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ASTM D5426-08e1

(Practice)

Standard Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading of Fabrics Used for Inflatable Restraints

Standard Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading of Fabrics Used for Inflatable Restraints

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These practices are suitable for incorporation in a specification. Any reference to material or cushion specification in these practices shall mean any similar agreement between the purchaser and supplier relating to the inspection and acceptance of fabric intended for inflatable restraint use.
These practices constitute the terminology, conditions, equipment, and procedures by which rolls of inflatable restraint fabrics or cut parts are inspected and graded.
A specification incorporating these practices may deviate from them to account for considerations of fabric property, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint cushion design, or a combination thereof. Whenever such deviations from standard occur, they are recorded in the report.
These practices acknowledge that, in the normal course of production, acceptable rolls of fabric will be produced containing imperfections; subsequently, pieces will be cut from the rolls and those pieces that contain imperfections restricted in Tables 1-5 will be culled at that time.
The accuracy in the results from visually inspecting fabric using these practices is affected by the ability of the inspector to detect, identify, and evaluate the severity of an imperfection in a moving fabric or in a cut part. Such ability can be affected by visual acuity, viewing distance, fabric traverse speed, lighting conditions, inspector discipline and training, and the availability and accuracy of suitable visual aids.
Systematic bias may result from using these practices whenever the precision or scale of the visual aids used to identify and quantify imperfections differs between the purchaser and supplier.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover procedures for the inspection and grading of coated and uncoated woven flat and one-piece woven (OPW) fabrics, and for the inspection and culling of cut parts made of such fabrics, all of which are used in the manufacture of inflatable restraint cushions.
1.2 For ease of reference, the scope, summary of practice, significance and use, apparatus, sampling, procedure, and report sections are listed separately for each inspection practice.
Inspection PracticeSection  Fabric Rolls7 Cut Pieces & OPW8
1.3 These practices can be used to distinguish those fabric imperfections that may adversely affect inflatable restraint cushion fabrication or performance from those imperfections that will not.
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in these practices may be used by agreement of the purchaser and supplier with the specific deviations from these practices acknowledged in the report.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2008
ICS
59.080.01 - Textiles in general
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.20 - Inflatable Restraints
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5426-08 - Standard Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading of Fabrics Used for Inflatable Restraints
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Replaced By
ASTM D5426-12 - Standard Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading of Fabrics Used for Inflatable Restraints
Effective Date
01-Dec-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7139-20 - Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM D4850-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008

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ASTM D5426-08e1 - Standard Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading of Fabrics Used for Inflatable RestraintsASTM D5426-08e1 - Standard Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading of Fabrics Used for Inflatable Restraints
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ASTM D5426-08e1 - Standard Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading of Fabrics Used for Inflatable Restraints
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:D5426 −08
StandardPractices for
Visual Inspection and Grading of Fabrics Used for Inflatable
1
Restraints
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5426; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—In Table 4, the definition for “Missing yarn” was corrected editorially from “a yarn discontinuity.” to “more
than one yarn discontinuity.” in April 2011.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 These practices cover procedures for the inspection and 2.1 ASTM Standards:
grading of coated and uncoated woven flat and one-piece D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
woven (OPW) fabrics, and for the inspection and culling of cut D6799 Terminology Relating to Inflatable Restraints
3
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
parts made of such fabrics, all of which are used in the
manufacture of inflatable restraint cushions. Reference Photographs of Imperfections
1.2 For ease of reference, the scope, summary of practice,
3. Terminology
significance and use, apparatus, sampling, procedure, and
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.20, Inflatable
report sections are listed separately for each inspection prac-
restraints, refer to Terminology D6799.
tice.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
Inspection Practice Section
abrasion,airsplice,bleedthrough,blip,brokenfilament,bruise,
coating slub, coating streak, coating transfer, contamination,
Fabric Rolls 7
Cut Pieces & OPW 8
cushion, defect, filling bar, finished, foreign matter, grading,
hard contamination, heavy coating streak, hole, imperfection,
1.3 These practices can be used to distinguish those fabric
inflatable restraint, inspection, light coating, light coating
imperfections that may adversely affect inflatable restraint
streak, long float, loop, major imperfection, minor
cushion fabrication or performance from those imperfections
imperfection, missing coating, missing yarn, misweave,
that will not.
module, rework, sharp crease, short float, short knot, soft
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in
contamination, spit mark, stain, stitching, tight yarn, yarn
these practices may be used by agreement of the purchaser and
streak.
supplier with the specific deviations from these practices
3.2 For all other terms related to textiles, see Terminology
acknowledged in the report.
D123.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information 4. Summary of Practices
only.
4.1 Rolls of finished or coated fabric are examined for
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
imperfections as the fabric traverses an inspection station.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
They are graded per Tables Tables 1-5 .
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.2 Cut pieces are inspected individually for imperfections.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Cut pieces containing imperfections are culled from use for
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
later review.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
These practices are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles contact ASTM Customer Service ast service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.20 on Inflatable Restraints. Standardsvolume information, refer to the standrd’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D5426 – 07a. DOI:
Available from: ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
10.1520/D5426-08E01.
ADJD5426. Original adjunct produced in 1996.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D5426−08
TABLE 1 Coating Non-Uniformity
Limits
Imperfection Definition
Minimum Maximum
A
Maximum Size
B
Separation Frequency
Soft the presence of materials not specified as part of the coating 15 mm diameter 2
contamination or fabric within or on the coating layer, such material visibly none within the line
appearing to be of small size, smooth in surface texture, and where two OPW
of a thickness that does not protrude significantly above the inflatable layers
surface of the coating layer. Examples are dirt, smudge, lint, interface
human hair, yarn filaments, and flies and similarly small
insects. Soft contamination not listed herein shall be from a
known source which is demon
...

