ASTM D381-12
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
Standard Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The true significance of this test method for determining gum in motor gasoline is not firmly established. It has been proved that high gum can cause induction-system deposits and sticking of intake valves, and in most instances, it can be assumed that low gum will ensure absence of induction-system difficulties. The user should, however, realize that the test method is not of itself correlative to induction-system deposits. The primary purpose of the test method, as applied to motor gasoline, is the measurement of the oxidation products formed in the sample prior to or during the comparatively mild conditions of the test procedure. Since many motor gasolines are purposely blended with nonvolatile oils or additives, the heptane extraction step is necessary to remove these from the evaporation residue so that the deleterious material, gum, may be determined. With respect to aviation turbine fuels, large quantities of gum are indicative of contamination of fuel by higher boiling oils or particulate matter and generally reflect poor handling practices in distribution downstream of the refinery.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the existent gum content of aviation fuels, and the gum content of motor gasolines or other volatile distillates in their finished form, (including those containing alcohol and ether type oxygenates and deposit control additivessee Note 7 for additional information) at the time of test.
1.2 Provisions are made for the determination of the heptane insoluble portion of the residue of non-aviation fuels.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa); the accepted SI unit for temperature is degrees Celsius.
1.4 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s websitehttp://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.4, and 9.1.
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D381 − 12
Standard Test Method for
1
Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D381; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheexistent 2.1 ASTM Standards:
gum content of aviation fuels, and the gum content of motor D1655Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
gasolines or other volatile distillates in their finished form, D4057Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
(including those containing alcohol and ether type oxygenates Petroleum Products
and deposit control additives—see Note 7 for additional E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
information) at the time of test. E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Determine Conformance with Specifications
1.2 Provisionsaremadeforthedeterminationoftheheptane
3
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
insoluble portion of the residue of non-aviation fuels.
IP Standard Methods forAnalysis and Testing of Petroleum
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Products
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
IP540Determinationoftheexistentgumcontentofaviation
standard.
turbine fuel – jet evaporation method
1.3.1 TheacceptedSIunitofpressureisthePascal(Pa);the
3. Terminology
accepted SI unit for temperature is degrees Celsius.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
3.1.1 existent gum, n—the evaporation residue of aviation
regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
fuels, without any further treatment.
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
3.2 For non-aviation fuels, the following definitions apply.
materials.Cautionshouldbetakenwhenhandlingmercuryand
3.3 solvent washed gum content, n—the residue remaining
mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-
when the evaporation residue (see 3.4) has been washed with
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
heptane and the washings discarded.
website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for addi-
3.3.1 Discussion—For motor gasoline or non-aviation
tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury
gasoline, solvent washed gum content was previously referred
and/or mercury containing products into your state or country
to as existent gum.
may be prohibited by law.
3.4 unwashed gum content, n—the evaporation residue of
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the product or component under test, without any further
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
treatment.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Summary of Test Method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
4.1 When testing either aviation or motor gasoline, a 50 6
warning statements, see 6.4, 7.4, and 9.1.
0.5 mL quantity of fuel is evaporated under controlled condi-
tionsoftemperatureandflowofair(seeTable1).Whentesting
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 15, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D381–09. DOI: Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
10.1520/D0381-12.
U.K.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D381 − 12
TABLE 1 Schedule of Test Conditions
Vaporizing Operating Temperature
Sample Type
Medium Bath Test Well
Aviation and motor gasoline air 160 to 165°C 150 to 160°C
Aviation turbine fuel steam 232 to 246°C 229 to 235°C
aviation turbine fuel, a 50 6 0.5 mL quantity of fuel is
evaporated under controlled conditions of temperature and
flow of steam (see Table 1). For aviation gasoline and aviation
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D381–09 Designation:D381–12
Standard Test Method for
1
Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D381; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1This1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheexistentgumcontentofaviationfuels,andthegumcontentofmotor
gasolines or other volatile distillates in their finished form, (including those containing alcohol and ether type oxygenates and
deposit control additives—see Note 7 for additional information) at the time of test.
1.2 Provisions are made for the determination of the heptane insoluble portion of the residue of non-aviation fuels.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa); the accepted SI unit for temperature is degrees Celsius.
1.4
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central
nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution
should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware
that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.4, and 9.1.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
3
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
IP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum Products
IP 540 Determination of the existent gum content of aviation turbine fuel – jet evaporation method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 existent gumexistent gum, n—the evaporation residue of aviation fuels, without any further treatment.
3.2 For non-aviation fuels, the following definitions apply.
3.3 solvent washed gum contentsolvent washed gum content, n—the residue remaining when the evaporation residue (see 3.4)
has been washed with heptane and the washings discarded.
3.3.1 Discussion—For motor gasoline or non-aviation gasoline, solvent washed gum content was previously referred to as
existent gum.
3.4 unwashed gum contentunwashed gum content, n—the evaporation residue of the product or component under test, without
any further treatment.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14 on
Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
´1
Current edition approved April 15, 2009. Published April 2009. Originally approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D381– 04 . DOI:
10.1520/D0381-09.
CurrenteditionapprovedApril15,2012.PublishedMay2012.Originallyapprovedin1934.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2009asD381–09.DOI:10.1520/D0381-12.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D381–12
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1When4.1 When testing either aviation or motor gaso
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.