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ASTM G76-02

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets

Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of material loss by gas-entrained solid particle impingement erosion with jetnozzle type erosion equipment. This test method may be used in the laboratory to measure the solid particle erosion of different materials and has been used as a screening test for ranking solid particle erosion rates of materials in simulated service environments (1, 2). Actual erosion service involves particle sizes, velocities, attack angles, environments, etc., that will vary over a wide range (3-5). Hence, any single laboratory test may not be sufficient to evaluate expected service performance. This test method describes one well characterized procedure for solid particle impingement erosion measurement for which interlaboratory test results are available.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2002
ICS
77.060 - Corrosion of metals
Technical Committee
G02 - Wear and Erosion
Drafting Committee
G02.10 - Erosion by Solids and Liquids
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G76-95(2000) - Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Replaced By
ASTM G76-04 - Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM G211-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Conducting Elevated Temperature Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002

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ASTM G76-02 - Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas JetsASTM G76-02 - Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
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ASTM G76-02 - Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: G 76 – 02
Standard Test Method for
Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement
1
Using Gas Jets
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 76; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 erosion—progressive loss of original material from a
solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that
1.1 This test method covers the determination of material
surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid
loss by gas-entrained solid particle impingement erosion with
or solid particles.
jetnozzle type erosion equipment. This test method may be
3.1.2 impingement—a process resulting in a continuing
used in the laboratory to measure the solid particle erosion of
succession of impacts between (liquid or solid) particles and a
different materials and has been used as a screening test for
solid surface.
ranking solid particle erosion rates of materials in simulated
2 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
service environments (1, 2). Actual erosion service involves
3.2.1 erosion value—the volume loss of specimen material
particle sizes, velocities, attack angles, environments, etc., that
divided by the total mass of abrasive particles that impacted the
will vary over a wide range (3-5). Hence, any single laboratory
3 −1
specimen (mm ·g ).
test may not be sufficient to evaluate expected service perfor-
3 −1
3.2.2 Normalized Erosion Rate—erosion value (mm ·g )
mance. This test method describes one well characterized
3 −1
of specimen material divided by erosion value (mm ·g )of
procedure for solid particle impingement erosion measurement
reference material.
for which interlaboratory test results are available.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Summary of Practice
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 This test method utilizes a repeated impact erosion
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
approach involving a small nozzle delivering a stream of gas
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
containing abrasive particles which impacts the surface of a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
test specimen. A standard set of test conditions is described.
2. Referenced Documents However, deviations from some of the standard conditions are
permitted if described thoroughly. This allows for laboratory
2.1 ASTM Standards:
scale erosion measurements under a range of conditions.
E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
Methods are described for preparing the specimens, conducting
With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for a
3
the erosion exposure, and reporting the results.
Characteristic of a Lot or Process
4
G 40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
5. Significance and Use
2.2 American National Standard:
5 5.1 The significance of this test method in any overall
ANSI B74.10 Grading of Abrasive Microgrits
measurements program to assess the erosion behavior of
3. Terminology materials will depend on many factors concerning the condi-
tions of service applications. The users of this test method
3.1 Definitions:
should determine the degree of correlation of the results
obtained with those from field performance or results using
1
other test systems and methods. This test method may be used
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and
Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.10 on Erosion by
to rank the erosion resistance of materials under the specified
Solids and Liquids.
conditions of testing.
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2002. Published January 2003. Originally
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as G 76 – 95 (2000).
6. Apparatus
2
Boldface numbers in parentheses refer to references at the end of this test
method.
6.1 The apparatus is capable of eroding material from a test
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
specimen under well controlled exposure conditions. A sche-
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
5 matic drawing of the exit nozzle and the particle-gas supply
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
13th Floor, New York, NY 10036. system is shown in Fig. 1. Deviations from this design are
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www
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1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, impingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical action and other related technical fields as, for instance, lubrication.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Erosion Environments—This test method may be used for evaluating the erosion resistance of materials for service environments where solid surfaces are subjected to repeated impacts by liquid drops or jets. Occasionally, liquid impact tests have also been used to evaluate materials exposed to a cavitating liquid environment. The test method is not intended nor applicable for evaluating or predicting the resistance of materials against erosion due to solid particle impingement, due to “impingement corrosion” in bubbly flows, due to liquids or slurries “washing” over a surface, or due to continuous high-velocity liquid jets aimed at a surface. For background on various forms of erosion and erosion tests, see Refs (1) through (2).4 Ref (3) is an excellent comprehensive treatise.  
5.2 Discussion of Erosion Resistance—Liquid impingement erosion and cavitation erosion are, broadly speaking, similar processes and the relative resistance of materials to them is similar. In both, the damage is associated with repeated, small-scale, high-intensity pressure pulses acting on the solid surface. The precise failure mechanisms in the solid have been shown to differ depending on the material, and on the detailed nature, scale, and intensity of the fluid-solid interactions (Note 1). Thus, “erosion resistance” should not be regarded as one precisely-definable property of a material, but rather as a complex of properties whose relative importance may differ depending on the variables just mentioned. (It has not yet been possible to successfully correlate erosion resistance with any independently measurable material property.) For these reasons, the consistency between relative erosion resistance as measured in different facilities or under different conditions is not very good. Differences between two materials of say 20 % or less are probably not significant: another test might well show them ranked in reverse order. For bulk materials such as metals and structural plastics, the...
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1.1 This test method covers tests in which solid specimens are eroded or otherwise damaged by repeated discrete impacts of liquid drops or jets. Among the collateral forms of damage considered are degradation of optical properties of window materials, and penetration, separation, or destruction of coatings. The objective of the tests may be to determine the resistance to erosion or other damage of the materials or coatings under test, or to investigate the damage mechanisms and the effect of test variables. Because of the specialized nature of these tests and the desire in many cases to simulate to some degree the expected service environment, the specification of a standard apparatus is not deemed practicable. This test method gives guidance in setting up a test, and specifies test and analysis procedures and reporting requirements that can be followed even with quite widely differing materials, test facilities, and test conditions. It also provides a standardized scale of erosion resistance numbers applicable to metals and other structural materials. It serves, to some degree, as a tutorial on liquid impingement erosion.  
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5.1 The significance of this test method in any overall measurements program to assess the erosion behavior of materials will depend on many factors concerning the conditions of service applications. The users of this test method should determine the degree of correlation of the results obtained with those from field performance or results using other test systems and methods. This test method may be used to rank the erosion resistance of materials under the specified conditions of testing.
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1.1 This practice covers procedures for designing, preparing, and using ASTM standard tension test specimens for investigating susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking. Axially loaded specimens may be stressed quantitatively with equipment for application of either a constant load, constant strain, or with a continuously increasing strain.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the corrosiveness to copper of aviation gasoline, aviation turbine fuel, automotive gasoline, natural gasoline, or other hydrocarbons having a vapor pressure no greater than 124 kPa (18 psi), cleaners (for example, Stoddard solvent), kerosine, diesel fuel, distillate fuel oil, lubricating oil, and other petroleum products.  
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5.1 This test method provides a method to distinguish between coolants that are deleterious from the corrosion standpoint and those suitable for further evaluation.
FIG. 1 Metal Specimens and Equipment for the 336 h Corrosion Test
FIG. 2 Tall Form Beaker Specimens and Equipment for the 336 h Corrosion Test
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SCOPE
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1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For a specific warning statement, see 4.3.  
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