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5.1 This test method may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarns and cords.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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Standard Practice for Water in Lint Cotton by Oven Evaporation Combined with Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration

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5.1 The water content of raw or lint cotton determined by this practice, calculated from the required volume of reagent, may be greater, equal to or less than the moisture content measured by standard oven drying methods. These differences may be of significance in commercial transactions (1-3)4 (see also Appendix X2). Water content by this method is not to be considered the same attribute as moisture content.  
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5.1 This practice is not recommended for acceptance testing because the information obtained is qualitative rather than quantitative in nature.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These practices are suitable for incorporation in a specification. Any reference to material or cushion specification in these practices shall mean any similar agreement between the purchaser and supplier relating to the inspection and acceptance of fabric intended for inflatable restraint use.  
5.2 These practices constitute the terminology, conditions, equipment, and procedures by which rolls of inflatable restraint fabrics or cut parts are inspected and graded.  
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1.1 These practices cover procedures for the inspection and grading of coated and uncoated woven flat and one-piece woven (OPW) fabrics, and for the inspection and culling of cut parts made of such fabrics, all of which are used in the manufacture of inflatable restraint cushions.  
1.2 For ease of reference, the scope, summary of practice, significance and use, apparatus, sampling, procedure, and report sections are listed separately for each inspection practice.    
Inspection Practice  
Section  
Fabric Rolls  
7  
Cut Pieces & OPW  
8  
1.3 These practices can be used to distinguish those fabric imperfections that may adversely affect inflatable restraint cushion fabrication or performance from those imperfections that will not.  
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5.1 Seam strength testing is used for design validation and for lot acceptance.  
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5.4 Test Method D5822 is a reliable test method but procedures which may require special attention are identified in the precision and bias section of this test method.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of seam efficiency and the maximum seam strength in inflatable restraint cushions composed of woven fabrics when a force is applied perpendicular to the seam, using a grab test. For evaluating sewing thread, refer to Test Method D204.  
1.2 This test method is restricted to seams that are either obtained from an inflatable restraint cushion or prepared off-line, specifically for testing, using fabric blanks, not obtained from a previously sewn cushion assembly. Seams may include but are not limited to sewn, OPW, glued, sealed and sewn, or fused (chemically or thermally). This test method can be used for either lot testing of production cushions, or for research and development purposes.  
1.3 This test method is used when the measurement of a resistance to a specified force, a breaking force, a minimum elongation, or a combination thereof are required to determine the seam strength, or seam integrity of a particular fabric for inflatable restraint use.  
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1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.  
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ASTM D4848-98(2018)(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles

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1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of definitions of technical terms related to force and deformation properties when evaluating a stress-strain curve of a textile. (See Figs. X1.1 and X1.2.) A chart showing the relationship of the basic terms is shown in Table 1. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 For other terms associated with textiles, refer to Terminology D123.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5253-04(2016)(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Floor Coverings and Textile Upholstered Furniture

