ASTM C359-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Mortar Method)
Standard Test Method for Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Mortar Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this test method is to determine the degree to which a cement mortar develops early stiffening. It is intended for use by those interested in methods for determining the potential early stiffening of hydraulic cement.
When used for estimating the relative tendency of a cement to manifest early stiffening, a judgment may be made by comparing the behavior in the penetration series (see 10.4.1 and 10.4.2) and the remix procedure (see 10.4.3) to differentiate a relatively less serious and less persistent tendency to early stiffening (false set) from one that is more persistent and, consequently, more serious (flash set).
Severe false setting in a cement may cause difficulty from a placing and handling standpoint, but it is not likely to cause difficulties where concrete is mixed for a longer time than usual, as usually occurs in transit mixing, or where it is remixed prior to placing or transporting, in concrete pumping operations. It is most likely noticed where concrete is mixed for a short period of time in stationary mixers and transported to the forms in non-agitating equipment, as on some paving jobs, and when concrete is made in an on-site batch plant.
Cements with severe false setting usually require slightly more mixing water to produce the same consistency, which may result in slightly lower strengths and increased drying shrinkage.
Early stiffening resulting from false set is not likely to cause a cement to fail the applicable time of setting requirement.
Early stiffening resulting from flash set, depending on severity, can cause a cement to fail the applicable time of setting requirement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of early stiffening in hydraulic-cement mortar.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure. The use of gloves, protective clothing, and eye protection is recommended. Wash contact area with copious amounts of water after contact. Wash eyes for a minimum of 15 min. Avoid exposure of the body to clothing saturated with the liquid phase of the unhardened material. Remove contaminated clothing immediately after exposure. )
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
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Designation: C359 − 08
StandardTest Method for
1
Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Mortar Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* mal Consistency of Hydraulic Cement Paste
C305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement
1.1 This test method covers the determination of early
Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
stiffening in hydraulic-cement mortar.
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
C778 Specification for Sand
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
C1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices for
tion only and are not considered standard.
Determining Mass and Volume for Use in the Physical
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the Testing of Hydraulic Cements
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh
hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause 3. Terminology
chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.
3.1 Definitions:
The use of gloves, protective clothing, and eye protection is
3.1.1 early stiffening, n—the early development of stiffness
recommended. Wash contact area with copious amounts of
in the working characteristics of a hydraulic-cement paste,
wateraftercontact.Washeyesforaminimumof15min.Avoid
mortar, or concrete; varieties include false set and flash set.
exposureofthebodytoclothingsaturatedwiththeliquidphase
3.1.2 false set, n—the early development of stiffness in the
of the unhardened material. Remove contaminated clothing
2 working characteristics of a hydraulic-cement paste, mortar, or
immediately after exposure. )
concrete without the evolution of much heat, which stiffness
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
can be dispelled and plasticity regained by further mixing
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
without addition of water; also known as “grab set,” “
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
premature stiffening,” “hesitation set,” and “rubber set.”
as requirements of the standard.
3.1.3 flash set, n—the early development of stiffness in the
working characteristics of a hydraulic-cement paste, mortar, or
2. Referenced Documents
concrete, usually with the evolution of considerable heat,
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
which stiffness cannot be dispelled nor can the plasticity be
C183 Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing of
regained by further mixing without addition of water; also
Hydraulic Cement
known as “quick set.”
C185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement
Mortar
4. Summary of Test Method
C187 Test Method for Amount of Water Required for Nor-
4.1 Amortar is prepared with the cement to be tested, using
specifiedquantitiesofcement,standardsand,andanamountof
1 water that will produce a mortar with an initial penetration of
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C01 on Cement
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.30 on Time of Set.
46 63mm,usingthemodifiedVicatapparatus.Measurements
Current edition approved June 1, 2008. Published June 2008. Originally
of penetration are made at stipulated intervals after the begin-
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C359 – 07. DOI:
ning of the mixing procedure. Upon completion of the first
10.1520/C0359-08.
2
series of penetration measurements, the mortar is returned to
Section on Safety, Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of ASTM
Standards, Vol 04.01.
the mixer to be remixed. Following the remix procedure, an
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
additional penetration, termed the remix penetration, is deter-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mined. The report is a tabulation of the penetration measure-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. ments and the amount of mixing water used.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C359–07 Designation: C 359 – 08
Standard Test Method for
1
Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Mortar Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of early stiffening in hydraulic-cement mortar.
1.2The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions
to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and
tissue upon prolonged exposure. The use of gloves, protective clothing, and eye protection is recommended. Wash contact area
withcopiousamountsofwateraftercontact.Washeyesforaminimumof15min.Avoidexposureofthebodytoclothingsaturated
2
with the liquid phase of the unhardened material. Remove contaminated clothing immediately after exposure. )
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 183 Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing of Hydraulic Cement
C 185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
C 187 Test Method for Normal Consistency of Hydraulic Cement
C 305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials
C 778 Specification for Standard Sand
C 1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices for Determining Mass and Volume for Use in the Physical Testing of
Hydraulic Cements
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
E 2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 early stiffening, n—the early development of stiffness in the working characteristics of a hydraulic-cement paste, mortar,
or concrete; varieties include false set and flash set.
3.1.2 false set, n—the early development of stiffness in the working characteristics of a hydraulic-cement paste, mortar, or
concrete without the evolution of much heat, which stiffness can be dispelled and plasticity regained by further mixing without
addition of water; also known as “grab set,” “ premature stiffening,” “hesitation set,” and “rubber set.”
3.1.3 flash set, n—the early development of stiffness in the working characteristics of a hydraulic-cement paste, mortar, or
concrete, usually with the evolution of considerable heat, which stiffness cannot be dispelled nor can the plasticity be regained by
further mixing without addition of water; also known as “quick set.”
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A mortar is prepared with the cement to be tested, using specified quantities of cement, standard sand, and an amount of
water that will produce a mortar with an initial penetration of 46 6 3 mm, using the modified Vicat apparatus. Measurements of
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.30 on Time of Set.
Current edition approved June 1, 2007.2008. Published July 2007.June 2008. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 20062007 as C 359 – 067.
2
Section on Safety, Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C70
...
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