.1 This test method covers measurement of the changes in height of hydraulic-cement grout by the use of 75 mm by 150 mm [3 in. by 6 in.] cylinders, when the cylinders are protected so that the tendency to change in height does not include evaporation so as to cause drying, uptake of moisture, carbonation, or exposure to temperatures outside the range 23 °C ± 2.0 °C [73 °F ± 3.5 °F] or, optionally, to another specified temperature controlled within ±2.0 °C [±3.5 °F].  
1.2 If desired, this test method can be adapted to studies of changes in height involving either schedules or environmental treatment different from the standard procedures prescribed by this test method.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to exposed skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C827/C827M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Change in Height at Early Ages of Cylindrical Specimens of Cementitious Mixtures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means for comparing the relative shrinkage or expansion of cementitious mixtures. It is particularly applicable to grouting, patching, and form-filling operations where the objective is to completely fill a cavity or other defined space with a freshly mixed cementitious mixture that will continue to fill the same space at time of hardening. It would be appropriate to use this test method as a basis for prescribing mixtures having restricted or specified volume change before the mixture becomes hard.  
4.2 This test method can be used for research purposes to provide information on volume changes taking place in cementitious mixtures between the time just after mixing and the time of hardening. However, the specimen used in this test method is not completely unrestrained so that the measurements are primarily useful for comparative purposes rather than as absolute values. Further, the degree of restraint to which the specimen is subjected varies with the viscosity and degree of hardening of the mixture.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of change in height of cylindrical specimens from the time of molding until the mixture is hard.  
1.2 This test method covers height change measurements at early ages for cementitious mixtures of paste, grout, mortar, and concrete.  
1.3 This test method is intended for determination of changes in height that occur from the time of placement until the specimen is fully hard. These include shrinkage or expansion due to hydration, settlement, evaporation, and other physical and chemical effects.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined  
1.5 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes shall not be considered as requirements of the test method.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to exposed skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C387/C387M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materials for Concrete and High Strength Mortar

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the production, properties, packaging, and testing of packaged, dry, combined materials for concrete and mortars. Concrete mixtures covered by this specification includes high-early strength concrete, normal strength concrete, normal weight concrete, high-strength mortar, and mortars for unit masonry. The purchaser shall specify the material desired as concrete, high strength mortar, or mortar for use with unit masonry, and the respective physical requirements. Materials used as ingredients in packaged, dry, combined materials for mortar and concrete shall be composed of aggregates, air-entraining admixtures, blended cement, chemical admixtures, fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, hydrated lime, latex and powder polymer modifiers, masonry cement, mortar cement, Portland cement, and silica fume. All aggregates shall be dried, without disintegration, to specific moisture content The proportions of cementitious material and aggregate shall be such that the strength requirements will be met. Packaged, dry, combined materials for concrete, high strength mortar and mortar for use with unit masonry shall conform to the respective compressive strength requirements. Scales conforming to the standards will be used for sampling concretes from a single batch using a sufficient quantity. A slump test will be performed to check if additional water is required. In sampling mortar, the contents of an entire package of dry, combined material for mortar for unit masonry or for concrete mortar shall be used. Mortar mixing equipment, which must be provided with a bowl positioning adapter, shall be used to ensure clearance for the largest size aggregate in the mix being tested. The specification includes the following testing methods for mortar: compressive strength, density and yield, air content, and water retention.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the production, properties, packaging, and testing of packaged, dry, combined materials for concrete and high strength mortar. The classifications of concrete and mortar covered are defined in Section 3.
Note 1: The scope of this standard does not cover mortars for unit masonry. Dry preblended mortars for unit masonry are covered by Specification C1714/C1714M.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.3 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C87/C87M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Effect of Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregate on Strength of Mortar

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is of significance in making a final determination of the acceptability of fine aggregates with respect to the requirements of Specification C33/C33M concerning organic impurities.  
5.2 This test method is applicable to those samples which, when tested in accordance with Test MethodC40/C40M, have produced a supernatant liquid with a color darker than the standard listed in Table 1 of C40/C40M (Organic plate No. 3, Gardner Color Standard No. 14, Circular Disk No. 14 or prepared color solution).  
5.3 Many specifications provide for the acceptance of fine aggregate producing a darker color in the Test Method C40/C40M test, if testing by this test method indicates the strength of the mortar cubes prepared with the unwashed fine aggregate is comparable to the strength of mortar cubes made with the washed fine aggregate.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effect on mortar strength of the organic impurities in fine aggregate, whose presence is indicated using Test Method C40/C40M. Comparison is made between compressive strengths of mortar made with washed and unwashed fine aggregate.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in the practice.
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitous mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to exposed skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)2  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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