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1.1 This standard is a compilation of all terminology developed by Subcommittee D13.62 on Labeling and related to refurbishing or care of floor coverings and textile upholstered furniture, excluding leather. These items cannot be refurbished by the laundering and dry cleaning methods used for apparel and other domestic textile products.  
1.2 This document defines terms for the care of textile floor coverings and textile upholstered furniture. The exact care instructions and sequence of procedures are to be determined by the manufacturer.  
1.3 The recommended terminology covers common meanings used by both textile technologists and consumers.  
1.4 This terminology is not applicable to unattached fabrics, such as slipcovers, used for covering furniture.  
1.5 When care labels are provided, a standardized terminology in a logical sequence facilitates the maximum disclosure of essential information in small label space and assists understanding of recommended care practices by the consumer.  
1.6 The use of either a permanent or a nonattached care instruction should not preclude the use of the alternative as an additional source of information to the consumer.  
1.7 The term “only” in any label term limits the procedure to the stated instruction.  
1.8 This terminology is unique to the care of textile floor coverings and upholstered furniture. Meanings of the same terms outside the industry can be found in other compilations or dictionaries of general usage.  
1.9 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, Terminology D5253 is also useful for managing the subcommittee's terminology.  
1.10 Terms listed are under the jurisdiction of SC D13.62.  
1.11 For definitions of refurbishing or care terms for apparel, textile, home furnishing, and leather products cleaned by laundering or dry cleaning methods, see Terminology D3136.  
1.12 For definitions of other textile terms, see Terminology D123.

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Standard Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles

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5.1 Qualitative and quantitative fiber identification is actively pursued by committee RA24 (Fiber Identification) of AATCC and presented in AATCC Test Methods 20 and 20A. Since precision and bias development is also part of the AATCC test methods, both AATCC and ASTM D13 have agreed that new development will take place in RA24. However, because there is valuable information still present in the ASTM standards, D13.51 has agreed Test MethodsD276 and D629 will be maintained as active standards by ASTM.  
5.2 Test Methods D629 for the determination of quantitative analysis of textiles may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments but caution is advised since information on between-laboratory precision is lacking. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2.1 or in Standard Tables D1909 may be advisable.  
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results using Test Methods D629 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimen should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
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1.2 These test methods cover procedures for the following fiber types:  
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Hemp
Flax
Ramie
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Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Methods  
4  
Uses and Significance  
5  
Sampling  
7  
Purity of Reagents  
6  
Moisture Content or Moisture Regain  
9  
Nonfibrous Materials  
8  
Mechanical Separation or Dissection  
10  
Chemical Test Methods:  
Summary of Methods  
11  
Specimens and Symbols  
12  
No. 1 Acetate Mixed With Other Fibers  
13  
No. 2 Modacrylic Mixed With Cellulosic Fiber or Wool  
14  
No. 3 Nylon 6 or Nylon 6-6 Mixed With Natural Fibers or Rayon  
15  
No. 4 Rayon Mixed With Cotton  
16  
No. 5 Wool or Polyester Mixed With Cellulosic Fibers or Silk  
17  
No. 6 Polyester or Acrylic Mixed With Wool  
18  
No. 7 Natural Cellulosic Material and Rayon Mixed With Acrylic, Modacrylic, and Polyester  
19  
No. 8 Polyester Mixed With Olefin  
20  
No. 9 Polyester Mixe...

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ASTM
ASTM D6419-00(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Volatile Content of Sheet-Fed and Coldset Web Offset Printing Inks

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is the procedure of choice for determining volatile content of sheet-fed and coldset web offset inks. This information is useful to the ink manufacturer and user and to environmental interests as part of the determination of the mass of volatile organic compounds emitted from the ink.
Note 3: Since these inks do not contain water or any materials currently classified by US EPA as negligibly photochemically reactive (exempt solvents), volatile organic compound content is the same as volatile content. The volatile organic compounds in these inks are high boiling hydrocarbon oils which are, according to US EPA guidelines, 95 % retained in the printed substrate or oxidized into the ink film. Therefore, the mass of volatile organic compound emitted from the ink would be calculated as only 5 % of the volatile organic compound content of the ink as derived from the results of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determination of the weight percent volatile content of sheet-fed and coldset web offset printing inks. Test specimens are heated at 110 °C ± 1 °C for 60 min.
Note 1: Coldset web offset printing is often (also) referred to as non-heatset web offset printing.  
1.2 This test method is also applicable to sheet-fed and coldset web offset printing ink vehicles.
Note 2: Vehicle is the liquid portion of the printing ink. Any substance that is dissolved in the liquid portion of the ink is a part of the vehicle.  
1.3 This test method is not applicable to ultra-violet (UV) or electron beam cured materials, which must be cured by exposure to UV light or an electron beam as part of the test for volatile content.  
1.4 This test method is based on Test Method D2369, in which the allowable ranges are ±0.1 g for specimen weight and ±5 °C for oven temperature. Interlaboratory studies have shown that specimen weight and oven temperature must both be more tightly controlled in order to improve the precision of test results for sheet-fed and coldset web-offset inks. Such inks typically contain a wide range of high-boiling hydrocarbons and often have a volatile content below 25 %.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement see 7.5.1  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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